Notes
*Dominick Cavallo is Professor of History at Adelphi
University.
[In the original St. Martin's Press edition, note 1 below was note 3,
note 2 below was note 1, and note 3 below was note 2. The change in order
was necessary due to the transcription of a facing page graphic. —en]
1. Emmett Grogan, Ringolevio: A Life Played for Keeps
(New York: Citadel, 1990), 247; Charles Perry, The Haight-Ashbury: A History
(New York: Random House, 1984), 97.
2. Jerry Hopkins, ed., The Hippie Papers (New
York: Signet, 1968, 17-18; see also "The Digger Papers," a collection of
their leaflets in The Realist, August 1968.
3. Nicholas von Hoffman, We Are the People Our Parents
Warned Us Against (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1989, originally published in
1968), 140.
4. Grogan, Ringolevio, 238-239; "Digger
Papers," 5-8.
5. "In the Clear," San Francisco Chronicle,
30 November 1966, 1; Grogan, Ringolevio, 253-258; "The
Frame," Berkeley Barb, 4 November 1966, 1, 5.
6. Don McNeill, Moving Through Here (New York:
Knopf, 1970), 121.
7. "Digger Papers," 6.
8. Grogan, Ringolevio, 277.
9. George Metevsky [sic], "Delving the
Diggers," Berkeley Barb, 21 October 1966, 3.
10. R. G. Davis, The San Francisco Mime Troupe: The
First Ten Years (Palo Alto: Ramparts Press, 1975).
11. W. J. Rorabough, Berkeley at War: The 1960s
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 144.
12. For the Diggers' influence on other cultural
radicals, see Abbie Hoffman, The Best of Abbie Hoffman (New York: Four
Walls, Eight Windows, 1989), 17-21. On the relationship between the Beat
movement and the Diggers, see David Burner, Making Peace with the Sixties
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), chapter 4.
13. Grogan, Ringolevio, 318.
14. "Digger Papers," 2-3.
15. Kevin Starr, America and the California Dream
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1973), 51-61.
16. Whitman quoted in Henry Nash Smith, Virgin Land:
The American West as Symbol and Myth (New York: Vintage, 1950), 48.
17. Starr, Dream, 61, 240-241; Doris Muscatine, Old
San Francisco (New York: Putnam, 1975), 11.
18. Roger Lorchin, San Francisco: 1846-1956 (New
York: Oxford University Press, 1974), 100-104.
19. Ibid., 342-347.
20. Muscatine, San Francisco, 11; Oscar Lewis, Bay
Window Bohemia (New York: Doubleday, 1965), 8.
21. Starr, Dream, 61.
22. Lewis, Bay, 26-27.
23. Starr, Dream, 264.
24. Ibid., 240-241.
25. Richard Miller, Bohemia:
The Protoculture Then and Now (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1977), 216-220.
26. Ibid., 67.
27. Ann Charters, Kerouac (New York: St Martin's
Press, 1973), 238-241.
28. Howard Becker, ed., Culture and Civility in San
Francisco (Chicago: Transaction, 1971), 6, 8-9.
29. Miller, Protoculture, 316-230, 244.
30. David Horowitz, Student (New York:
Ballantine, 1962), chapters, 2, 7, 8.
31. On the FSM and the various student uprisings at
Berkeley during the sixties, see Rorabough's excellent history of the period, Berkeley
at War.
32. Ibid., 28.
33. Ibid., 30-31.
34. Ibid., 31-47.
35. Mario Savio, "An End to History," in
Alexander Bloom and Wini Breines, eds. Takin' it to the Streets (New
York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 111.
36. Clark Kerr, "The Uses of the University,"
in Immanuel Wallerstein and Paul Starr, eds., The University Crisis Reader,
Vol. 1 (New York: Vintage, 1971), 84-86.
37. Michael Rossman quoted in Ronald Fraser et al., 1968:
A Student Generation in Revolt (New York: Pantheon, 1988), 96. On the
socioeconomic backgrounds of FSM activists, see Rorabough, Berkeley at War,
33-34.
38. Paul Perry and Ken Babbs, On the Bus (New
York: Thunder's Mouth Press, 1990), 185-186.
39. Ibid., 47.
40. On the history of the secret testing of hallucinogens
by the United States government, see Martin Lee and Bruce Shalin, Acid
Dreams (New York: Grove Press, 1985).
41. Perry and Babbs, Bus, 36.
42. Tom Wolfe, The Electric Kool Aid Acid Test
(New York: Bantam, 1968), 65.
43. Perry, Haight-Ashbury, 55 On Bill Graham and
his career, see Bill Graham and Robert Greenfield, Bill Graham Presents
(New York: Doubleday, 1992), and John Glatt, Rage and Roll: Bill Graham and
the Selling of Rock (New York: Birch Lane Press, 1993).
44. Graham and Greenfield, Graham, 3-28.
45. Perry, Haight-Ashbury, 41-50.
46. Ralph Gleason, The Jefferson Airplane and the San
Francisco Sound (New York: Signet, 1969), 5-7, 60; on the Trips Festival,
see Perry, Haight-Ashbury, 43-46, and Graham and Greenfield, Graham,
137-138.
47. Graham and Greenfield, Graham, 142.
48. Ibid.
49. On the history of the San Francisco Sound, see Jack
McDonough, San Francisco Rock (San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1985) and
Joel Selvln, Summer of Love (New York: Dutton, 1994).
50. Bill Thompson quoted in Graham and Greenfield, Graham,
166.
51. Henry David Thoreau, "Walking," in Carl
Bode, ed., The Portable Thoreau (New York: Viking, 1947), 604.
52. For typical examples of media coverage of the
Haight-Ashbury in the mid sixties, see "Happenings Are Happening," Time,
4 March 1966; "The Nitty-Gritty Sound," Newsweek, 19 December
1966, "Drop-outs With a Mission," Newsweek, 6 February 1967,
and Hunter Thompson, "The 'Hashbury' is the Capital of the Hippies," New
York Times Magazine, 14 May 1967.
53. The word "hippie" antedates the sixties. In
his autobiography, Malcolm X said that young whites who frequented Harlem in the
1940s and emulated the "hip" talk of black musicians were called
"hippies" by black people. Malcolm X with Alex Haley, The
Autobiography of Malcolm X (New York: Ballantine, 1964), 94.
54. Perry, Haight-Ashbury, 171.
55. Ibid., 253.
56. Ibid., 78-88; Gene Anthony, Summer of Love:
Haight-Ashbury at its Highest, (Millbrae, Ca: Celestial Arts, 1980), 58-61,
94; Leonard Wolf, ed., Voices from the Love Generation (Boston: Little,
Brown, 1968), xlii, xxix-xxx; and Helen Perry, The Human Be-In (New
York: Basic Books, 1970), 99-100. See also Sherri Cavan, Hippies of the
Haight (St. Louis: New Critics Press, 1972).
57. Davis, Mime Troupe, 154. On the Mime Troupe,
see "Mime Troup [sic] Always Set to Shuffle," Berkeley
Barb (July 28, 1967), 9.
58. Davis, Mime, 32.
59. R.G. Davis, "Radical, Independent, Chaotic,
Anarchic Theatre vs. Institutionalized, University, Little, Commercial, ford and
Stock Theatres," Studies on the Left, Spring 1964, 36. On the
history of mime and related issues, see Anthony Caputi, Buffo: The Genius of
Vulgar Comedy (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1978).
60. Davis, Mime, 32, 39-40.
61. Davis, "Radical," 36-37.
62. Davis, Mime, 70; Grogan, Ringolevio,
235-236; and Wolf, Love Generation, 255-256.
63. Claude Schumacher, ed., Artaud on Theatre
(London: Methuen, 1989), xxiii, 92, 107-109.
64. Grogan, Ringolevio, 318.
65. "The Ideology of Failure," Berkeley
Barb, (September 22, 1967), 3.
66. Peter Coyote, Sleeping Where I Fall
(Washington, D.C.: Counterpoint, 1998), 70.
67. Grogan, Ringolevio, 238.
68. Grogan, Ringolevio, 318, 238.
69. Coyote quoted in ibid., v.
70. "Digger Papers," 3.
71. Berg quoted in Grogan, Ringolevio, 300.
72. Ibid.
73. Ibid., 300-301; "Digger Papers," 3.
74. See the testimony of a Digger about free store
"customers" who emptied the stores in Joan Morrison and Robert
Morrison, eds., From Camelot to Kent State (New York: New York Times
Books, 1987), 320-321.
75. Coyote, Sleeping, 90.
76. "Love Community, Conspiracy Clash," Berkeley
Barb, 10 March 1967, 1, 7.
77. Perry, Haight-Ashbury, 261. On
nineteenth-century images of a pastoral industrialism, see Leo Marx, The
Machine in the Garden (New York: Oxford University Press, 1964).
78. "Digger Papers," 4-6.
79. Ibid.
80. Ibid., 9.
81. Perry, Haight-Ashbury, 108-109,114-115.
82. Grogan, Ringolevio, 299.
83. Ibid., 278.
84. "Love Community," 1, 7; Perry, Haight-Ashbury,
259-260.
85. Grogan, Ringolevio, 248, 278.
86. Abbie Hoffman, Soon to be a Major Motion Picture
(New York: Perigree Books, 1980), 97-98.
87. For two versions of the Digger fiasco at the SDS
conference, see Todd Gitlin, The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage
(New York: Bantam, 1987), 227-230, and Grogan, Ringolevio, 385-403.
88. On the Alan Burke episode, see Grogan, Ringolevio,
253-256.
89. Wolf, Love Generation, 113-134.
90. Coyote quoted in von Hoffman, We Are the People,
132.
91. "Digger Papers," 3-4.
92. Radical Whigs quoted in Michael Kammen, Spheres
of Liberty: Changing Perceptions of Liberty in American Culture (lthaca,
N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1986), 31.
93. Henry David Thoreau, Walden, in The
Portable Thoreau, 343.
94. Ralph Waldo Emerson, "The American
Scholar," in Mark Van Doren, ed., The Portable Emerson (New York:
Penguin, 1957), 34-35.
95. William James, Essays in Pragmatism (New
York: Hafner, 1948), 144-145, 43.
96. Berg quoted in Wolf, Love, 260.
97. Ibid.
98. Emerson, "American Scholar," 39.
99. Coyote quoted in Wolf, Love, 117-118 and in
Derek Taylor, It Was Twenty Years Ago Today (New York: Simon and
Schuster, 1987), 191-192.
100. Grogan, Ringolevio, 367.
101. Richard Slotkin, Regeneration through Violence:
The Mythology of the American Frontier, (Middletown, Conn.: Weslyan
University Press, 1973), 6.
102. Peter Coyote, Introduction to Ringolevio,
ix.
103. Grogan, Ringolevio, 367.
104. Ibid., 367-378.
105. On the mountain men and their experiences, see
Robert M. Utley, A Life Wild and Perilous: Mountain Men and the Paths to the
Pacific (New York: Holt, 1997), and Henry Nash Smith, chapter 8 in Virgin
Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth (New York: Vintage, 1950).
106. Frederick Jackson Turner, The Frontier in
American History (New York: Holt, 1920), 4.
107. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur, Letters from an
American Farmer (New York: Signet, 1963), 71-72.
108. On attitudes toward the West and the frontier, see
Richard Slotkin, Gunfighter Nation (New York: Athenaeum, 1992) and Regeneration
Through Violence; Smith, Virgin Land; R. W. B. Lewis, The
American Adam: (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1955). Roderick Nash,
Wilderness and the American Mind (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University
Press, 1973). On turn-of-the-century fears that an urban, sedentary life would
undermine American individualism and "rigor," see Dominick Cavallo, Muscles
and Morals: Organized Playgrounds and Urban Reform, 1880-1920 (University of
Pennsylvania Press, 1981), chapter 2.
109. Quoted in Nash, Wilderness, 153.
110. Lewis, Adam, 91-101.
111. Ibid.
112. Thoreau, "Walking," 610-611.
113. Slotkin, Regeneration, 506-507. On Daniel
Boone, see John Mack Faragher, Daniel Boone (New York: Holt, 1992).
114. Grogan's views on women were typical within the
counterculture. See the interviews of Haight-Ashbury hippies and Diggers in
Wolfe's Love Generation.
115. On the counterculture and the Native
American, see Anthony, Summer of Love, 147, Perry, Haight-Ashbury,
172, Hopkins, Hippie, 20; and Grogan, Ringolevio, 280.
116. von Hoffman, We Are The People, 137-138.
117. For Jefferson on Native American society, see
Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia in Merrill Peterson,
ed., Thomas Jefferson: Writings (New York: Library of America, 1984),
220.
118. Hopkins, Hippie, 21.
119. James Fenimore Cooper, The Last of the Mohicans
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1957), 420.
120. D. H. Lawrence, Studies in Classic American
Literature (New York: Viking, 1923) 59.
121. Slotkin, Regeneration, 556.
122. Thoreau, Walden, 456-457.
123. Turner, Frontier, 2-3.
124. On the demise of the Haight-Ashbury, see Perry, Haight-Ashbury,
220-221, Grogan, Ringolevio, 445-446, von Hoffman, We, 15,
David Smith and John Luce, Love Needs Care: A History of San Francisco's
Haight-Ashbury Free Medical Clinic (Boston: Little, Brown, 1971), 155-160,
207-216, 253-264, and David Smith et al., "The Health of the Haight-Ashbury," in Becker, ed.. Culture and Civility, 81, 90-96.
125. "Digger Papers," 8; Smith and Luce, Love,
207-209.
126. Smith, "Health," 81-96.
127. von Hoffman, We Are The People, 15.
128. Perry, Haight-Ashbury, 287.
129. Ibid., 227.
130. Ibid., 287-288.
131. Peter Coyote, "The Free-Fall Chronicles:
Crossing the Free Frame of Reference" (C/Netscape/DiggersT3, HTM), 6.
132. "Digger Papers," 8.
133. Kesey quoted in Perry, Bus, 47.
134. Grogan, Ringolevio, 492.
135. Jack Kerouac, On the Road (New York:
Viking, 1955), 156.
136. Coyote, Introduction to Ringolevio.
137. On the counterculture's legacies, see Harvey
Mansfield, "The Legacy of the Late Sixties," in Reassessing the
Sixties, Stephen Macedo, ed. (New York: Norton, 1997); Peter Clecak, America's
Quest for the Ideal Self (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983);
Timothy Miller, The Hippies and American Values (Knoxville: University
of Tennessee Press, 1991). On the counterculture's role in inspiring the
neoconservative movement, see Peter Steinfels, The Neoconservatives
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979). For specific comments on the hippie
legacy, see David Burner, Making Peace with the 60s (Princeton, N.J.:
Princeton University Press, 1996), 222; William Chafe, The Unfinished Joumey
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 411-412; Allen Matusow, The
Unraveling of America (New York: Harper and Row, 1985), 305-307; Daniel
Yankelovich, The New Morality (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1974), 3-9,
13-22, 23-29. By contrast, see Yankelovich's earlier polls in Generations
Apart (New York: CBS, 1969). See also, David Caute, The Year
of the Barricades: A Journey Through 1968 (New York: Harper and Row, 1988),
462..
138. Emerson quoted in Yehoshua Arieli, Individualism
and Nationalism in American Ideology (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University
Press, 1964), 278.
|
|
