Sixties Date Machine

Sixties Date Machine^™ Interactive database of events within the context of the 1960s social protest movements, including Civil Rights, Peace & Anti-War, Free Speech, Black/Women's/Gay Liberation, American Indian, Counterculture, &c. Search the database (type in word or phrase, no quotation marks, case doesn't matter): Or filter by keyword: Current search string = EMPTY [ALL Records Are Displayed]
Dating	Event / Description
October 13, 1913	Zeitel Carlat arrives in NY
(Monday)	Murray Bookchin's grandmother, Zeitel Carlat, arrived in New York City with her two children via the SS Rotterdam. Add'l Info: Zeitel Carlat, Murray Bookchin's maternal grandmother, was a Russian revolutionary who had spent her life trying to overthrow the tsarist regime. She received a secular education through the Haskalah (Jewish Enlightenment) and was a revolutionary populist (narodovolets). She fled Russia after the tsarist police raided her home in 1912 or 1913, arriving at Ellis Island on October 13, 1913. Source: Biehl:bookchin Entry by:
January 1, 1915	Emma Goldman's Lecture Tour
(Friday)	Anarchist Emma Goldman defended homosexuality, birth control, and women's rights during a lecture tour across the United States. Add'l Info: Goldman was one of the few prominent political figures of the time to publicly advocate for the rights of homosexuals, linking their struggles to broader issues of social liberation. Source: Stein:ency-of-lgbtq Entry by:
January 1, 1918	Post-WWI Radical Pacifism
(Tuesday)	A new socialist, secular pacifist movement developed in the United States after World War I. Add'l Info: Following World War I, a new pacifist movement emerged in the U.S. that was based on secular, socialist rationales. It opposed capitalism and imperialism as underlying causes of war[cite: 4832, 4833]. Source: Cornell-MNS Entry by:
January 1, 1919	Norbert Wiener Joins MIT
(Wednesday)	Year. Norbert Wiener joined the faculty at MIT. Add'l Info: Norbert Wiener joined the faculty of MIT in 1919 and soon began collaborating with Vannevar Bush. This started a career that spanned mathematics, electrical engineering, biology, and the study of computers. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1919	Newport Naval Investigation
(Wednesday)	The Navy assigned sailors to have sex with men to investigate homosexuality at the Newport naval training station. Add'l Info: The undercover operation resulted in several arrests and a Congressional investigation into the Navy's methods. Assistant Secretary Franklin D. Roosevelt eventually disavowed knowledge of the operation. Source: Stein:ency-of-lgbtq Entry by:
January 14, 1921	Birth of Murray Bookchin
(Friday)	Murray Bookchin was born in New York City to Rose Kalusky and Nathan Bookchin. Add'l Info: Bookchin was born on January 14, 1921. He was raised in a secular, Russian-speaking household in the Bronx. His family followed the Haskalah tradition, providing him with no religious education or rituals, instead raising him with Russian songs and revolutionary stories. Source: Biehl:bookchin Entry by:
January 1, 1924	Founding of Society for Human Rights
(Tuesday)	Henry Gerber chartered the first known male homophile organization in the United States in Chicago. Add'l Info: The group disbanded within a year after police arrested its leaders. Gerber was fired from his job, demonstrating the extreme risks faced by early LGBT political organizers. Source: Stein:ency-of-lgbtq Entry by:
December 10, 1924	Founding of first American gay rights group
(Wednesday)	The Society for Human Rights is founded by Henry Gerber in Chicago. Add'l Info: The society is the first gay rights organization as well as the oldest documented in America. After receiving a charter from the state of Illinois, the society publishes the first American publication for homosexuals, Friendship and Freedom. Soon after its founding, the society disbands due to political pressure. Source: PBS timeline Entry by:
August 23, 1927	Execution of Sacco and Vanzetti
(Tuesday)	Italian immigrant anarchists Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were executed by electrocution in Massachusetts. Add'l Info: The execution followed a trial widely regarded as unfair. Zeitel used the event to educate young Murray about the nature of capitalism's treatment of working people, showing him the newspaper drawing of the men in the electric chair and telling him never to forget. Source: Biehl:bookchin Entry by:
October 24, 1929	Stock Market Crash
(Thursday)	The US stock market crashed, marking the beginning of the Great Depression. Add'l Info: The crash led to widespread bank closings and factory shutdowns. For Bookchin and his mother, Rose, this period resulted in job loss and repeated evictions from their apartments. Source: Biehl:bookchin Entry by:
January 1, 1930	Implementation of the Hays Code
(Wednesday)	The movie industry introduced the Hays Code to censor depictions of sex and "sex perversion" (homosexuality) in films. Add'l Info: Mandatory by 1934, the code forced LGBT representations to become highly coded and subtle for decades, significantly limiting the visibility of queer lives on the silver screen. Source: Stein:ency-of-lgbtq Entry by:
May 1, 1930	Death of Zeitel Carlat
(Thursday)	Murray's grandmother Zeitel died of a heart attack at the age of nine. Add'l Info: Zeitel died while reading a book by Gorky. Her death was devastating for Murray, as she had been his primary attentive parent and political educator. Following her death, Murray and his mother struggled significantly with poverty and instability. Source: Biehl:bookchin Entry by:
November 1, 1930	Murray joins Young Pioneers
(Saturday)	Murray Bookchin joined the Young Pioneers of America, the children's section of the Communist movement. Add'l Info: After being approached by a boy selling the magazine "New Pioneer," Murray began attending meetings at the International Workers Order building on East 180th Street. The movement became a surrogate family for him, molding him into a "young commissar". Source: Biehl:bookchin Entry by:
January 1, 1933	Hitler becomes Chancellor
(Sunday)	Adolf Hitler became the Chancellor of Germany, leading to the suppression of leftist parties. Add'l Info: The rise of the Nazis was a major topic of debate in New York's radical circles. The KPD (German Communist Party) failed to stop Hitler, and the subsequent suppression of German radicals and Jews influenced the political outlook of American Communists like Bookchin. Source: Biehl:bookchin Entry by:
January 1, 1934	Bookchin joins the YCL
(Monday)	Thirteen-year-old Murray Bookchin was co-opted into the Young Communist League (YCL) a year early. Add'l Info: Bookchin showed such promise as a leader that he was brought into the teenage organization ahead of schedule. He eventually became the education director for his branch and a street-corner orator. Source: Biehl:bookchin Entry by:
February 1, 1934	Vienna Uprising
(Thursday)	Socialist workers in Vienna mounted an armed insurrection against the right-wing government. Add'l Info: The uprising was eventually crushed, but it was obsessively followed by young Communists in New York as a sign of the terminal crisis of capitalism. Source: Biehl:bookchin Entry by:
May 2, 1935	Franco-Soviet Pact
(Thursday)	France and the Soviet Union signed a mutual assistance pact against Nazi aggression. Add'l Info: This diplomatic move by Stalin signaled a shift in Comintern policy, leading to the abandonment of the "social fascist" line and the eventual adoption of the Popular Front strategy. Source: Biehl:bookchin Entry by:
August 24, 1935	Stalin-Hitler Pact
(Saturday)	The Soviet Union signed a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany. Add'l Info: The pact included a secret division of Eastern Europe into spheres of influence. The news caused Murray Bookchin to be expelled from the YCL after he questioned the commissars about the move. Source: Biehl:bookchin Entry by:
November 1, 1935	Formation of the CIO
(Friday)	John L. Lewis created the Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO) for industrial unions. Add'l Info: The CIO provided an umbrella for unions like the United Electrical Workers (UE) and the United Auto Workers (UAW). Bookchin would later work as an organizer for the UE and become a member of the UAW. Source: Biehl:bookchin Entry by:
July 17, 1936	Spanish Civil War begins
(Friday)	Military generals led by Francisco Franco rose up against the Spanish Republic. Add'l Info: The war became a focal point for international radicals. While the Soviet Union sent aid, it also worked to suppress anarchist and non-Stalinist revolutionary elements, a fact that would eventually lead Bookchin to abandon Stalinism for Trotskyism and later anarchism. Source: Biehl:bookchin Entry by:
August 1, 1936	First Moscow Show Trial
(Saturday)	Old Bolsheviks were put on trial in Moscow, accused of conspiring against Stalin. Add'l Info: The trial resulted in the execution of several 1917 revolutionaries. Murray recognized the charges as absurd and the confessions as extracted by torture, which increased his interest in the exiled Leon Trotsky. Source: Biehl:bookchin Entry by:
April 1, 1937	Dewey Commission Interrogation
(Thursday)	Philosopher John Dewey led a commission that interrogated Leon Trotsky in Mexico. Add'l Info: The commission found Trotsky not guilty of the charges leveled against him in the Moscow trials. Bookchin viewed Trotsky as heroic following these events. Source: Biehl:bookchin Entry by:
May 1, 1937	Barcelona Uprising
(Saturday)	Bookchin learns of the 1937 Barcelona street fighting where anarchists defended their revolution. This becomes a lifelong preoccupation for him as he researches how they organized. Add'l Info: While the Stalinist Daily Worker claimed the Barcelona proletariat had mounted a pro-fascist uprising, Bookchin read the New York Times and realized it was an anarchist revolt. He began devouring books like George Orwell's "Homage to Catalonia" and learned about the National Confederation of Labor (CNT). He discovered that the Spanish anarchists had collectivized factories and farms and were managed by workers' committees. This event convinced him that the Spanish Revolution was the greatest proletarian revolution in history and sparked his research into their organizational methods. [cite: 3] Source: Biehl:bookchin Entry by:
May 3, 1937	Barcelona May Days
(Monday)	Fighting broke out in Barcelona between anarchist workers and government/Stalinist forces. Add'l Info: Stalinist forces suppressed the anarchist revolution in Catalonia, a move that Bookchin viewed as the destruction of the "greatest proletarian revolution in history." This event was a major turning point in his political development. Source: Biehl:bookchin Entry by:
January 1, 1938	Founding of Fourth International
(Saturday)	Trotskyist groups worldwide formed the Fourth International. Add'l Info: The organization was founded to rally the working class to a genuine proletarian revolution, distinct from Stalinism. Source: Biehl:bookchin Entry by:
November 16, 1938	Discovery of LSD
(Wednesday)	Albert Hofmann, a chemist working for Sandoz Pharmaceutical in Basel, Switzerland, is the first to synthesize LSD-25. He discovered LSD, a semi-synthetic derivative of ergot alkaloids, while looking for a blood stimulant. Add'l Info: Source: Hofmann A. "Die Geschichte des LSD-25". Triangel Sandoz Zeitschrift fur Medizinische Wissenschaften. 1955;2(3):117-24. (as cited in Ott J. Pharmacotheon. 1993. pg 123.) Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
December 1, 1938	American Economic Association Address
(Thursday)	Economist Alvin Hansen delivers his presidential address introducing the stagnationist theory of the modern economy. Add'l Info: Harvard economist Alvin Hansen gave the stagnationist theory its clearest formulation in his presidential address to the American Economic Association in December 1938. He argued that the economy had previously depended on population growth, the frontier, and technological innovation, but that these engines no longer worked in a mature economy, necessitating large-scale government investment to prevent chronic unemployment. Source: Farber:60s-from-memory Entry by:
February 19, 1939	Madison Square Garden Nazi Rally
(Sunday)	The German-American Bund held a mass rally at Madison Square Garden on Washington's Birthday. Add'l Info: The rally was met by a counter-demonstration of fifty thousand people organized by the Socialist Workers Party (SWP) and other anti-fascist groups. Bookchin participated in the counter-protest, which was ignored by the Stalinists. Source: Biehl:bookchin Entry by:
January 1, 1940	World War II
(Monday)	Year. The global conflict that saw the birth of interdisciplinary, government-sponsored research projects like the Rad Lab. Add'l Info: Collaborations during World War II, such as those at weapons-research laboratories, utilized systematic knowledge across disciplines on an enormous scale. These projects birthed cybernetic theories of information and flexible social practices that later influenced Stewart Brand and the Whole Earth network. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1940	Founding of the National Defense Research Committee
(Monday)	Year. Vannevar Bush persuaded Franklin Roosevelt to create a committee for military research. Add'l Info: In 1940, former MIT professor Vannevar Bush persuaded Franklin Roosevelt to create the National Defense Research Committee. This committee allowed government dollars for military research to be funneled to civilian contractors, effectively knitting together military-industrial-academic collaborations. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1940	1940s Radical Pacifist/Anarchist Overlap
(Monday)	Radical pacifist circles overlapped with anarchists, including figures like Ammon Hennacy and Paul Goodman. Add'l Info: In the 1940s, radical pacifist circles in the U.S. overlapped significantly with a small cohort of anarchists. This period saw war resisters imprisoned together, influencing each other's politics[cite: 4843, 4844]. Source: Cornell-MNS Entry by:
January 1, 1940	White-collar unionization surge
(Monday)	Women and people of color in office, professional, and paraprofessional roles began unionizing in significant numbers, changing the language of class. Add'l Info: Beginning in the 1960s and continuing through 1980, four million public sector workers alone organized. This 'renaissance' in unionization included cultural workers, journalists, and teachers who brought identity politicsâ€”such as gender-based pay equity and child careâ€”to the bargaining table for the first time. Source: Gosse:world Entry by:
January 1, 1940	Founding of MIT's Radiation Laboratory
(Monday)	Year. The 'Rad Lab' was established to develop tracking technologies for the war. Add'l Info: Founded in late 1940 with a grant from the National Defense Research Committee, the Rad Lab aimed to develop more effective ways to track and shoot down enemy bombers. By the end of the war, it employed thirty-nine hundred people and became a model for cold war military engineering projects. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
August 21, 1940	Assassination of Leon Trotsky
(Wednesday)	Leon Trotsky was murdered in Mexico by a Stalinist agent. Add'l Info: Trotsky was struck in the head with an ice ax. His death was a major blow to his followers in the SWP, including Bookchin, who was forced to grapple with the future of the movement without its leader. Source: Biehl:bookchin Entry by:
January 1, 1941	Creation of the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD)
(Wednesday)	Year. The National Defense Research Committee became the OSRD. Add'l Info: A year after its founding, the National Defense Research Committee became the Office of Scientific Research and Development. Over the next five years, the OSRD pumped approximately $450 million into researching and developing war-related technologies. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
December 7, 1941	Attack on Pearl Harbor
(Sunday)	Imperial Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, leading the United States to enter World War II. Add'l Info: Bookchin was nearly at sea when the attack occurred, having joined the merchant marine. He missed his ship due to a hangover, likely saving his life as many merchant vessels were soon targeted by U-boats. Source: Biehl:bookchin Entry by:
January 1, 1942	OSS Truth Drug Program Initiated
(Thursday)	General William "Wild Bill" Donovan asks scientists to develop a speech-inducing drug for intelligence interrogations. [cite: 15] Add'l Info: In the spring of 1942, the chief of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) assembled a research committee to develop a weapon for interrogating enemy spies and prisoners of war. The committee, led by Dr. Windfred Overhulser, tested various substances before selecting a highly potent marijuana extract known as "TD" (Truth Drug). [cite: 15] Source: Lee:acid-dreams Entry by:
January 1, 1942	Congress of Racial Equality Created
(Thursday)	Radical pacifists established the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE). Add'l Info: The Congress of Racial Equality was created by radical pacifists in 1942. They were key in bringing Gandhian nonviolence tactics to the civil rights movement[cite: 4856]. Source: Cornell-MNS Entry by:
January 1, 1943	Publication of 'Behavior, Purpose, and Teleology'
(Friday)	Year. Wiener, Bigelow, and Rosenblueth published a paper suggesting biological systems follow feedback dynamics. Add'l Info: Discussions between Wiener, Bigelow, and Arturo Rosenblueth led to the 1943 publication of 'Behavior, Purpose, and Teleology'. The paper suggested that purpose in biological systems proceeded according to the same feedback dynamics governing mechanical and biomechanical systems developed in the Rad Lab. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
April 16, 1943	Discover of LSD experiences its effects
(Friday)	Albert Hofmann accidentally experiences a small amount of LSD for the first time. This is the first human experience with pure LSD-25. He reports seeing "an uninterrupted stream of fantastic pictures, extraordinary shapes with intense, kaleidoscopelike play of colors." The experience lasted just over two hours. Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
April 16, 1943	Hofmann's First LSD Experience
(Friday)	Dr. Albert Hofmann accidentally discovers the psychedelic effects of LSD-25 at Sandoz Laboratories. [cite: 7] Add'l Info: While investigating ergot derivatives for Sandoz Laboratories, Dr. Albert Hofmann accidentally absorbed a small dose of LSD-25 through his fingertips. He experienced a remarkable state of intoxication characterized by intense imagination and an altered state of awareness. He noted a succession of rapidly changing imagery and a vivid play of colors that lasted about three hours. [cite: 7] Source: Lee:acid-dreams Entry by:
April 19, 1943	The Bicycle Trip
(Monday)	Dr. Albert Hofmann conducts the first intentional human experiment with LSD, experiencing a powerful and difficult trip. [cite: 8] Add'l Info: Three days after his initial discovery, Dr. Hofmann intentionally swallowed 250 micrograms of LSD-25. The symptoms were much stronger than before, causing difficulty in speaking and distorted vision. As he bicycled home with his assistant, he feared he was losing his mind and had an out-of-body experience where he felt his ego was suspended while his body lay dead. [cite: 8] Source: Lee:acid-dreams Entry by:
April 19, 1943	"Bicycle Day" (Albert Hoffmann takes the first LSD trip)
(Monday)	Bicycle Day - Albert Hofmann intentionally takes 250 ug LSD for the first time. This is the first intentional use of LSD. Add'l Info: Source: Hofmann A. LSD: My Problem Child. J.P. Tarcher, 1979. Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
Apr 22+, 1943	Second experiment with LSD-25
	After receiving Albert Hofmann's report regarding the effects of LSD-25, professor Ernst Rothlin was the second person to try the drug. Rothlin was Sandoz's chief pharmacologist at the time. Albert Hofmann gave Rothlin a small, 60 microgram, dose of LSD about 1/4 of the dose Hofmann had tried. Add'l Info: "Professor Ernst Rothlin, head of the Sandoz pharmacological department at the time. Rothlin was dubious about LSD ; he claimed he had a strong will and could suppress the effects of drugs. But after he took 60 micrograms, one quarter of the dose I had taken earlier, he was convinced. I had to laugh as he described his fantastic visions." -- Michael Horowitz interview with Albert Hofmann, 1976. Source: Horowitz M. "Interview with Albert Hofmann". High Times 11:24-31,81 (1976). Available here: https://www.erowid.org/culture/characters/hofmann_albert/hofmann_albert_interview1.shtml Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
June 12, 1943	First woman to experiment with LSD
(Saturday)	Susi Ramstein becomes the first woman in the world to take LSD. Add'l Info: Twenty-one-year-old Susi Ramstein (the only female apprentice at Sandoz) becomes the first woman in the world to take LSD. She initially took a 100 mics--a higher dose than either Albert's co-worker Ernst Rothlin or his supervisor Arthur Stoll had tried--and she had a good experience. And although everyone working with Albert took acid at least once, Susi tried it two more times in order to help out with establishing some standards for the medical use of LSD. (Susi was Hofmann's lab assistant, and the person who accompanied him from Sandoz to his home via bicycle, on the day that Hofmann took his first intentional dose of LSD.) Source: Hagenbach, D. and Werthmüller, L. Mystic Chemist: The Life of Albert Hofmann and His Discovery of LSD. 2013. [Erowid link that is dead 02/2016: https://erowid.org/library/books/mystic_chemist.shtml] Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
August 19, 1943	Discovery of LSD
(Thursday)	Albert Hofmann inadvertently ingests LSD at Sandoz Pharmaceuticals in Switzerland. Add'l Info: Hofmann was researching analeptics to cure migraines. He discovered the drug's hallucinogenic properties after dosing himself, leading Sandoz to distribute it to psychiatrists to find a medical market for "consciousness-changing" drugs [cite: 164, 247-249]. Source: Doyle-IN Entry by:
June 22, 1944	GI Bill of Rights Signed
(Thursday)	President Roosevelt signed the Servicemen's Readjustment Act to assist returning veterans. Add'l Info: The legislation provided generous government aid for higher education, job training, and low-interest home loans. By 1956, 7.8 million veterans had participated, dramatically expanding the American middle class and revolutionizing higher education by making it accessible to millions who previously could not afford it. Source: Patterson-grand Entry by:
August 13, 1944	Carr-Kammerer Killing
(Sunday)	Lucien Carr stabbed David Kammerer to death in New York's Riverside Park after alleged unwanted sexual advances. Add'l Info: This event is often cited as the starting point for the birth of the Beat Generation. Lucien Carr, a student at Columbia University, was friends with Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, and William S. Burroughs. The killing and its aftermath formed a permanent bond between these three writers and inspired the first truly Beat text, a collaboration between Kerouac and Burroughs titled "And the Hippos Were Boiled in Their Tanks." Source: EncyBeat Entry by:
November 1, 1944	Publication of retrogression thesis
(Wednesday)	Josef Weber published "Capitalist Barbarism or Socialism," introducing the retrogression thesis. Add'l Info: Weber argued that without a transition to socialism, the postwar world would revert to barbarism, characterized by slave labor and the dismantling of industry. This thesis electrifies Bookchin and defines the early years of the Contemporary Issues group. Source: Biehl:bookchin Entry by:
July 16, 1945	Alamagordo Atomic Test
(Monday)	The first successful test of an atomic weapon, codenamed "Trinity," took place in New Mexico. Add'l Info: The test was far more powerful than scientists had anticipated. Upon learning of its success while at the Potsdam Conference, Truman felt emboldened in his negotiations with Stalin. J. Robert Oppenheimer famously recalled a line from the Bhagavad Gita: "I am become Death, destroyer of worlds." Source: Patterson-grand Entry by:
August 6, 1945	Hiroshima Atomic Bombing
(Monday)	The United States dropped the first atomic bomb used in warfare on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Add'l Info: The bombing killed an estimated 80,000 people instantly, with tens of thousands more dying later from radiation and injuries. Truman, sailing back from the Potsdam Conference, initially called it "the greatest thing in history." The event marked a turning point in human history, introducing the world to the terrifying potential of nuclear weapons. Source: Patterson-grand Entry by:
August 14, 1945	V-J Day
(Tuesday)	President Harry Truman announced the end of World War II following Japan's surrender. Add'l Info: At 7:00 P.M. EWT, Truman announced the end of the war to a packed press conference. Joyous celebrations erupted across the nation, including bonfires in San Francisco and dancing in the streets of Harlem. However, the joy was tempered by the loss of over 405,000 U.S. military personnel and new anxieties about the nuclear age and the coming peace. Source: Patterson-grand Entry by:
November 21, 1945	General Motors Strike
(Wednesday)	UAW workers, including Murray Bookchin, went on strike at General Motors. Add'l Info: The strike involved 300,000 workers and was part of a massive postwar strike wave. After 113 days, the union accepted a settlement that Bookchin viewed as a collapse of revolutionary will. Source: Biehl:bookchin Entry by:
January 1, 1946	Macy Foundation Meetings begin
(Tuesday)	Year. A series of ten meetings convened to explore the insights of cybernetics and feedback. Add'l Info: These meetings, which lasted until 1953, were the primary site where cyberneticians met social scientists like Gregory Bateson and Margaret Mead, exporting cybernetic vision into the social sphere. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1946	Publication of "As We May Think"
(Tuesday)	Year. Vannevar Bush's influential article in Atlantic Monthly proposed the "Memex" desktop machine. Add'l Info: Bush argued that scientists should harness cheap electronics to develop new forms of information management. He described the Memex, a hypothetical desktop device for individual use, as a tool to expand intellectual capacity and facilitate the growth of human wisdom. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1946	Employment Act of 1946
(Tuesday)	Federal legislation formalizing government responsibility for maximum employment and creating the Council of Economic Advisers. Add'l Info: The Employment Act of 1946 made formal the federal government's responsibility to foster maximum employment, production, and purchasing power. The law also created a new institution, the Council of Economic Advisers (CEA), to provide the president with expert economic advice on a routine basis. Source: Farber:60s-from-memory Entry by:
August 1, 1946	Bookchin drafted into US Army
(Thursday)	Murray Bookchin was drafted into the US Army and served for ten months. Add'l Info: Private Bookchin was stationed at Fort Knox, Kentucky, where he was trained as a tanker and worked as an auto parts clerk. He viewed the army as an opportunity to be among workers and prepare for armed insurrection. Source: Biehl:bookchin Entry by:
January 1, 1947	Project CHATTER Commenced
(Wednesday)	The U.S. Navy initiates Project CHATTER to find ways of obtaining information from people without physical duress. [cite: 16] Add'l Info: Project CHATTER was an "offensive" program started by the Navy in 1947. It was designed to devise means of obtaining information from individuals independent of their volition. Dr. Charles Savage conducted experiments with mescaline at the Naval Medical Research Institute as part of this effort, but the program failed to yield an effective truth serum and was terminated in 1953. [cite: 16] Source: Lee:acid-dreams Entry by:
January 1, 1947	HUAC Hollywood hearings
(Wednesday)	The House Un-American Activities Committee held hearings to investigate Communist subversion in film, leading to a retreat from political art. Add'l Info: The 1947 hearings served as a harsh notice regarding the limits of cultural expression in cold war America. This era reinforced the separation of art from politics and heralded a decade where Hollywood avoided overtly political subject matter. Source: Gosse:world Entry by:
January 1, 1947	HUAC Hollywood Hearings
(Wednesday)	The House Un-American Activities Committee began hearings to uncover Communist subversion in the film industry, signaling a retreat from political art. Add'l Info: The 1947 House Un-American Activities Committee 'Hollywood' hearings, designed to uncover Communist subversion in the motion picture industry, served harsh notice about the limits of cultural expression in cold war America. The episode heralded a period of retreat from overtly political subject matter in the arts during the fifties, reinforcing the prevailing view that art and culture ought to be separate from politics. Source: Bradford:theater Entry by:
January 1, 1947	Publication of Vice Versa
(Wednesday)	Year. Edith Eyde, writing as Lisa Ben, produced the first known U.S. lesbian publication in Los Angeles. Add'l Info: Though only twelve copies of each typewritten issue were made, they were passed among hundreds of women, creating an early underground network for lesbian community and support. Source: Stein:ency-of-lgbtq Entry by:
1947	First published report on LSD
	First article on LSD's mental effects published by Werner Stoll in the Swiss Archives of Neurology. Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
January 1, 1947	Cold War
(Wednesday)	Year. A forty-year period of tension between the US and USSR that drove massive technological development in stand-alone calculating machines. Add'l Info: During the cold war, computing technology shifted from massive, stand-alone calculating machines used by the military to desktop computers linked in vast networks. This era also saw the rise of a military-industrial-academic technocracy that Stewart Brand's generation initially feared and sought to undermine. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
March 12, 1947	Truman Doctrine Announced
(Wednesday)	President Truman requested $400 million in aid for Greece and Turkey to combat Communist insurgencies. Add'l Info: This speech established the policy of "containment," which became the foundation of U.S. foreign policy for the next forty years. Truman argued that the U.S. must support "free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures," effectively framing the Cold War as a moral struggle between democracy and totalitarianism. Source: Patterson-grand Entry by:
June 14, 1947	Bookchin honorably discharged
(Saturday)	Murray Bookchin was honorably discharged from the US Army. Add'l Info: He returned to New York and to his job at General Motors, only to find the union movement becoming increasingly co-opted by management. Source: Biehl:bookchin Entry by:
June 23, 1947	Taft-Hartley Act Becomes Law
(Monday)	Congress overrode President Truman's veto to pass legislation restricting the power of labor unions. Add'l Info: The act banned the "closed shop," authorized "right-to-work" laws, and required union leaders to sign non-Communist affidavits. While labor leaders denounced it as a "slave labor act," it reflected a growing public and political backlash against the perceived arrogance of Big Labor following the massive strike waves of 1946. Source: Patterson-grand Entry by:
July 1, 1947	National Security Act
(Tuesday)	Legislation creating the CIA, National Security Council, and consolidating armed services into the Department of Defense. Add'l Info: The National Security Act, passed in July 1947, created a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to provide information and advice on international situations, formed a National Security Council (NSC) to coordinate policy, and consolidated the armed services into a single Department of Defense in order to bring military strategy more directly under the purview of the president. Source: Farber:60s-from-memory Entry by:
January 1, 1948	Kinsey Report Publication
(Thursday)	Year. Alfred C. Kinsey published "Sexual Behavior in the Human Male," which had a major impact on American views of sexuality. Add'l Info: The study challenged the idea that homosexuality was pathological by showing its prevalence. It provided a scientific basis for the emerging homophile movement's arguments for equal rights. Source: Stein:ency-of-lgbtq Entry by:
January 1, 1948	Founding of Contemporary Issues
(Thursday)	The group led by Josef Weber began publishing the magazine Contemporary Issues. Add'l Info: The magazine was dedicated to rethinking the socialist project following the failures of Marxism. Bookchin was a primary researcher and writer for the journal. Source: Biehl:bookchin Entry by:
1948	Kinsey publishes sex research
	Biologist and sex researcher Alfred Kinsey publishes Sexual Behavior in the Human Male. Add'l Info: From his research Kinsey concludes that homosexual behavior is not restricted to people who identify themselves as homosexual and that 37% of men have enjoyed homosexual activities at least once. While psychologists and psychiatrists in the 1940s consider homosexuality a form of illness, the findings surprise many conservative notions about sexuality. Source: PBS timeline Entry by:
January 1, 1948	GM-UAW Contract Settlement
(Thursday)	General Motors and the UAW signed a historic contract that included a no-strike guarantee. Add'l Info: Bookchin viewed this settlement as the moment the industrial proletariat was brought into "complicity with capitalism." It led him to realize that Marxism was based on a fallacy regarding the revolutionary nature of the working class. Source: Biehl:bookchin Entry by:
January 1, 1948	Publication of Cybernetics
(Thursday)	Year. Norbert Wiener published the book that defined the field of cybernetics. Add'l Info: In 1948, Wiener transformed the computational metaphor into the basis of a new discipline with his book 'Cybernetics; or, Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine'. He defined cybernetics as the study of messages as a means of controlling machinery and society. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
July 26, 1948	Truman signs Executive Order 9981
(Monday)	Truman signs Executive Order 9981, which states, "It is hereby declared to be the policy of the President that there shall be equality of treatment and opportunity for all persons in the armed services without regard to race, color, religion, or national origin." Add'l Info: Source: infoplease.com Entry by:
November 1, 1948	Coining of "Beat Generation"
(Monday)	Jack Kerouac first used the term "Beat Generation" in a discussion with John Clellon Holmes. Add'l Info: While discussing what made their specific generation distinct, Kerouac described it as a "Beat Generation." He originally adapted the term from the street hustler Herbert Huncke, who used "beat" to mean exhausted or dejected. Kerouac later connected it to "beatitude," imbuing it with a sense of exalted spirituality born from the trials of existence. Source: EncyBeat Entry by:
November 2, 1948	Truman's Election Victory
(Tuesday)	Harry Truman pulled off one of the greatest upsets in U.S. political history by defeating Thomas Dewey. Add'l Info: Despite polls and pundits predicting a Dewey landslideâ€”exemplified by the famous "Chicago Tribune" headline "DEWEY DEFEATS TRUMAN"â€”Truman's "whistle-stop" campaign and the durability of the New Deal coalition secured his victory. He carried 13 of the largest cities and won significant support from Catholics, Jews, and African Americans. Source: Patterson-grand Entry by:
January 1, 1949	Publication of The Mathematical Theory of Communication
(Saturday)	Year. Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver published their influential work on communication theory. Add'l Info: In 1949, Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver published 'The Mathematical Theory of Communication'. Along with Wiener's books, it sparked a decade of debate regarding the role of computers in society and the potential for the automation of human processes. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
1949	Research on LSD begins in United States
	Boston psychiatrist Max Rinkel obtains LSD from Sandoz and initiates work on it at Harvard. Hungarian psychiatrist Nicholas Bercel commences LSD research in Los Angeles. Add'l Info: Source: Stafford P. Psychedelics Encyclopedia. Ronin, 1992. Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
April 1, 1949	SF Actors' Workshop Founded
(Friday)	Jules Irving and Herbert Blau founded the Actors' Workshop in San Francisco, which later became a training ground for several future Digger members. Add'l Info: Founded in 1949, the San Francisco Actors' Workshop became a premier regional theater. It was here that many individuals who would later form the core of the Diggersâ€”including Bill Raymond and Peter Cohonâ€”honed their craft and developed a sense of ensemble performance that they would later apply to their street theater and communal living experiments. Source: Doyle:HAD Entry by:
1950 - 1960	Publication of findings on LSD
	Hundreds of papers published discussing LSD. Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
January 1, 1950	McLuhan Reads Cybernetics
(Sunday)	Year. Marshall McLuhan first encountered Norbert Wiener's book Cybernetics. Add'l Info: According to his student Donald Theall, McLuhan rejected the mathematical theory but was deeply influenced by Wiener's vision of the social role of communication. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1950	Publication of The Human Use of Human Beings
(Sunday)	Year. Wiener published a more accessible volume on cybernetics and society. Add'l Info: Two years after 'Cybernetics', Wiener published 'The Human Use of Human Beings: Cybernetics and Society'. He argued that society and its organizations functioned like organisms and machines, seeking self-regulation through the processing of messages. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1950	McCarthy Era Witchhunts
(Sunday)	Year. Senator Joseph McCarthy and others stoked paranoia that "sex perverts" were rampant in the government, leading to thousands of dismissals. Add'l Info: Suspected LGBT federal workers were targeted during this era of intense social conformity, where homosexuality was often conflated with political subversion and communism. Source: Stein:ency-of-lgbtq Entry by:
April 1, 1950	NSC-68 Report
(Saturday)	A profound policy shift that linked U.S. security to the global perception of American resolve against communism. Add'l Info: Drafted by Paul Nitze and a joint State-Defense group, NSC-68 declared that "the defeat of free institutions anywhere is a defeat everywhere." It asserted that the U.S. had to confront communist incursions even in areas of little direct interest or risk losing cultural hegemony. It requested vastly expanded military capabilities and suggested that budget deficits could be tactical weapons to pay for national security. Source: Farber:60s-from-memory Entry by:
April 20, 1950	CIA behavior modification research begins
(Thursday)	The CIA's behavior-control program project BLUEBIRD officially begins. Add'l Info: CIA Director Roscoe Hillenkoetter approves their behavior-control program, project BLUEBIRD (the predecessor to project ARTICHOKE) and authorizes the use of unvouchered funds to pay for its most sensitive areas. Source: Marks, J. The Search for the Manchurian Candidate: The CIA and Mind Control. 1979. (Review available here: https://www.erowid.org/library/review/review.php?p=227) Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
May 1, 1950	Rinkel and Hyde Present LSD Findings
(Monday)	Dr. Max Rinkel and Dr. Robert Hyde present the results of their LSD study to the American Psychiatric Association. [cite: 27] Add'l Info: In May 1950, Dr. Rinkel and Dr. Hyde reported findings from an LSD study involving 100 volunteers at the Boston Psychopathic Institute. They proposed that LSD produced a "transitory psychotic disturbance" in normal subjects, raising the possibility that mental disorders could be studied in controlled settings. [cite: 27] Source: Lee:acid-dreams Entry by:
August 1950	First publication on LSD in the United States
	The first American article about LSD appears in Diseases of the Nervous System, wherein the possibility that LSD might be useful as an aid to psychotherapy is presented. Add'l Info: Source: Busch, A.K. and Johnson, W.C. 1950. "LSD-25 as an Aid in Psychotherapy (Preliminary Report of a New Drug)", Diseases of the Nervous System 11(8): 241-243. (Available at: http://www.psymon.com/psychedelia/articles/busch.htm) Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
October 30, 1950	Puerto Rican Nationalist Insurrection
(Monday)	A series of coordinated armed revolts across Puerto Rico and the United States to protest colonial rule. Add'l Info: The insurrection included an attack on the Governorâ€™s Palace in San Juan and the November 1 assassination attempt on President Harry S. Truman in Washington, D.C., by Oscar Collazo and Griselio Torresola. This event led to the arrest of thousands and the functional destruction of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party. Source: Berger-hidden Entry by:
November 11, 1950	Founding of Mattachine Society
(Saturday)	In Los Angeles, gay rights activist Harry Hay founds America’s first sustained national gay rights organization. Add'l Info: In an attempt to change public perception of homosexuality, the Mattachine Society aims to "eliminate discrimination, derision, prejudice and bigotry," to assimilate homosexuals into mainstream society, and to cultivate the notion of an "ethical homosexual culture. Source: PBS timeline Entry by:
November 11, 1950	Founding of the Mattachine Society
(Saturday)	Harry Hay and four other men met in Los Angeles to form an organization to liberate the homosexual minority from social persecution. Add'l Info: Harry Hay, a long-time member of the Communist Party and a gay man, met with four other gay men at his home in Los Angeles to propose the creation of an organized movement. This group, which grew to include seven original members (all white men), adopted the name 'Mattachine' based on medieval masked performers. Their 1951 mission statement aimed to unify, educate, and lead the 'whole mass of social deviants' toward erased discriminatory laws and social responsibility. Source: Stein-reth Entry by:
December 15, 1950	Start of U.S. federal government's "lavender scare"
(Friday)	A Senate report titled "Employment of Homosexuals and Other Sex Perverts in Government" is distributed to members of Congress after the federal government had covertly investigated employees' sexual orientation at the beginning of the Cold War. Add'l Info: The report states since homosexuality is a mental illness, homosexuals "constitute security risks" to the nation because "those who engage in overt acts of perversion lack the emotional stability of normal persons." Over the previous few years, more than 4,380 gay men and women had been discharged from the military and around 500 fired from their jobs with the government. The purging will become known as the "lavender scare." Source: PBS timeline Entry by:
January 1, 1951	Founding of Mattachine Society
(Monday)	Year. Harry Hay and others formed the Mattachine Society in Los Angeles, one of the earliest sustained homophile organizations. Add'l Info: The group focused on building a gay identity and community, eventually establishing chapters in several major cities across the country to advocate for the rights of gay men. Source: Stein:ency-of-lgbtq Entry by:
1951	CIA experiments with LSD
	CIA becomes aware of and begins experimenting with LSD. Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
1951	Al Hubbard experiments with LSD
	Al Hubbard first tries LSD. Add'l Info: Source: Lee MA, Shlain B. Acid Dreams: The CIA, LSD and the Sixties Rebellion. Grove, 1985. Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
January 1, 1951	Living Theatre Founded
(Monday)	Julian Beck and Judith Malina founded the Living Theatre in New York City as an alternative to the commercialism of Broadway. Add'l Info: The Living Theatre mounted its first formal production in New York City in 1951. Founders Julian Beck and Judith Malina sought to create a theater emphasizing contemporary poetic drama performed in repertory for reduced prices, in opposition to Broadway's banal star vehicles and high ticket prices. Source: Bradford:theater Entry by:
June 1, 1951	Birth of Rock 'n' Roll""
(Friday)	Disk jockey Alan Freed coins the term rock 'n' roll" to describe rhythm and blues music marketed to white teenagers [cite: 2272]." Add'l Info: Freed started a rhythm and blues show on his mostly white Cleveland radio station. He noticed white teenagers were buying records originally intended for black audiences and used the term as a euphemism to make the music more acceptable to white radio[cite: 2272, 2132]. Source: Gitlin-60s Entry by:
August 1, 1951	Operation ARTICHOKE Named
(Wednesday)	Project BLUEBIRD is formally renamed Operation ARTICHOKE as the CIA's search for a surefire truth drug continues. [cite: 20] Add'l Info: The CIA's mind control program, originally known as Project BLUEBIRD, underwent a formal change in code name to Operation ARTICHOKE in August 1951. Security officials continued their search for a reliable speech-inducing substance, sending agents on global fact-finding missions to procure rare botanicals. [cite: 20] Source: Lee:acid-dreams Entry by:
November 1, 1951	Living Theatre founded
(Thursday)	Julian Beck and Judith Malina established the Living Theatre in New York City as an alternative to commercial Broadway. Add'l Info: The theater mounted its first production in 1951, focusing on contemporary poetic drama performed in repertory at reduced prices. It stood in opposition to Broadway's high ticket prices and banal star vehicles, later becoming a center for radical performance art. Source: Gosse:world Entry by:
November 26, 1951	Operational Use of Interrogation Techniques Authorized
(Monday)	A CIA document announces that experimental interrogation techniques using chemicals are ready for operational use. [cite: 18] Add'l Info: In a document dated November 26, 1951, the CIA declared that its special interrogation teams could maintain a subject in a controlled state for long periods using certain chemicals. Despite the hazards, the Agency gave the "green light" for the operational use of these techniques in the field. [cite: 18] Source: Lee:acid-dreams Entry by:
1952	First study of LSD for treating depression
	Charles Savage publishes the first study on the use of LSD to treat depression. Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
January 1, 1952	Theatre Piece No. 1
(Tuesday)	Year. John Cage created this multi-artist event at Black Mountain College in North Carolina. Add'l Info: This event involved audience members being surrounded by Robert Rauschenberg's "White Paintings" while Merce Cunningham performed improvised dances, M. C. Richards read poetry, and David Tudor played piano. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
February 1, 1952	Dale Jennings Arrest and Legal Victory
(Friday)	Mattachine founder Dale Jennings was arrested for lewd behavior, and the group successfully fought the charges in court to expose police entrapment. Add'l Info: After Jennings was arrested by an undercover policeman, Mattachineâ€™s leaders created the 'Citizensâ€™ Committee to Outlaw Entrapment.' In court, Jennings admitted he was homosexual but denied the charges. After a jury deadlocked, the charges were dropped, marking the movement's first major legal victory. This event galvanized the organization, leading to the formation of thousands of discussion groups in California by 1953. Source: Stein-reth Entry by:
April 1952	Homosexuality deemed a mental illness
	The American Psychiatric Association lists homosexuality as a sociopathic personality disturbance in its first publication of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Add'l Info: Immediately following the manual's release, many professionals in medicine, mental health and social sciences criticize the categorization due to lack of empirical and scientific data. Source: PBS timeline Entry by:
November 16, 1952	"This Is the Beat Generation" Published
(Sunday)	John Clellon Holmes published the first article defining the Beat movement in the New York Times. Add'l Info: The article brought the concept of the Beat Generation into the public consciousness for the first time. It provoked such a massive response that Holmes spent nearly six months answering letters to the editor. This publication helped establish the Beats as a recognized social and literary phenomenon before they achieved widespread fame in the mid-1950s. Source: EncyBeat Entry by:
December 1, 1952	Christine Jorgensen's Publicity
(Monday)	Year. News of Jorgensen's "sex change" in Denmark reached the U.S. press, making her an instant international celebrity. Add'l Info: Despite being ridiculed in mainstream media, Jorgensen served as a prominent role model for transsexuals and brought the concept of medical transition to the American public's attention. Source: Stein:ency-of-lgbtq Entry by:
1953	CIA MK-Ultra secret LSD experiments
	First LSD clinic opened to the public in England under Ronald Sandison. Separately, unwitting subjects in the United States were given LSD in the CIA funded Project MK-Ultra to test the effects of the drug. Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
January 1, 1953	Explorations Seminars
(Thursday)	Year. Edmund Carpenter and Marshall McLuhan established weekly seminars on communication and media. Add'l Info: The seminars and the journal Explorations served as a forum for McLuhan to develop the media insights for which he became famous. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1953	First Publication of ONE Magazine
(Thursday)	Several Mattachine members launched ONE, an independent gay and lesbian magazine, which became a national platform for homophile issues. Add'l Info: ONE, Incorporated was established in 1952 by several Mattachine men to create a publication that could reach an audience beyond California. The magazine, which initially featured a multiracial board of trustees and women in active roles, soon achieved a monthly circulation of over 2,000 copies. It provided a space for more assertive defenses of homosexuality and sometimes criticized the movement's more cautious elements. Source: Stein-reth Entry by:
January 1, 1953	Founding of ONE Magazine
(Thursday)	Year. ONE magazine, the first national LGB periodical, began publishing in Los Angeles. Add'l Info: The magazine became a central platform for the homophile movement and famously won a Supreme Court case in 1958 that allowed its distribution through the mail. Source: Stein:ency-of-lgbtq Entry by:
1953	First use of LSD to treat alcoholism
	Dr. Humphry Osmond begins treating alcoholics with LSD. Add'l Info: Source: Lee MA, Shlain B. Acid Dreams: The CIA, LSD and the Sixties Rebellion. Grove, 1985. Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
April 13, 1953	Operation MK-ULTRA Authorized
(Monday)	CIA Director Allen Dulles authorizes Operation MK-ULTRA, a major drug and mind control program. [cite: 32] Add'l Info: Three days after giving a speech on "brain perversion techniques," Allen Dulles authorized Operation MK-ULTRA. The program, proposed by Richard Helms and run by the Technical Services Staff (TSS), aimed to develop both offensive and defensive capabilities in the field of drug-induced behavior modification. [cite: 32] Source: Lee:acid-dreams Entry by:
April 27, 1953	Homosexuals banned from federal agencies
(Monday)	President Dwight Eisenhower signs Executive Order 10450, banning homosexuals from working for the federal government or any of its private contractors. The Order lists homosexuals as security risks, along with alcoholics and neurotics. Add'l Info: Source: PBS timeline Entry by:
May 1, 1953	Huxley's First Mescaline Trip
(Friday)	Aldous Huxley tries mescaline for the first time under the supervision of Dr. Humphry Osmond. [cite: 46] Add'l Info: In May 1953, Aldous Huxley intentionally took mescaline at his home in Hollywood Hills. He described the experience as extraordinary and significant, leading to the publication of his famous essay "The Doors of Perception," which introduced hallucinogens to the educated public. [cite: 46, 47] Source: Lee:acid-dreams Entry by:
November 1, 1953	The Suicide of Frank Olson
(Sunday)	Army scientist Dr. Frank Olson dies after being surreptitiously dosed with LSD by CIA official Sidney Gottlieb. [cite: 34] Add'l Info: In November 1953, during a work retreat in Maryland, Dr. Gottlieb spiked the cocktails of a group of technicians with LSD. Dr. Frank Olson, who had never taken the drug, fell into a deep depression and psychotic state. After several weeks of delusions and being watched by a CIA agent, Olson plunged through a closed window of the Statler Hilton in New York to his death. [cite: 34, 35] Source: Lee:acid-dreams Entry by:
March 1, 1954	H-Bomb Test at Bikini Atoll
(Monday)	The United States tested a massive hydrogen bomb, causing radioactive fallout to hit a fishing boat. Add'l Info: The incident inspired Bookchin to write the pamphlet "Stop the Bomb," which opposed both nuclear weapons and nuclear power. This marked a shift in his work toward environmental and ecological issues. Source: Biehl:bookchin Entry by:
March 1, 1954	Attack on the U.S. Congress
(Monday)	Four Puerto Rican nationalists shot from the gallery of the U.S. House of Representatives to protest colonization. Add'l Info: Led by Lolita LebrÃ³n, along with Rafael Cancel Miranda, Andres Figueroa Cordero, and Irving Flores, the group opened fire on the ceiling and the floor of the House. They sought to bring international attention to the fact that Puerto Rico remained a colony despite the establishment of the 'Commonwealth' status in 1952. Source: Berger-hidden Entry by:
May 7, 1954	Battle of Dienbienphu
(Friday)	Vietnamese forces led by General Giap defeated the French, ending French imperial rule in Indochina . Add'l Info: The Vietnamese overcame technological inferiority through mass mobilization, suffering close to 300,000 Vietminh deaths compared to 95,000 French Union losses. The defeat led to the Geneva Accords and the temporary division of Vietnam. Source: Farber:age-of-great-dreams Entry by:
May 17, 1954	Brown v. Board of Education
(Monday)	The Supreme Court rules that racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional [cite: 513]. Add'l Info: The decision was a landmark moment that reared a generation to expect the end of segregation. However, by 1960, it became clear to activists that popular direct action was still necessary to enforce the spirit of the ruling[cite: 513, 514]. Source: Gitlin-60s Entry by:
May 17, 1954	Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
(Monday)	The Supreme Court rules on the landmark case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, unanimously agreeing that segregation in public schools is unconstitutional. Add'l Info: The ruling paves the way for large-scale desegregation. The decision overturns the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson ruling that sanctioned "separate but equal" segregation of the races, ruling that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." It is a victory for NAACP attorney Thurgood Marshall, who will later return to the Supreme Court as the nation's first black justice. Source: infoplease.com Entry by:
May 17, 1954	Brown v. Board of Education
(Monday)	The U.S. Supreme Court strikes down "separate but equal" treatment of racial minorities. Add'l Info: This landmark decision helped spark the Civil Rights movement, creating a ripening of popular discontent over American social regimentation and racial segregation[cite: 170]. Source: Doyle-IN Entry by:
May 17, 1954	Brown v. Board of Education
(Monday)	The Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. Add'l Info: The unanimous decision overturned the "separate but equal" doctrine established in 1896. While it did not end segregation overnight, it provided the legal foundation for the modern civil rights movement and inspired a "rights revolution" that would transform American society over the following decades. Source: Patterson-grand Entry by:
January 1, 1955	Operation Midnight Climax Begins
(Saturday)	George Hunter White establishes CIA safehouses in San Francisco for the surreptitious testing of LSD on citizens. [cite: 36] Add'l Info: In 1955, George Hunter White transferred to San Francisco and initiated Operation Midnight Climax. Prostitutes were hired to bring men back to CIA-financed bordellos where their drinks were laced with LSD. White observed the sessions from behind two-way mirrors to gather data on the drug's effects and how to exploit sex for espionage. [cite: 36] Source: Lee:acid-dreams Entry by:
1955	Aldous Huxley experiments and writes about LSD
	Aldous Huxley first takes LSD. The publication of Huxley's 'Heaven and Hell'. Add'l Info: Source: Lee MA, Shlain B. Acid Dreams: The CIA, LSD and the Sixties Rebellion. Grove, 1985. Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
1955	First academic conferences on LSD and mescaline
	First conferences focusing on LSD and mescaline take place in Atlantic City and Princeton, N.J. Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
January 1, 1955	Founding of Daughters of Bilitis
(Saturday)	Year. Phyllis Lyon and Del Martin formed the first lesbian organization in the United States in San Francisco. Add'l Info: The organization provided a safe space for lesbians to socialize and eventually began publishing "The Ladder," the first widely distributed lesbian periodical. Source: Stein:ency-of-lgbtq Entry by:
June 1, 1955	Civil Defense Protest
(Wednesday)	Judith Malina and Julian Beck were arrested with Dorothy Day for refusing to participate in mandated civil defense air-raid drills. Add'l Info: In 1955, Beck and Malina willingly got themselves arrested with Dorothy Day and served jail terms for protesting civil defense drills. During the air-raid drills, Day, Beck, Malina, and the other protesters remained above ground on the streets waiting to be arrested by the police, consciously violating the injunction to practice civil defense by hastening to the nearest shelter. The staged nature of these protests anticipated their later ventures into public performance. Source: Bradford:theater Entry by:
August 1955	Emmett Till Murdered
	Fourteen-year-old Chicagoan Emmett Till is visiting family in Mississippi when he is kidnapped, brutally beaten, shot, and dumped in the Tallahatchie River for allegedly whistling at a white woman. Add'l Info: Two white men, J. W. Milam and Roy Bryant, are arrested for the murder and acquitted by an all-white jury. They later boast about committing the murder in a Look magazine interview. The case becomes an important spark in the rise of the 1950s/60s Civil Rights Movement. Source: Infoplease.com Entry by:
September 21, 1955	Founding of Daughters of Bilitis
(Wednesday)	In San Francisco, the Daughters of Bilitis becomes the first lesbian rights organization in the United States. The organization hosts social functions, providing alternatives to lesbian bars and clubs, which are frequently raided by police. Add'l Info: Source: PBS timeline Entry by:
September 21, 1955	Founding of the Daughters of Bilitis (DOB)
(Wednesday)	Rose Bamberger and three other lesbian couples founded the first lesbian-specific social and political organization in San Francisco. Add'l Info: Formed as a home-based social alternative to bars, DOB quickly shifted its mission toward public education and legal reform under the leadership of Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon. The organization began publishing its own magazine, 'The Ladder,' in 1956 and established chapters in major cities like Chicago and New York. DOB adopted a form of liberal feminism that addressed the distinct double-oppression lesbians faced as both women and homosexuals. Source: Stein-reth Entry by:
October 1, 1955	The Village Voice Founding
(Saturday)	Dan Wolf, Ed Fancher, and Norman Mailer launch the first major weekly newspaper to challenge mainstream journalism. Add'l Info: In October 1955, the Village Voice was founded in Greenwich Village. While not strictly an "underground" paper in the later 1960s sense, it pioneered the model of personal, subjective, and adversarial journalism. It served as a bridge between the Old Left and the burgeoning New Left, proving that a community-based alternative weekly could be commercially viable. Source: Macmillan:ST Entry by:
October 1, 1955	Howl Recitation
(Saturday)	Allen Ginsberg performs a famous recitation of "Howl" at San Francisco's Six Gallery. Add'l Info: Often described as an "epochal" moment for the Beat Generation, this event helped articulate themes of cultural dissent that would later be amplified by the 1960s counterculture[cite: 164, 169]. Source: Doyle-IN Entry by:
October 7, 1955	Six Gallery Poetry Reading
(Friday)	Allen Ginsberg first performed his poem "Howl" in San Francisco, marking a watershed moment for the Beat Generation. Add'l Info: Allen Ginsberg's first public reading of "Howl" at the Six Gallery is cited as a seminal event that unleashed a generational rage against Cold War culture and technocratic society. Roszak identifies this as a "public report announcing the war of the generations." Source: Roszak-cc Entry by:
October 7, 1955	Six Gallery Poetry Reading
(Friday)	A watershed poetry reading organized by Kenneth Rexroth in San Francisco. Add'l Info: A pivotal moment for the San Francisco Renaissance and the Beat Generation, featuring the first public reading of Allen Ginsberg's 'Howl.' The event merged literature with an oral, performative tradition, and Jack Kerouac attended to cheer the poets on. Source: AposOfFree Entry by:
October 7, 1955	Six Gallery Poetry Reading
(Friday)	A seminal poetry reading in San Francisco that connected East and West Coast Beat circles. Add'l Info: Suggested and emceed by Kenneth Rexroth, this reading at San Francisco's Six Gallery featured Gary Snyder, Philip Whalen, Michael McClure, Philip Lamantia, and Allen Ginsberg, who gave his first public reading of "Howl." Jack Kerouac and Neal Cassady were in the audience. It is considered a watershed event for the San Francisco Renaissance and the moment the Beat movement became a nationwide literary force. Source: EncyBeat Entry by:
October 7, 1955	First Reading of "Howl" by Allen Ginsberg
(Friday)	The poetry reading at the 6 Gallery in San Francisco was one of the defining moments of the Beat Movement. Add'l Info: [from the SF Chron 2000 article:] If the birth of the beat generation could be traced back to one event, it would probably be the first public reading of Allen Ginsberg's poem "Howl" 45 years ago this month at the defunct Six Gallery in San Francisco. "Howl," widely regarded as one of the great works of 20th-century American poetry, is a 3,600-word torrent of unusually vivid and hellish imagery written in the long-line style of Walt Whitman's "Leaves of Grass" and echoing the rhythms of jazz. It has also become one of the most popular poems in U.S. history, having sold nearly a million copies in its City Lights edition - very rare for a book of poetry. The poem, the target of a landmark obscenity trial in 1957, also helped turn publisher and bookseller City Lights, at Columbus Ave. and Broadway in North Beach, into the center of the San Francisco poetry renaissance of the 1950s. Source: Chron, 10/28,2000, p. D1. (Retrospective article). There are at least three discrepancies in the dating of this event. Linda Hamalian, in A Life of Kenneth Rexroth (New York: Norton, 1991), p. 243, gives the date incorrectly as October 13, 1955.. She mentions that Ginsberg sent out 100 postcard invitations to the reading. Hamalian quotes the postcard: "Six poets at the Six Gallery. Kenneth Rexroth, M.C. Remarkable collection of angels all gathered at once in the same spot. Wine, music, dancing girls, serious poetry, free satori. Small collection for wine and postcards. Charming event." However, Barry Miles in Howl: original draft facsimile, transcript & variant versions, fully annotated by author, with contemporaneous correspondence, account of first public reading, legal skirmishes, precursor texts & bibliography by Allen Ginsberg, edited by Barry Miles (New York, HarperCollins, 1986), pinpoints the date as October 7, 1955. (See page xiii). On page 165 is reproduced a facsimile of the postcard that Ginsberg sent out. It reads: "6 Poets at 6 Gallery / Philip Lamantia reading mss. of late John Hoffman-- Mike McClure, Allen Ginsberg, Gary Snyder & Phil Whalen--all sharp new straightforward writing-- remarkable collection of angels on one stage reading their poetry. No charge, small collection for wine and postcards. Charming event. / Kenneth Rexroth, M.C. / 8 PM Friday Night October 7, 1955 / 6 Gallery 3119 Fillmore St. / San Fran". Note the discrepancies with Hamalian's transcription of the text of the card. Was there a different card or was Hamalian taking "poetic liberties"? There is also occasionally a date given for this event of December, 1955 (no specific day). For example, Allen Ginsberg's obituary published in The Independent (London) on April 7, 1997 (p. 20), has: "The pivotal point of a spiritual and poetic development that began then can be dated quite precisely. In December 1955, at the Six Gallery in San Francisco, Ginsberg read the first part of his poem 'Howl, for Carl Solomon'." I have found other references that gave December, 1955 as the date for the 6 Gallery reading. Entry by: e.p.n.
October 7, 1955	Six Gallery Poetry Reading
(Friday)	A watershed event featuring the first public reading of Allen Ginsberg's 'Howl' and defining the Beat Generation. [cite: 1786, 1974] Add'l Info: Suggested and emceed by Kenneth Rexroth, this reading at San Francisco's Six Gallery featured Gary Snyder, Philip Whalen, Michael McClure, Philip Lamantia, and Allen Ginsberg. It is considered a seminal moment for the San Francisco Renaissance and the Beat literary movement. [cite: 1786, 1974, 1976] Source: AposOfFree Entry by:
December 1, 1955	Arrest of Rosa Parks leads to the Montgomery Bus Boycott
(Thursday)	Rosa Parks, a member of the NAACP, refuses to give up her seat on a city bus to a white man. Her arrest leads to the Montgomery, Alabama bus boycott by the black community. Add'l Info: This was a seminal moment in the developing Civil Rights Movement. The community sustained the boycott until the buses were desegregated on Dec. 21, 1956 in response to a Supreme Court decision on Dec. 17, 1956 and its order three days later for all Alabama bus systems. This event was the impetus for Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr.'s career as a social justice activist. King had been newly elected president of the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA). Source: See: Chronology of Rosa Parks' life: (from The Cincinnati Enquirer, Sept. 25, 1998) Entry by: e.p.n.
December 1, 1955	Montgomery Bus Boycott
(Thursday)	Rosa Parks is arrested for refusing to give up her bus seat, sparking a year-long boycott [cite: 335, 2159]. Add'l Info: Parks, a seamstress and NAACP activist, refused to 'know her place' in Montgomery, Alabama. The resulting boycott established the power of nonviolence and catapulted Martin Luther King Jr. to national fame[cite: 335, 2159]. Source: Gitlin-60s Entry by:
December 1, 1955	Montgomery Bus Boycott Begins
(Thursday)	Rosa Parks' refusal to give up her seat sparked a year-long protest against segregated buses. Add'l Info: Led by a young Martin Luther King Jr., the boycott lasted 381 days and successfully utilized non-violent direct action to challenge Jim Crow laws. It ended only after the Supreme Court ruled city ordinances regarding bus seating unconstitutional, thrusting King into the national spotlight as a primary leader of the civil rights movement. Source: Patterson-grand Entry by:
December 1, 1955	Rosa Parks Arrest
(Thursday)	Rosa Parks' refusal to give up her bus seat in Montgomery led to her arrest and sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Add'l Info: On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested for violating Montgomery's segregated seating ordinance after refusing to give up her seat to a white passenger. Local black leader E. D. Nixon bailed her out and joined ministers like Martin Luther King, Jr. to form the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA). This event launched a year-long bus boycott that eventually led to a Supreme Court ruling desegregating the city's buses. Source: Anderson:move Entry by:
January 1, 1956	Publication of The Power Elite
(Sunday)	Year. Sociologist C. Wright Mills published his critique of American power structures. Add'l Info: In 1956, C. Wright Mills wrote 'The Power Elite', arguing that power in American society was centralized in a way that left ordinary people trapped in bureaucracies. He described the resulting psychologically fragmented man as a 'Cheerful Robot'. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
August 30, 1956	Psychologist presents paper with positive image of homosexuals
(Thursday)	American psychologist Evelyn Hooker shares her paper "The Adjustment of the Male Overt Homosexual" at the American Psychological Association Convention in Chicago. Add'l Info: After administering psychological tests, such as the Rorschach, to groups of homosexual and heterosexual males, Hooker's research concludes homosexuality is not a clinical entity and that heterosexuals and homosexuals do not differ significantly. Hooker's experiment becomes very influential, changing clinical perceptions of homosexuality. Source: PBS timeline Entry by:
Fall 1956	Irving Rosenthal Joins Chicago Review
	Irving Rosenthal joins Chicago Review as a student associate, while attending Univ of Chicao as a graduate psychology student studying under Carl Rogers. Add'l Info: Thus begins the series of events that leads to the controversy over Rosenthal (as editor) publishing excerpts from William Burroughs' manuscript Naked Lunch and the subsequent suppression of the Wiinter 1958-59 issue containing the third installment of Burroughs' work. Source: Brennan, Gerald E. "Naked Censorship: The True Story of the University of Chicago and William S. Burroughs's Naked Lunch " Chicago Reader Sep 29, 1995; Oct 6, 1995. Entry by: e.p.n.
January 1, 1957	Brand's Freshman Year
(Tuesday)	Year. Stewart Brand was a nineteen-year-old freshman at Stanford University, deeply worried about the Cold War and the potential for a Soviet invasion. Add'l Info: In the spring of 1957, Stewart Brand was a freshman at Stanford. He wrote extensively in his diary about his fear that the Soviet Union would attack the United States, leading to a loss of his identity and will. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
1957	UC plans for land acquistion
	1957 - University of California Regents earmark $1.3 million for purchase of land in the area south of the Berkeley campus (more playing fields, faculty offices, parking). Add'l Info: Source: https://www.peoplespark.org/tmlin2.html Entry by: en
January 1, 1957	The Word "Psychedelic" Introduced
(Tuesday)	Dr. Humphry Osmond introduces the term "psychedelic" to the psychiatric establishment at a meeting in New York. [cite: 53] Add'l Info: In 1957, addressing the New York Academy of Sciences, Dr. Osmond argued that drugs like LSD did more than mimic psychosis. He proposed the name "psychedelic" (meaning "mind-manifesting") to replace "psychotomimetic," acknowledging the drug's potential for enriching the mind and enlargening vision. [cite: 53] Source: Lee:acid-dreams Entry by:
January 1, 1957	Douglas Engelbart joins SRI
(Tuesday)	Year. Engelbart joined the Stanford Research Institute, where he would later lead the Augmentation Research Center (ARC). Add'l Info: At SRI, Engelbart pursued the integration of man and machine to solve complex global problems, eventually inventing features like the computer mouse. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1957	Fairchild Semiconductor Policy Shift
(Tuesday)	Year. CEO Robert Noyce implemented antihierarchical social styles at his company. Add'l Info: Noyce did away with privileges like reserved parking and formal dress codes, encouraging engineers to speak their minds. This antihierarchical culture influenced dozens of spin-off companies in Silicon Valley and the later network-oriented economy. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
Jan/Feb 1957	Founding of Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
	Martin Luther King, Charles K. Steele, and Fred L. Shuttlesworth establish the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, of which King is made the first president. Add'l Info: The SCLC becomes a major force in organizing the civil rights movement and bases its principles on nonviolence and civil disobedience. According to King, it is essential that the civil rights movement not sink to the level of the racists and hatemongers who oppose them: "We must forever conduct our struggle on the high plane of dignity and discipline," he urges. Source: Infoplease.com Entry by:
March 25, 1957	"Howl" Seized for Obscenity
(Monday)	U.S. Customs officials in San Francisco seized 520 copies of Allen Ginsberg's "Howl and Other Poems" imported from London. Add'l Info: This seizure led to one of the most famous obscenity trials in American history. The collector of customs declared the book obscene, but after a highly publicized trial, Judge Clayton Horn ruled that the poem had "redeeming social importance." The victory was a landmark for free speech and significantly boosted the popularity and notoriety of the Beat Generation. Source: EncyBeat Entry by:
May 1, 1957	"The Discovery of Magic Mushrooms" Article
(Wednesday)	Life magazine publishes R. Gordon Wasson's account of his mushroom experience in Mexico. [cite: 65] Add'l Info: In May 1957, Life magazine featured a seventeen-page spread by R. Gordon Wasson detailing his encounter with "God's flesh" (magic mushrooms) in the Mexican highlands. The laudatory account introduced a mass audience to chemical hallucinogens and sparked significant interest in the world of psychedelics. [cite: 65, 66] Source: Lee:acid-dreams Entry by:
September 1957	Forced integration of Little Rock, AK high school
	Formerly all-white Central High School learns that integration is easier said than done. Nine black students are blocked from entering the school on the orders of Governor Orval Faubus. President Eisenhower sends federal troops and the National Guard to intervene on behalf of the students, who become known as the "Little Rock Nine." Add'l Info: Source: Infoplease.com Entry by:
September 5, 1957	Jack Kerouac's On the Road is published by Viking Press
(Thursday)	First date of publication of one of the seminal works that defined the Beat Generation. Add'l Info: [From www.wordsareimportant.com:] On the Road was Jack Kerouac's second novel to be published. Along with Ginsberg's Howl and Burroughs' Naked Lunch, it would serve as the foundation for a movement that became known as the Beat Generation. Of course, it was Herbert Hunke who first brought the term 'beat' to the attention of Kerouac and his friends in the late 40's, and it would be John Clellon Holmes' book Go that would first use the term beat. Ann Charters writes, "The young people who responded to the book recognized that Kerouac was on their side, the side of youth and freedom." Source: http://www.wordsareimportant.com/ontheroad.htm Entry by: e.p.n.
October 4, 1957	Sputnik Launch
(Friday)	The Soviet Union launches the first satellite, triggering a national panic in the United States [cite: 565, 1748]. Add'l Info: The launch shattered American pride and led to a massive influx of public funds into universities. It redefined intellect as an 'instrument of national purpose' to compete in the Cold War arms race[cite: 565, 1748, 1749]. Source: Gitlin-60s Entry by:
January 1, 1958	Freshman Year of Peter Samson
(Wednesday)	Year. Peter Samson begins his freshman year at MIT, leading to the discovery of the EAM room and his involvement with the Tech Model Railroad Club. Add'l Info: Peter Samson, a wiry redhead from Lowell, Massachusetts, entered MIT in the winter of 1958-59. Growing up with an insatiable curiosity about how things worked, he had already attempted to build his own computer using pinball machine parts. His arrival at MIT marked the beginning of his deep immersion into computer culture, starting with his exploration of Building 26 and his eventual membership in the Tech Model Railroad Club (TMRC). Source: Levy:hackers Entry by:
January 1, 1958	Naming of "Happenings"
(Wednesday)	Year. Allan Kaprow christened these types of multi-sensory, systems-oriented artistic events as "happenings.", Add'l Info: Kaprow, who studied with Cage, blended systems orientation with the action-focus of abstract expressionism to create art that blurred the boundary between art and life. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1958	Deployment of the SAGE Air Defense System
(Wednesday)	Year. The Semi-Automated Ground Environment (SAGE) system was deployed. Add'l Info: Before its deployment in 1958, the SAGE project trained a generation of engineers and scientists who would later found computer science departments and initiate the ARPANET. SAGE was a massive project involving military, industrial, and academic players focused on early warning against Soviet bombers. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1958	Foundation of ARPA
(Wednesday)	Year. The Advanced Research Projects Agency was founded by the Defense Department to spark research into defense technologies. Add'l Info: ARPA would eventually drive the development of the Internet through its Information Processing Techniques Office. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 13, 1958	US Supreme Court rules in favor of LGBT magazine's freedom of speech
(Monday)	In the landmark case One, Inc. v. Olesen, the United States Supreme Court rules in favor of the First Amendment rights of the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) magazine "One: The Homosexual Magazine." The suit was filed after the U.S. Postal Service and FBI declared the magazine obscene material, and it marks the first time the United States Supreme Court rules in favor of homosexuals. Add'l Info: Source: PBS timeline Entry by:
January 13, 1958	ONE, Inc. v. Olesen Supreme Court Ruling
(Monday)	The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in favor of ONE magazine, holding that the Post Office could not seize the publication as 'obscene.' Add'l Info: The U.S. Post Office had refused to distribute an issue of ONE magazine in 1954, alleging it contained obscene materials like a lesbian kiss and a poem about a sex scandal. ONE challenged the decision, and after losing two lower court rounds, the Supreme Court voted 5-4 to reverse the decision. This was the first major U.S. Supreme Court victory for the gay and lesbian movement, establishing a precedent for homophile and later gay liberationist press freedom. Source: Stein-reth Entry by:
Summer, 1958	Actor R.G. Davis moves to San Francisco
	R.G. Davis returns from Paris after studying at the Ecole de Mime under Etienne Decroux. Settles in San Francisco where he teaches and performs mime. Add'l Info: Source: Davis, SFMT: The First Ten Years, p. 195. Entry by: e.p.n.
September 1, 1958	Freshman Midway
(Monday)	An orientation event where MIT campus organizations, including the Tech Model Railroad Club, recruit new members. Add'l Info: Freshman Midway was held in a large gymnasium where various special-interest groups, fraternities, and clubs set up booths to recruit freshmen. It was at this event, on a Friday in September 1958, that Peter Samson was recruited by members of the Tech Model Railroad Club (TMRC). The TMRC members boasted a spectacular display of HO gauge trains in Building 20, which fascinated Samson and led him to join the club immediately. Source: Levy:hackers Entry by:
November 6, 1958	The Beat Debate
(Thursday)	Author Jack Kerouac and liberal editor James Wechsler debate the merits of the Beat Generation at Hunter College [cite: 2535]. Add'l Info: The boisterous event highlighted the generational divide. Wechsler viewed Kerouac's 'beatitude' as irresponsible hedonism, while Kerouac dismissed Wechsler's political liberalism as 'machinery' lacking love or compassion[cite: 2535, 2562, 2567]. Source: Gitlin-60s Entry by:
1959	Allen Ginsberg experiments with LSD
	Allen Ginsberg tries LSD for the first time. Add'l Info: Source: Lee MA, Shlain B. Acid Dreams: The CIA, LSD and the Sixties Rebellion. Grove, 1985. Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
1959	Macy Foundation congress on LSD
	Josiah Macy Foundation sponsors major scientific congress on LSD. Add'l Info: Source: Lee MA, Shlain B. Acid Dreams: The CIA, LSD and the Sixties Rebellion. Grove, 1985. Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
January 1, 1959	R.G. Davis Mime Studio
(Thursday)	R. G. Davis founded his mime studio in San Francisco, which eventually evolved into the politically radical San Francisco Mime Troupe. Add'l Info: Originally focused on pure mime in the style of Etienne Decroux, Davisâ€™s studio transitioned into the San Francisco Mime Troupe. The troupe began performing 'events' and outdoor commedia dell'arte plays, eventually becoming a hotbed for radical politics and experimental theater that directly spawned the Digger movement. Source: Doyle:HAD Entry by:
January 1, 1959	Cuban Revolution Success
(Thursday)	Fidel Castro and a small army of guerrilla irregulars overthrew the corrupt President of Cuba . Add'l Info: Castro's victory ended the rule of a leader who had served American interests for over twenty-five years. In his first speech, Castro declared that for the first time the Republic would really be entirely free and not master-controlled by North Americans as it had been since 1898. Source: Farber:age-of-great-dreams Entry by:
January 1, 1959	Kesey's CIA Drug Experiments
(Thursday)	Year. Ken Kesey became a subject in experimental protocols at the Veterans Hospital in Menlo Park. Add'l Info: Sponsored by the CIA's MK-ULTRA program, Kesey was given drugs like LSD and psilocybin, which he viewed as tools for liberation rather than cold war weapons. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
March 15, 1959	First Freshman Programming Course
(Sunday)	MIT offers its first course in computer programming available to freshmen, taught by John McCarthy. Add'l Info: In the spring of 1959, MIT introduced Course No. 641, the first programming course accessible to freshmen. It was taught by John McCarthy, a brilliant but absent-minded professor and a pioneer in the field of Artificial Intelligence. The course introduced students like Peter Samson and Alan Kotok to the LISP programming language and the IBM 704 computer, though the hackers were often more interested in the hands-on act of programming than McCarthy's theoretical visions. Source: Levy:hackers Entry by:
Apr 22-24, 1959	International conference on LSD Therapy
	The First International Conference on LSD Therapy Add'l Info: Held at Princeton, NJ. Produced by the Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation. Chaired by Paul H. Hoch, presenters included Harold A. Abramson, Gregory Bateson, Arthur L. Chandler, Sidney Cohen, Jonathan Cole, Keith S. Ditman, Betty Grover Eisner, Frank Fremont-Smith, Mortimer A. Hartman, Mollie P. Hewitt Hewitt, Abram Hoffer, Cecelia E.Jett-Jackson, Solomon Katzenelbogen, G.D. Klee, Humphry Osmond, Charles Savage, H. Lennard, S. Malitz, R.C. Murphy, Gwendolyn J.Neviackas, Cornelius H. van Rhijn, Ronald A. Sandison, Louis Joylon "Jolly" West, J.R.B. Whittlesey, and others. Source: Proceedings were published as The Use of LSD in Psychotherapy, edited by H.A. Abramson (1960). Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
May 1, 1959	General Creasy Testifies to Congress
(Friday)	Major General William Creasy stumps for the use of psychochemical weapons before the House Committee on Science and Astronautics. [cite: 37] Add'l Info: In May 1959, the chief officer of the Army Chemical Corps, Major General William Creasy, promoted his vision of "war without death" to Congress. He argued that psychochemical weapons like LSD were a humane alternative to conventional explosives and asked for budget increases to develop nonlethal incapacitants. [cite: 36, 37] Source: Lee:acid-dreams Entry by:
July 15, 1959	The Connection Premiere
(Wednesday)	The Living Theatre premiered Jack Gelber's play about heroin addicts, introducing a new level of realism and improvisation to the stage. Add'l Info: The Living Theatre's production of Jack Gelber's The Connection (1959), inspired by the Beat literary movement and improvisational jazz, represented a turning point in the company's combining of formal experiments with its political and social vision. The play used a heightened realism to depict the daily lives of junkies waiting for a fix, breaking taboos regarding profanity and drug use on stage. Source: Bradford:theater Entry by:
July 16, 1959	Death of Josef Weber
(Thursday)	Josef Weber died of a heart attack in Germany at the age of fifty-eight. Add'l Info: By the time of his death, his relationship with the Contemporary Issues group, including Bookchin, had become toxic and abusive. His death effectively ended Bookchin's apprenticeship and that specific chapter of his political life. Source: Biehl:bookchin Entry by:
July 24, 1959	Kitchen Debate
(Friday)	Vice President Richard Nixon and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev engaged in an impromptu debate at the United States Exhibition in Moscow . Add'l Info: The debate took place in a model American kitchen, which Nixon used as a symbol of American superiority and material abundance. Nixon argued that American diversity and the 'right to choose' were the 'spice of life,' while Khrushchev focused on Soviet economic productivity. Source: Farber:age-of-great-dreams Entry by:
Fall 1959 [- May 1961]	Kesey In Stanford graduate program
	Ken Kesey (b. 17 September 1935 in La Junta, CO.) enters the graduate writing program at Stanford University on a Woodrow Wilson Fellowship. Add'l Info: Ken Kesey (b. 17 September 1935 in La Junta, CO) enters the graduate writing program at Stanford University on a Woodrow Wilson Fellowship. He and his wife Faye Haxby Kesey rent an apartment on Perry Lane which has a reputation for being a bohemian enclave. His teachers include Wallace Stegner, Malcolm Cowley, Richard Scowcroft, and, for a short time, Frank O'Connor. While there he becomes friends with fellow writers Larry McMurty, Ed McClanahan, Wendell Berry, Gurney Norman, and Bob Stone. Source: Entry by: Doyle
October 29, 1959	First performance of the R.G. Davis Mime Studio and Troupe
(Thursday)	The Troupe performs "Mime and Words" at the San Francisco Art Institute. Add'l Info: R.G. Davis started work as an assistant director in the San Francisco Actor's Workshop in 1959. Within the Actor's Workshop, Davis organized the R.G. Davis Mime Studio and Troupe. Their first performance was at the San Francisco Art Institute where they performed several mimes that Davis had created. Source: Davis, SFMT: The First Ten Years, p. 18. Entry by: e.p.n.
November 24, 1959	TMRC Meeting
(Tuesday)	A club meeting where members expressed concern over the hackers' obsession with parliamentary procedure over railroad work. Add'l Info: A meeting of the Tech Model Railroad Club held on November 24, 1959, highlighted the growing tension between the "knife-and-paintbrush" contingent and the hackers. The minutes noted a frown upon members who spent more time reading "Robert's Rules of Order" than working on the Signals and Power (S&P) subcommittee tasks. Peter Samson was singled out for his "oral diarrhea" during these convoluted sessions. Source: Levy:hackers Entry by:
January 1, 1960	SDS and SNCC Founding
(Friday)	Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) and the Student Nonviolent Co-ordinating Committee (SNCC) are formed. Add'l Info: Both SDS and SNCC were founded in 1960, representing the emergence of the New Left and a new wave of civil rights activism. SNCC was a major source of inspiration for nonviolent direct action, while SDS initially focused on 'participatory democracy.' Source: Epstein-cult-rev Entry by:
1960	Timothy Leary begins LSD research at Harvard
	Harvard University's Timothy Leary establishes the Psychedelic Research Project. Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
1960	Founding of Leary's League of Spiritual Development
	Leary founds the League of Spiritual Development, with LSD as the sacrement. Add'l Info: Source: Ray O, Ksir C. Drugs, Society, and Human Behavior. Mosby, 1996. Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
January 1, 1960	Brand Meets Steve Durkee
(Friday)	Year. Stewart Brand met the young San Francisco painter Steve Durkee. Add'l Info: Brand met Durkee in the summer of 1960. By 1961, Durkee had moved to a Manhattan loft where Brand would visit him, leading to Brand's exploration of the New York art scene. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1960	Richmond Civil Rights March
(Friday)	Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. led a march on the state capitol in Richmond, Virginia, to protest the closure of the Prince Edward County public school system . Add'l Info: The Virginia government had elected to close the entire public school system in Prince Edward County rather than obey federal court orders to integrate. King's actions in Richmond went largely unnoticed by the mass media and the White House at the time. Source: Farber:age-of-great-dreams Entry by:
1960	Bread and Puppet Theatre founded
	Peter Schumann arrives in New York and starts the Bread and Puppet Theatre, famous for the giant puppets at anti-war rallies later in the decade. Add'l Info: Source: Davis, SFMT: The First Ten Years, p. 195. Entry by: e.p.n.
January 1, 1960	Back-to-the-land movement
(Friday)	Year. A countercultural movement where participants moved to rural communes to find alternative forms of community. Add'l Info: The back-to-the-land movement involved geographically scattered communes and was a predecessor to the ideals later found on the WELL. The movement was characterized by New Communalist visions of sociability and a critique of hierarchical government. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1960	1960 New Yearâ€™s Eve
(Friday)	The 1960s began with 300,000 Americans standing shoulder to shoulder in Times Square to watch the illuminated globe descend. Millions more watched on television, singing along with Guy Lombardo. Add'l Info: The crowd in Times Square was good-natured as they waited in the cold for hours, passing liquor hand to hand. As the globe dropped, the crowd roared, marking the start of a decade that many believed would just continue the 'boom times' and prosperity of the 1950s. President Eisenhower spent the day privately at his favorite retreat, the Augusta National Golf Club, while Cardinal Spellman broadcast a message over Radio Free Europe. Source: Farber:age-of-great-dreams Entry by:
January 1, 1960	Founding of SDS
(Friday)	The Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) was founded. Add'l Info: SDS was founded in 1960 as one of the primary organizations of the New Left, emerging from older organizations of the left. Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
January 1, 1960	Publication of "Man-Computer Symbiosis"
(Friday)	Year. J. C. R. Licklider's influential paper imagined a tight coupling between human brains and computing machines. Add'l Info: Licklider envisioned a partnership where humans and computers would process data and think in entirely new ways, seeing the computer as a communication device for the benefit of humanity. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
February 1, 1960	First Lunch Counter Sit-In at Greensboro, NC Woolworth's
(Monday)	This unplanned, spontaneous sit-in took place at a lunch counter in Greensboro, N.C., though the technique had been invented two decades earlier by the Congress of Racial Equality in Chicago in 1943. Add'l Info: Four black college freshmen at North Carolina Agricultural &Technical College refuse to leave an all-white Woolworth's lunch counter in Greenboro, N.C., after the waitress refuses to serve them. Over the next few days, hundreds of students join the protest. TV and radio spread the news of the sit-in demonstrations, which spread all over the country. The tactic was effective by stopping normal business activity. Ultimately, the idea spread to other types of establishments to include "read-ins at public libraries, paint-ins at public art galleries, wade-ins at public beaches, kneel-ins at white churches", (see Anderson, "The Movement and the Sixties", p. 46) and boycotts. White response included violence against the demonstrators but within a year the Civil Rights movement was celebrating successes in desegregating many public accommodations. (The Greensboro Woolworth's was finally desegregated on July 26, 1960.) This new movement soon found form in new organizations such as the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee. The student who had the idea to sit-in at the Woolworth's lunch counter had been reading a comic book about Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Bus Boycott. (According to The Power of the People). The four students were Ezell Blair Jr. (Jibreel Khazan), David Richmond, Joseph McNeil, and Franklin McCain. The Woolworth's building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 and a museum opened in 2001, operated by N.C. A & T College and Sit-In Movement, Inc. Source: Entry by: e.p.n.
February 1, 1960	Greensboro Sit-in
(Monday)	Four black students sit down at a whites-only lunch counter in North Carolina, sparking a national movement. Add'l Info: On February 1, 1960, four black students walked into a Woolworth store in Greensboro, North Carolina, and sat at the whites-only lunch counter to order coffee. This single act of defiance sparked a wave of sit-ins at segregated restaurants in twenty cities within a month. It served as a catalyst for the birth of the civil-rights movement and provided the SDS with its first major cause for mobilization. [cite: 3] Source: Sale:SDS Entry by:
February 1, 1960	Greensboro Sit-ins
(Monday)	Students in North Carolina began lunch counter sit-ins, a tactic of direct action that influenced the tactical repertoire of the New Left and the Diggers. Add'l Info: The Greensboro sit-ins of 1960 marked a shift toward nonviolent direct action. This 'politics of the act' influenced many future activists by demonstrating how small, symbolic gestures in public space could catalyze larger social movements and challenge the status quo. Source: Doyle:HAD Entry by:
February 1, 1960	Greensboro Sit-in
(Monday)	Four black students from North Carolina A&T sat at a whites-only Woolworth's lunch counter, initiating a major wave of student activism. Add'l Info: Ezell Blair, Jr., Franklin McCain, Joseph McNeil, and David Richmond sat at a segregated Woolworth's lunch counter and requested coffee. They were refused service but remained until the store closed. The protest grew rapidly over the following days, involving hundreds of students and spreading to other cities, marking a shift toward youth-led, nonviolent direct action in the civil rights movement. Source: Anderson:move Entry by:
February 1, 1960	Greensboro Sit-In
(Monday)	Four African-American students from North Carolina A&T took seats at a 'whites only' lunch counter in Woolworth's, vowing to stay until served . Add'l Info: Ezell Blair, Jr., Franklin McCain, Joseph McNeil, and David Richmond acted on their own to confront Jim Crow. Their action sparked a movement involving 70,000 people in over 150 cities by the end of 1960, marking a new phase of the civil rights struggle where young people were at the forefront. Source: Farber:age-of-great-dreams Entry by:
February 1, 1960	Greensboro Sit-ins
(Monday)	Four black students begin a sit-in at a Woolworth's lunch counter in North Carolina [cite: 501]. Add'l Info: Ezell Blair Jr., Franklin McCain, Joseph McNeil, and David Richmond claimed their right to be served. Their act of direct action touched off a wave of similar sit-ins across the urban South[cite: 501, 510]. Source: Gitlin-60s Entry by:
February 1, 1960	Greensboro Sit-ins
(Monday)	Four black college freshmen staged a protest at a segregated Woolworth's lunch counter in North Carolina. Add'l Info: Ezell Blair Jr., David Richmond, Franklin McCain, and Joseph McNeil sat at the counter despite being refused service. Their courageous action sparked a wave of sit-ins across the South, marking the start of the "direct action" phase of the civil rights movement and leading to the formation of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). Source: Patterson-grand Entry by:
February 1, 1960	Greensboro Sit-ins
(Monday)	Four black college students spark a national movement by sitting at a segregated lunch counter. Add'l Info: On February 1, 1960, four students from North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College sat down at a Woolworthâ€™s lunch counter in Greensboro. This act ignited a wave of sit-ins across the South and is credited with launching the 1960s era of student activism, providing the moral impetus for the New Left and its later media ventures. Source: Macmillan:ST Entry by:
February 1, 1960	Greensboro Sit-in
(Monday)	Four black students from North Carolina A&T sat at a whites-only Woolworth's lunch counter, initiating a major wave of student activism. Add'l Info: Ezell Blair, Jr., Franklin McCain, Joseph McNeil, and David Richmond sat at a segregated Woolworth's lunch counter and requested coffee. They were refused service but remained until the store closed. The protest grew rapidly over the following days, involving hundreds of students and spreading to other cities, marking a shift toward youth-led, nonviolent direct action in the civil rights movement. Source: Anderson:move Entry by:
February 1, 1960	Greensboro Sit-in
(Monday)	Four black college students staged a sit-in at a Woolworth's lunch counter, initiating a confrontational phase of the civil rights movement. Add'l Info: The February 1, 1960, sit-in by four black college students at a Woolworth's lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina, marked a turning point in the civil rights movement. This demonstration initiated a more confrontational phase of the movement in which students figured prominently, using tactics of nonviolent direct action civil disobedience to protest segregation. Source: Bradford:theater Entry by:
April 1, 1960	SNCC Founded
(Friday)	The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee was formed following the Greensboro sit-ins to coordinate student-led civil rights activism. Add'l Info: The Greensboro sit-in inspired the formation of SNCC in April 1960 and spurred several other sit-in demonstrations. At its founding conference in Raleigh, Guy Carawan taught students 'We Shall Overcome,' which quickly emerged as the movement's theme song. Source: Bradford:theater Entry by:
April 1960	Founding of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
	The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) is founded at Shaw University (Raleigh, N.C.), providing young blacks with a place in the civil rights movement. The SNCC later grows into a more radical organization, especially under the leadership of Stokely Carmichael (1966-1967). Add'l Info: Source: Infoplease.com Entry by:
April 15, 1960	Founding of SNCC
(Friday)	Students met at Shaw University to form the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, focusing on grassroots community organizing. Add'l Info: Following the sit-ins, Ella Baker of the SCLC organized a conference for student leaders. She encouraged them to remain independent of established civil rights organizations. This led to the formation of SNCC (pronounced "Snick"), which became the shock troops of the movement, pushing for more radical, nonviolent confrontations with Jim Crow and focusing on voter registration in the most dangerous parts of the Deep South. Source: Anderson:move Entry by:
April 15, 1960	Formation of SNCC
(Friday)	The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee was formed at a conference organized by Ella Baker . Add'l Info: The conference helped young sit-in protesters share experiences and chart future goals. SNCC became the primary organization shaping student protest in the U.S. between 1960 and 1966, emphasizing grass-roots leadership over 'magic man' charismatic figures. Source: Farber:age-of-great-dreams Entry by:
April 15, 1960	Founding of SNCC
(Friday)	Ella Baker called a meeting at Shaw University that led to the creation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) . Add'l Info: Baker realized students were 'intolerant of anything that smacked of manipulation or domination'. Approximately 120 students representing 50 colleges attended. Martin Luther King, Jr. urged nonviolent tactics, while Baker encouraged students to change the entire southern social structure. Source: Anderson:move Entry by:
May 1, 1960	HUAC protest at UC Berkeley
(Sunday)	Students at UC Berkeley were arrested during a public protest against the House Un-American Activities Committee's appearance in San Francisco. Add'l Info: In May 1960, students sang and were arrested as part of their protest against HUAC. This event marked the reemergence of singing as a form of public protest and signaled a new phase of student-led political activism. Source: Gosse:world Entry by:
May 1, 1960	HUAC Protest at UC Berkeley
(Sunday)	Students at the University of California-Berkeley were arrested during a public protest against the House Un-American Activities Committee. Add'l Info: In May 1960, University of California-Berkeley students sang and were arrested as part of their public protest of the House Un-American Activities Committee's appearance in San Francisco. This marked the reemergence of singing as a form of public protest. Source: Bradford:theater Entry by:
May 1, 1960	Madison Square Garden Rally
(Sunday)	A massive rally of over 15,000 people aimed at ending the nuclear arms race . Add'l Info: The turnout was attributed to students responding to the 'atmosphere of action resulting from the Southern sit-ins'. This event highlighted a growing awareness among students regarding nuclear disarmament. Source: Anderson:move Entry by:
May 5, 1960	Human Rights in the North Conference
(Thursday)	SDS holds a conference at the University of Michigan to discuss civil rights and human rights issues. Add'l Info: Held from May 5-7, 1960, at the University of Michigan, this conference was originally proposed to discuss 'Human Rights in the North.' Following the Greensboro sit-ins, it became a major networking event for civil rights leaders and activists, including Bayard Rustin, James Farmer, and Tom Hayden. It cemented SDSâ€™s path toward civil rights activism and established important friendships that would lead the organization's growth. [cite: 3] Source: Sale:SDS Entry by:
May 13, 1960	Black Friday
(Friday)	Police used fire hoses and billy clubs to remove student protesters from San Francisco City Hall during HUAC hearings. Add'l Info: About a thousand Berkeley students gathered at San Francisco City Hall to protest hearings held by the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC). On Friday, May 13, police forcibly removed the protesters using high-pressure fire hoses and dragging them down stairs. The event, dubbed "Black Friday" by students, became a defining moment for the emerging student movement on the West Coast. Source: Anderson:move Entry by:
May 13, 1960	Anti-HUAC Protest
(Friday)	Students and activists demonstrate against the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) in San Francisco [cite: 521, 531]. Add'l Info: Demonstrators were forcibly washed down the steps of City Hall by police. HUAC attempted to use footage of the event in a film called 'Operation Abolition' to discredit protesters, but it ended up becoming a recruiting tool for the New Left[cite: 518, 521, 530]. Source: Gitlin-60s Entry by:
May 13, 1960	Black Friday
(Friday)	Police used fire hoses and billy clubs against student protesters at San Francisco City Hall during HUAC hearings . Add'l Info: A thousand Berkeley students gathered to protest 'Communist activity' investigations. Protesters were 'dragged by their hair... arms and legs down the stairs'. This event is often cited as the 'start of the sixties' for many participants. Source: Anderson:move Entry by:
May 13, 1960	Black Friday
(Friday)	Police used fire hoses and billy clubs to remove student protesters from San Francisco City Hall during HUAC hearings. Add'l Info: About a thousand Berkeley students gathered at San Francisco City Hall to protest hearings held by the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC). On Friday, May 13, police forcibly removed the protesters using high-pressure fire hoses and dragging them down stairs. The event, dubbed "Black Friday" by students, became a defining moment for the emerging student movement on the West Coast. Source: Anderson:move Entry by:
May 20, 1960	Second Performance of the R.G. Davis Mime Studio and Troupe
(Friday)	The R.G. Davis Mime Studio and Troupe perform mimes at the Pacific Coast Arts Festival, Reed College. (May 20-22, 1960). Add'l Info: Arthur Holden is the student chairman of the Festival, and later becomes a Troupe member. The program included: Man With A Stick, White Collar Day, Wanna Play?, Arlecchino & Brighella, Cars, City Dweller, Bird in Flight, The Circus. Source: Davis, SFMT: The First Ten Years, p. 195. Entry by: e.p.n.
Summer 1960 [- Spring 1961]	Kesey participates in government drug experiment
	Kesey signs up as a volunteer and also takes a night-shift position there as an aide on the psychiatric ward. Add'l Info: Stanford University psychology graduate student Vik Lowell (to whom One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest is dedicated) tells Ken Kesey about the U.S. government experiments with psychotomimetic drugs being conducted under Dr. Leo Hollister at the Veterans Administration hospital in Menlo Park. Kesey signs up as a volunteer and also takes a night-shift position there as an aide on the psychiatric ward. Writes Cuckoo's Nest as a result of his experiences. The manuscript is finished by around September 1960 and is published in February 1962. Source: Entry by: Doyle
June 17, 1960	First SDS National Convention
(Friday)	The first formal convention of the newly renamed Students for a Democratic Society is held in New York. Add'l Info: Held from June 17-19, 1960, at the Barbizon-Plaza in New York, this was the first convention since the organization changed its name from SLID. Though attendance was small (29 members), the meeting was animated and signaled a new era of student thinking. Al Haber was elected President, and the convention featured discussions on student radicalism and the relevance of anarchism. [cite: 3] Source: Sale:SDS Entry by:
July 15, 1960	Democratic National Convention
(Friday)	John F. Kennedy accepted his nomination for President in Los Angeles, introducing the concept of the 'New Frontier' . Add'l Info: Kennedy called for sacrifice rather than security, describing the 1960s as a 'frontier of unknown opportunities and perils'. He vowed to 'get the nation moving again' after the perceived stagnation of the late Eisenhower years. Source: Farber:age-of-great-dreams Entry by:
July 28, 1960	Republican National Convention
(Thursday)	Richard Nixon accepted his nomination for President in a speech delivered in Chicago . Add'l Info: Nixon's speech focused on the 'mortal danger' of Soviet aggression and the need for a President to tell the people what they needed to hear rather than what they wanted to hear regarding the Cold War. Source: Farber:age-of-great-dreams Entry by:
August 1, 1960	Timothy Leary's First Mushroom Trip
(Monday)	Timothy Leary has a life-changing religious experience while eating magic mushrooms in Cuernavaca, Mexico. [cite: 67] Add'l Info: In the summer of 1960, while vacationing in Mexico, clinical psychologist Timothy Leary consumed magic mushrooms. He described it as the deepest religious experience of his life, leading him to reevaluate his career and dedicate his efforts to exploring altered states of consciousness. [cite: 67] Source: Lee:acid-dreams Entry by:
August 1, 1960	Discovery of Magic Mushrooms
(Monday)	Timothy Miller recounts how Timothy Leary was introduced to magic mushrooms in Mexico, which led to the psilocybin research project at Harvard University. Add'l Info: Timothy Leary, a respected academic psychologist, was introduced to magic mushrooms in Mexico in August 1960. Upon his return to Harvard University (where he was an adjunct faculty member), he instituted a psilocybin research project. This event served as the catalyst for the subsequent communal psychedelic experiments at Newton and Millbrook. Source: Miller:comm-hip Entry by:
September 1, 1960	Adoption of the Sharon Statement
(Thursday)	The Sharon Statement was adopted by YAF as its founding principles in 1960 . Add'l Info: In 1960, the founding principles of the Young Americans for Freedom (YAF), known as the Sharon Statement, were officially adopted. Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
September 11, 1960	Founding of Young Americans for Freedom (YAF)
(Sunday)	YAF was founded at the estate of William F. Buckley in Sharon, Connecticut . Add'l Info: Young Americans for Freedom (YAF) was formed at the estate of William F. Buckley in Sharon, Connecticut. It served as a youth organization for the New Right, founded in the same year as the New Left's SDS. Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
September 23, 1960	Third appearance of the R.G. Davis Mime Studio and Troupe
(Friday)	The Troupe performs the same program as they offered at Reed College in May. Add'l Info: Source: Davis, SFMT: The First Ten Years, p. 195. Entry by: e.p.n.
September 26, 1960	First Kennedy-Nixon Debate
(Monday)	The two presidential candidates appeared together on television for the first of their debates . Add'l Info: The debate highlighted the visual contrast between the tan, poised Kennedy and a haggard Nixon, who was exhausted from campaigning and poorly served by his makeup. For millions of Americans, this televised event marked the true beginning of the 1960s and showcased the new power of the medium in politics. Source: Farber:age-of-great-dreams Entry by:
December 1, 1960	Ginsberg and Leary Meet
(Thursday)	Beat poet Allen Ginsberg visits Timothy Leary in Cambridge, and they begin their psychedelic crusade. [cite: 70] Add'l Info: In December 1960, Allen Ginsberg took psilocybin at Leary's house in Newton. Overwhelmed by messianic feelings, Ginsberg proposed a plan to tell everyone about the drugs and turn on opinion leaders, convincing Leary to lead a movement that would transform human consciousness. [cite: 70, 71] Source: Lee:acid-dreams Entry by:
11 December 1960 [- 28 June 1961]	First R.G. Davis Mime Troupe midnight shows in San Francisco
	The R.G. Davis Mime Troupe offers the "11th Hour Mime Show" every Sunday night at the the Encore Theatre, under the guise of the San Francisco Actor's Workshop. Add'l Info: Davis says this was the Troupe's entrée into performing. The Actor's Workshop staged two productions each week -- Sunday night they would strike the second show. Davis asked to use the theater for a free performance every Sunday from 11pm to 12 midnight. The innovation they developed was to use shock openers to "dispel the coldness of the basement, the 'artistic' atmosphere and the distance between the audience and the performer" (a frequent theme as the Mime Troupe developed their various styles over the coming years.) Source: Davis, SFMT: The First Ten Years, p. 18, 195. Entry by: e.p.n.
January 1, 1961	CBC Street Performances
(Sunday)	The Phan family's trio began performing popular music in the streets of Saigon. Add'l Info: The trio, which would eventually grow into the CBC Band, consisted of siblings Linh, Loan, and Van Phan. They were taught to play music by their older siblings Lan and Ly with the support of their mother as a means to help sustain the family financially. Source: Kramer:rock-vietnam Entry by:
January 1, 1961	Civil defense sitâ€‘in at Columbia
(Sunday)	Earlyâ€‘1960s Columbia University protest against mandatory civilâ€‘defense drills, a precursor to campus directâ€‘action tactics later used by the New Left. Add'l Info: In 1961, Columbia University students associated with the campus group ACTION and mentored intellectually by C. Wright Mills protested citywide civilâ€‘defense drills in which New Yorkers were legally required to take cover when airâ€‘raid sirens sounded; instead of complying, hundreds of students poured into Low Memorial Plaza in a collective refusal that challenged Cold War rituals and rehearsed the sitâ€‘in style, publicly visible campus direct action that New Left organizers would later deploy on a far greater scale around issues of war, racism, and university governance. [ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws](https://ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws.com/web/direct-files/attachments/56184942/a86d5e43-e7bf-43e2-8609-1529c2ff758a/MCMILLAN_2011_Smoking-Typewriters_OCR.pdf) Source: Macmillan:STp Entry by:
January 1, 1961	Freedom Rides
(Sunday)	Get the date. Daring actions organized by CORE to challenge racial segregation on interstate buses in the South. Add'l Info: Small groups of black and white activists defied Jim Crow laws by traveling and sitting together. They were met with extreme violence, including firebombings and brutal beatings by white mobs. This represented a pinnacle of the nonviolent direct-action tradition in the civil rights movement. Source: Kauffman:direct-action Entry by:
January 1, 1961	Sarria's Campaign
(Sunday)	Year. Drag performer JosÃ© Sarria became the first openly LGBT candidate for elected office in the U.S., running for the San Francisco Board of Supervisors. Add'l Info: Although he lost, his campaign received 6,000 votes and successfully raised public consciousness regarding LGBT issues and political participation. Source: Stein:ency-of-lgbtq Entry by:
January 1, 1961	Peace Corps Establishment
(Sunday)	President Kennedy officially established the Peace Corps, challenging a new generation to serve their country . Add'l Info: Within an hour of the announcement, the government switchboard was overwhelmed with volunteers. Kennedy received over 6,000 letters of inquiry, signaling a shift toward civic idealism among the youth. Source: Anderson:move Entry by:
January 17, 1961	Eisenhowerâ€™s Farewell Address
(Tuesday)	President Eisenhower delivered his final speech to the nation, warning against the 'military-industrial complex' . Add'l Info: Eisenhower expressed foreboding about the 'unwarranted influence' of the newly immense military establishment and large arms industry, a conjunction he noted was 'new in American experience'. Source: Farber:age-of-great-dreams Entry by:
January 20, 1961	Kennedy Inauguration
(Friday)	John F. Kennedy was sworn in as the youngest man ever elected President . Add'l Info: In a stirring Inaugural Address, Kennedy declared that the 'torch has been passed to a new generation' and pledged that the U.S. would 'pay any price, bear any burden' to assure the survival of liberty. He famously urged citizens to 'Ask not what your country can do for you-ask what you can do for your country'. Source: Farber:age-of-great-dreams Entry by:
April 17, 1961	Bay of Pigs Invasion
(Monday)	A CIA-backed force of 1,400 Cuban exiles landed at the Bay of Pigs in an attempt to overthrow Fidel Castro . Add'l Info: The operation, planned under Eisenhower and approved by Kennedy, was a disaster as Kennedy refused to provide the essential air support the exiles needed. The well-armed Cuban military ripped the brigade apart, severely damaging U.S. credibility and pushing Castro closer to the Soviet Union. Source: Farber:age-of-great-dreams Entry by:
April 25, 1961	R.G. Davis Mime Troupe in Beckett performance
(Tuesday)	The Troupe performs Act Without Words II, by Samuel Beckett, at the Encore Theatre, under the guise of the Actor's Workshop. (This was part of the 11th Hour Mime Series). Add'l Info: Source: Davis, SFMT: The First Ten Years, p. 195. Entry by: e.p.n.
May 1, 1961	Kennedy Space Policy Reversal
(Monday)	President Kennedy commits the nation to landing a man on the moon by the end of the decade. Add'l Info: In May 1961 Kennedy dramatically reversed Eisenhower's space policy by committing the nation "to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the earth." This allowed NASA's payroll to grow tenfold and appropriations to rocket from less than a billion dollars in 1961 to $5.1 billion in 1964. Source: Farber:60s-from-memory Entry by:
May 4, 1961	Freedom Rides
(Thursday)	James Farmer and CORE organized an interracial group to travel through the Deep South to test federal court orders desegregating bus terminals . Add'l Info: The riders were met with horrific violence in Birmingham and Montgomery, often with the complicity of local police. The violence forced President Kennedy to send U.S. marshals to restore order, marking a turning point in federal involvement in the civil rights struggle. Source: Farber:age-of-great-dreams Entry by:
May 4, 1961	Launch of Freedom Rides
(Thursday)	CORE organized a bus journey through the South to test desegregation in interstate travel facilities . Add'l Info: Seven black and six white volunteers left Washington, D.C., and faced severe violence in Anniston and Birmingham, Alabama. In Anniston, a mob hurled a smoke bomb into a bus, and in Birmingham, police allowed thugs to attack riders with pipes and chains. Source: Anderson:move Entry by:
May 4, 1961	Freedom Rides Launch
(Thursday)	Activists began a bus journey through the South to challenge the illegal segregation of interstate travel facilities. Add'l Info: Organized by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), seven black and six white volunteers boarded buses in Washington, D.C., bound for the Deep South. They aimed to test Supreme Court rulings that prohibited segregation in interstate bus terminals. The riders faced severe violence from white mobs in Anniston and Birmingham, Alabama, drawing national and international attention to the brutality of Jim Crow laws. Source: Anderson:move Entry by:
May 4, 1961	Freedom Rides Launch
(Thursday)	Activists began a bus journey through the South to challenge the illegal segregation of interstate travel facilities. Add'l Info: Organized by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), seven black and six white volunteers boarded buses in Washington, D.C., bound for the Deep South. They aimed to test Supreme Court rulings that prohibited segregation in interstate bus terminals. The riders faced severe violence from white mobs in Anniston and Birmingham, Alabama, drawing national and international attention to the brutality of Jim Crow laws. Source: Anderson:move Entry by:
May 4, 1961	First Freedom Rides in the Deep South
(Thursday)	CORE inaugurates a campaign to have integrated groups of interstate riders on Greyhound and Trailways buses from Washington, D.C. to New Orleans, LA. Two groups of six people each left Washington on routes intended to bring them into the Deep South. Add'l Info: For CORE and its executive director, James Farmer, it was a bold move to make a statement at the national level, challenging the Federal government to uphold the U.S. Supreme Court decisions that had declared segregated interstate bus facilities unconstitutional. [Boynton v. Virginia (1960), and Irene Morgan v. Commonwealth of Virginia (1946)] On May 14, the first two buses made it to Alabama where local authorities in conspiracy with the Ku Klux Klan disrupted the itinerary by firebombing the Greyhound bus and later attacking the Trailways bus in Anniston and then on its arrival in Birmingham. The Freedom Riders decided to abort the rest of the trip due to the violence they had encountered and expected in Montgomery. Diane Nash, a Nashville student and leader of SNCC, organized a group of younger students who went to Birmingham on May 17 to continue the Freedom Ride. After this group was jailed and forcibly removed from Birmingham by the Commissioner of Public Safety, SNCC placed a national call for volunteers. After negotiations between the Kennedy administration and Alabama governor John Patterson, the Freedom Ride resumed on May 20 to make its way to Montgomery. The Alabama Highway Patrol abandoned the one bus carrying the riders at the Montgomery city limits and mobs waited at the bus station to attack the riders with baseball bats and pipes. On May 21, a large crowd in support of the Freedom Riders gathered at Ralph Abernathy's First Baptist Church in Montgomery. A white mob attacked blacks outside the church and Pres. Kennedy threatened to send federal troops. Gov. Patterson agreed to send the Alabama National Guard to stop the violence. Kennedy made a compromise with the Alabama and Mississippi governors to allow the riders to continue to Jackson, MS in exchange for not interfering with the local authorities from arresting the participants once they reached Jackson. This became the modus operandi over the next months as hundreds of volunteers participated in Freedom Rides in the Deep South. CORE, SNCC and SCLC organized dozens of rides during the summer, most ending up in Jackson, MS, where the riders were arrested, many of whom were imprisoned in the Mississippi State Penitentiary (known as Parchman Farm). On May 29, 1961, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy asked the Interstate Commerce Commission to implement a decision (Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company) that the ICC had issued in 1955 which had rejected the separate but equal doctrine for interstate bus travel. In September, 1961, the ICC adopted policies that went into effect on Nov. 1, 1961, which barred separate facilities for "white" and "colored" and banned discrimination on buses and at all interstate bus facilities. The Freedom Rides were an inspiration to many in the burgeoning Civil Rights movement and demonstrated the power of non-violent direct action. They also helped build alliances between rural blacks and movement activists. Source: See film, Freedom Riders. Entry by: e.p.n.
June 1, 1961	PDP-1 Announcement
(Thursday)	The hackers learn that Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) will donate a PDP-1 computer to MIT. Add'l Info: In the summer of 1961, Alan Kotok and other TMRC hackers were informed that a new machine, the PDP-1, would be delivered to MIT for free. Unlike the hulking IBM machines, the PDP-1 was designed for interactive use and scientific inquiry. This announcement was a pivotal moment for the hacker community, as the machine's design aligned perfectly with their "Hands-On Imperative" and interactive programming style. Source: Levy:hackers Entry by:
June 3, 1961	Vienna Summit
(Saturday)	President Kennedy met with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev in Vienna for a superpower summit . Add'l Info: Riding high after the Bay of Pigs failure and the success of Yuri Gagarin in space, Khrushchev lectured Kennedy on Soviet superiority. The meeting resulted in little progress on major issues like the status of divided Germany. Source: Farber:age-of-great-dreams Entry by:
August 1, 1961	NSA National Convention (Madison)
(Tuesday)	Al Haber uses the National Student Association meeting to promote and recruit for the new SDS. Add'l Info: In August 1961, Al Haber attended the National Student Association (NSA) convention in Madison, Wisconsin. He used the platform to broadcast the virtues of SDS to politically minded students from across the country. This led to the formation of the 'Liberal Study Group' caucus, which became a vehicle for SDS to argue left-liberal positions and distribute its literature. [cite: 4] Source: Sale:SDS Entry by:
August 1, 1961	McComb Voter Drive
(Tuesday)	SNCC activist Bob Moses began a voter registration drive in McComb, Mississippi, facing immediate local violence . Add'l Info: Moses was arrested for 'interfering with police duties' and beaten by the sheriff's cousin. The drive was marked by the murder of Herbert Lee, which the local jury ruled was committed in 'self-defense'. Source: Anderson:move Entry by:
August 13, 1961	Construction of the Berlin Wall
(Sunday)	The Soviet Union and East Germany closed the border between East and West Berlin and began building a 110-mile concrete-and-barbed-wire wall . Add'l Info: The wall was built to stop the flow of skilled professionals from East to West Germany. Kennedy saw it as a cruel but stabilizing act that was 'a hell of a lot better than a war'. For the next several months, Soviet and American troops stood ready at the border. Source: Farber:age-of-great-dreams Entry by:
September 25, 1961	PDP-1 Assembler Hack
(Monday)	Six hackers spend a weekend writing a custom assembler for the newly delivered PDP-1. Add'l Info: Dissatisfied with the software provided by DEC, Alan Kotok, Peter Samson, Bob Saunders, Bob Wagner, and two others spent a weekend in late September 1961 writing a custom assembler for the PDP-1. Working approximately 250 man-hours without sleep and fueled by Chinese food and Coca-Cola, they produced a working program by Monday morning. This feat demonstrated the efficiency of the Hacker Ethic over traditional industrial programming methods. Source: Levy:hackers Entry by:
November 1, 1961	Albany Movement
(Wednesday)	Activists in Albany, Georgia, began a campaign to desegregate public facilities, notably making singing a central part of public protest. Add'l Info: In December 1961 the Albany movement decisively changed the movement when activists made the crucial transition from singing freedom songs in meetings to singing them in jails and then on the front lines of demonstrations. Police Chief Laurie Prichett deployed mass arrests, but Albany represented a victory in terms of movement culture and spirit, legitimizing singing in public protests. Source: Bradford:theater Entry by:
November 18, 1961	R.G. Davis Mime Troupe performs Event I
(Saturday)	The Troupe offers this "happening"-style performance as part of the 11th Hour Mime Series at the Encore Theatre. Add'l Info: Source: Davis, SFMT: The First Ten Years, p. 196. Entry by: e.p.n.
December 1, 1961	Inception of Spacewar
(Friday)	Steve "Slug" Russell begins programming Spacewar, the first significant computer game, on the PDP-1. Add'l Info: After months of prodding from fellow hackers and receiving sine-cosine routines from Alan Kotok, Steve Russell began hacking a space combat game in early December 1961. Inspired by E.E. "Doc" Smith's science fiction novels, Russell aimed to create a visually striking demonstration of the PDP-1's power. He continued to work on the game through the Christmas holidays and into early 1962. Source: Levy:hackers Entry by:
December 30, 1961	Ann Arbor Christmas Conference
(Saturday)	SDS members meet during winter break to discuss creating a national manifesto and organizational program. Add'l Info: Held over the 1961 Christmas vacation, this conference was intended to coordinate various campus political groups. While the meeting struggled to settle on a single specific political program, it was highly convivial and led to the decision to draft a manifesto. This draft would eventually become 'The Port Huron Statement,' and the meeting concluded with the sentiment that 'the new left goes forth' on January 1, 1962. [cite: 4] Source: Sale:SDS Entry by:
January 1, 1962	The Port Huron Convention
(Monday)	Year. Fifty-nine student radicals gathered to pen the founding document of the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS). Add'l Info: In June 1962, student radicals met in Port Huron, Michigan, to write the 'Port Huron Statement'. This document identified the civil rights movement and the threat of nuclear war as driving forces for their organization, calling for a more personally authentic social structure. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1962	Establishment of the IPTO
(Monday)	Year. Joseph C. R. Licklider was appointed head of the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) within ARPA. Add'l Info: The IPTO became the primary office driving the development of the Internet, influenced by Licklider's vision of "Man-Computer Symbiosis." Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1962	Publication of Our Synthetic Environment
(Monday)	Bookchin published Our Synthetic Environment under the pseudonym Lewis Herber. Add'l Info: Published a few months before Rachel Carson's "Silent Spring," the book raised early alarms about pesticides, industrial agriculture, and pollution. Source: Biehl:bookchin Entry by:
January 1, 1962	Publication of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
(Monday)	Year. Ken Kesey published his novel about individualism versus rigid institutional control. Add'l Info: Brand felt the book's struggle against the "Combine" mirrored his own struggle for independence against the army and hierarchical government institutions. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1962	Darnovsky arrival in Lower East Side
(Monday)	Marcy Darnovsky moved to the Lower East Side of New York. Add'l Info: Darnovsky arrived in 1962 after dropping out of the graduate history department at Yale with the intent to become a painter. Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
January 1, 1962	Himalayan Academy Founded
(Monday)	Master Subramuniya established the Himalayan Academy, a disciplined communal yoga center, originally in Virginia City, Nevada. Add'l Info: At about the same time that Amelia Newell was opening her land, Master Subramuniya was establishing his own disciplined communal yoga center, the Himalayan Academy. Subramuniya bought an old brewery building in Virginia City, Nevada, where the first major Himalayan Academy community was established. Monks and nuns lived in contemplative community under vows of celibacy and poverty. Source: Miller:comm-hip Entry by:
January 1, 1962	Publication of The Gutenberg Galaxy
(Monday)	Year. Marshall McLuhan published this book arguing that mankind was entering an electronic age. Add'l Info: The book claimed that electronic media were linking humanity into a single "global village," breaking down the barriers of bureaucracy created by the typographic age. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
1962	FDA regulates LSD research
	Congress passes new drug safety regulations and the FDA designates LSD an experimental drug and restricts research. The first LSD related arrests are made by the FDA. Add'l Info: Source: Lee MA, Shlain B. Acid Dreams: The CIA, LSD and the Sixties Rebellion. Grove, 1985. Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
January 1, 1962	Gorda Mountain Opening
(Monday)	Amelia Newell opened her land near Big Sur, California, to anyone who wanted to stay, making it the first known open-land commune of the 1960s era. Add'l Info: In 1962, Amelia Newell, who owned an art gallery at Gorda, opened her land to anyone who wanted to stay there. By mid-decade, it had become known on the West Coast countercultural grapevine as a center for drug trading and a convenient stopping-off place and crashpad for people making the run between Los Angeles and San Francisco. The population peaked during the summer of 1967 at around two hundred people. Source: Miller:comm-hip Entry by:
January 1, 1962	First US state to repeal sodomy laws
(Monday)	Illinois repeals its sodomy laws, becoming the first U.S. state to decriminalize homosexuality. Add'l Info: Source: PBS timeline Entry by:
January 1, 1962	Brand's Discharge from the Army
(Monday)	Year. Stewart Brand was discharged from the army and began searching for worlds where hierarchies had dissolved. Add'l Info: After serving as an infantryman, a Ranger candidate, and an army photographer, Brand left the military in 1962. He then began traveling between artistic bohemias and emerging hippie scenes. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
February 1, 1962	Unveiling of Spacewar
(Thursday)	Steve Russell reveals the basic version of Spacewar, which is immediately improved upon by other hackers. Add'l Info: In February 1962, Russell unveiled the initial version of Spacewar, featuring two maneuverable ships and torpedoes. True to the Hacker Ethic, other members of the community immediately began adding features. Peter Samson added a realistic star map ("Expensive Planetarium"), Dan Edwards added gravity (a central sun), and Shag Garetz added a hyperspace feature. The game became a central part of lab culture and a primary use of the PDP-1. Source: Levy:hackers Entry by:
February 1, 1962	White House Anti-Testing March
(Thursday)	SDS joins a large demonstration against nuclear testing in front of the White House. Add'l Info: In February 1962, SDS participated in an anti-testing march of approximately five thousand people led by the Student Peace Union. The protest gained media attention partly because President Kennedy sent out coffee and cocoa to warm the protesters. It was one of the first major public manifestations of the new student activist spirit. [cite: 5] Source: Sale:SDS Entry by:
April 20, 1962	The Miracle at Marsh Chapel
(Friday)	Timothy Leary and Walter Pahnke conduct an experiment to see if psilocybin can produce authentic mystical experiences. [cite: 69] Add'l Info: On Good Friday in 1962, Leary and Pahnke administered psilocybin to ten theology students in a chapel setting while ten others received placebos. Nine of the ten drug recipients reported having an intense religious experience, sparking a major debate over the validity of "instant mysticism." [cite: 69] Source: Lee:acid-dreams Entry by:
May 1, 1962	SNCC Freedom Singers Formed
(Tuesday)	Cordell Reagon organized a formal group of singers to travel north and publicize the civil rights movement through music. Add'l Info: Cordell Reagon organized the SNCC Freedom Singers during the summer of 1962, capitalizing on the national recognition garnered by the music of the Albany movement. Though fundraising was the group's stated objective, its mission also involved carrying the 'real story' of the student movement to the North through song and narrative. Source: Bradford:theater Entry by:
May 1, 1962	MIT Open House
(Tuesday)	The hackers publicly demonstrate Spacewar to visitors during MIT's annual Open House. Add'l Info: During the May 1962 MIT Open House, hackers displayed Spacewar on the PDP-1 and an extra oscilloscope screen. The public was awed by the science-fiction game, which was entirely student-written and computer-controlled. This event marked one of the first times the hackers' work was showcased to a general audience, though few could have predicted the multibillion-dollar industry the game would eventually spawn. Source: Levy:hackers Entry by:
May 1, 1962	SFMT Park Debut
(Tuesday)	The San Francisco Mime Troupe (SFMT) performs its first commedia dellâ€™arte play in a park. Add'l Info: Directed by R.G. Davis, this performance of "The Dowry" moved theater out of traditional playhouses and into public parks, reclaiming public space for countercultural entertainment and eventually rock concerts[cite: 682]. Source: Doyle-IN Entry by:
June 1, 1962	Port Huron Conference
(Friday)	June 1962 SDS gathering at Port Huron, Michigan, where about 59 members finalized the Port Huron Statement, a key New Left manifesto. Add'l Info: In June 1962, roughly fiftyâ€‘nine members of Students for a Democratic Society convened at a United Auto Workers camp in Port Huron, Michigan, for several days to debate and complete the Port Huron Statement, a roughly twentyâ€‘fourâ€‘thousandâ€‘word manifesto initially drafted by Tom Hayden with help from others; working in small groups that revised sections and reconvened, they produced a document whose famous opening lineâ€”"We are people of this generation, bred in at least modest comfort, housed now in universities, looking uncomfortably at the world we inherit"â€”captured the moral unease of many Cold War students, articulated "participatory democracy" as a core principle, and, in a preface describing the statement as a "living document," embodied SDSâ€™s commitment to collaborative authorship and ongoing internal debate. [ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws](https://ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws.com/web/direct-files/attachments/56184942/a86d5e43-e7bf-43e2-8609-1529c2ff758a/MCMILLAN_2011_Smoking-Typewriters_OCR.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=ASIA2F3EMEYE6FNNCUL2&Signature=RBywNb9u%2B8sBFxzFi0dB%2Fxv3w88%3D&x-amz-security-token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjENL%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJIMEYCIQDwkKLmWcu0T7zIlIUC1B4dCZ15aAbig3gGWLz9tHcJGAIhAJZeEC1ey0KM2l6EvEv%2Fn1DTAPdOAvkPTiCWL%2Bos3e%2FHKvwECJr%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEQARoMNjk5NzUzMzA5NzA1IgxvA%2BF7%2BN83hTptivoq0ARR3LxsDOWpqcWznvLPUAjKYySUHfzQaFRRFQozQC8fnWh5OtHO1G9rJQksRzj%2BojdgWb2ZmPGwO%2B56vn5E5ymiqk5MYUZ2NZlx0nw7j8Zz36ui3q30WkZu7hm7HfgF3lF3bdis%2FAG40GNgyCGcsvZk4uLZes%2BRc0V%2B5kfbAcT9kygPAk%2F9020gLo2%2FKninkBLioB%2BGiTYCGAFACv7gSpYu79wF2yuwXevxiI0aouUlRJcEsgZGNiev%2BB92gAsqTmPWFVPas7DaV180tREdlf7Mr%2F3yvAiInZEOgAbdPbEiU4Yju5Osf0MyNvseqGLf4%2ByP%2F%2Bl2F5eDXGXKb7yQfaZKWOjBkred%2F%2FfMEmdaEIZP4Qej0zAgFrEISrhKOFWLznc2%2FslbhZVnH9As46kr4eOGWXtif45zcXzBjf8U%2FCvjxPy%2BlKzTKUhqxNi0HD5onB%2F9P4z%2B46Nmi3NmHnTbVjciT0Vhcq%2BrDcQ05RJP4qVyuaqYU%2BpuVSdbH%2FfbRgij9taAyODyarEWUI12Mjn3wRPKNNPOgxhBH5PgmYoG10WzrRIFJ3%2FzjKIrZhIqegGB%2BJUvx5J9ieGScGh8ptk%2F30qje3GjDN2fTvDONoK65ir9Wli1pnRBJ%2FXqahAcvfVNXoBma4gOzmUtHKSA8pB2g%2FqeC19f3Z5lnl1S91l%2FcSahj4Ddkc%2FAJxPmbZEwh1rf5gjXFMwUWe6IbxlYgzDBBuitAzLpOM0sxE%2BnkZM1lbMLu%2FY28JEQIS9hDbKrnboVTkvOhz2IJndvvKhmgAHa%2FO53MI7o0s0GOpcBpCpZhupIs%2Fw2VXn%2B8OfGiOXj49bxwhkfqYJDfgu0Lor4EkHPyt%2BZqg3GZjQSifoO%2B1yLjBRwWJzfTadywqKXbfSTH%2BAjrdxOwnUxNF%2BUK77p29x1MoCMJDSUV1uCCAUEIfh8ISM%2FwNh8ztLV8RErdo%2B2sGAk5t6WXu3wImVKzz61mjrMcC3DWAoEjsXVqFId4k%2BIMnZP%2Bw%3D%3D&Expires=1773451430) Source: Macmillan:STp Entry by:
Summer 1962	Kesey and Cassady meet
	Ken Kesey is introduced to Neil Cassady while the former is still living at Perry Lane in Palo Alto. Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: Doyle
June 1, 1962	Port Huron Statement issued
(Friday)	SDS issued its founding principles, the Port Huron Statement, in June 1962. Add'l Info: The Port Huron Statement was issued by the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) in June 1962, serving as the group's founding principles. This occurred in the same year that many conservative activists first became active through Young Americans for Freedom (YAF). Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
June 11, 1962	Port Huron Convention
(Monday)	Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) meet to draft their founding manifesto, the Port Huron Statement[cite: 176, 177]. Add'l Info: At a retreat in Michigan, Tom Hayden and other young radicals defined their generation as being 'bred in at least modest comfort' but looking 'uncomfortably to the world we inherit.' The convention marked the formal birth of the New Left[cite: 176, 307, 2756]. Source: Gitlin-60s Entry by:
June 11, 1962	Port Huron Convention
(Monday)	Fifty-nine activists met in Michigan to draft the Port Huron Statement, the founding manifesto of Students for a Democratic Society (SDS). Add'l Info: The convention brought together members of SDS and other student groups to articulate a new left ideology. The resulting Port Huron Statement criticized cold war culture, racial bigotry, and corporate irresponsibility while calling for "participatory democracy." It established SDS as a central organization for white student activism in the 1960s. Source: Anderson:move Entry by:
June 11, 1962	Port Huron Convention
(Monday)	Fifty-nine student activists met to draft the 'Port Huron Statement,' the founding manifesto of the New Left . Add'l Info: The document called for 'participatory democracy' and criticized the 'cold war consensus'. It was written primarily by Tom Hayden and addressed racial bigotry, poverty, and the threat of nuclear war. Source: Anderson:move Entry by:
June 11, 1962	Port Huron Convention
(Monday)	The SDS National Convention meets to draft and finalize 'The Port Huron Statement.' Add'l Info: From June 11 to 15, 1962, fifty-nine participants gathered at the UAWâ€™s FDR Camp in Port Huron, Michigan. The primary goal was to finalize a manifesto based on a draft by Tom Hayden. The resulting 'Port Huron Statement' provided a comprehensive critique of the American system and introduced the concept of 'participatory democracy,' becoming a foundational document for the New Left. [cite: 5] Source: Sale:SDS Entry by:
June 12, 1962	JFK Yale Commencement Speech
(Tuesday)	President John F. Kennedy delivered a speech at Yale University defining the domestic problems of the time as technical rather than ideological. Add'l Info: Kennedy argued that the central domestic problems of the Sixties required sophisticated, technical solutions rather than grand warfare of rival ideologies. Roszak uses this speech as a prime example of the "voice of the technocrat," which levels life down to a standard that technical expertise can cope with. Source: Roszak-cc Entry by:
June 15, 1962	Port Huron Statement issued
(Friday)	The Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) released their manifesto, defining the personalist politics of the New Left. Add'l Info: The Port Huron Statement expressed the New Left's core values, regarding humans as "infinitely precious" and opposing the depersonalization of the technocracy. It identified loneliness and isolation as central political problems and called for a love of man to overcome the "idolatrous worship of things." Source: Roszak-cc Entry by:
July 6, 1962	LID 'Hearing' on Port Huron
(Friday)	The parent League for Industrial Democracy (LID) summons SDS leaders to answer for their radical manifesto. Add'l Info: On July 6, 1962, LID leaders held a 'hearing' to confront Al Haber and Tom Hayden about the Port Huron Statement. The LID elders were horrified by the documentâ€™s criticism of U.S. foreign policy and the seating of a Communist observer at the convention. This clash led the LID to temporarily cut off SDS funds and change the locks on the SDS office door, marking a permanent generational rift. [cite: 7] Source: Sale:SDS Entry by:
August 1, 1962	Operation DERBY HAT Field Tests
(Wednesday)	An army Special Purpose Team initiates field tests in the Far East using LSD as an interrogation weapon. [cite: 41] Add'l Info: Beginning in August 1962, a team trained in EA-1729 (LSD) interrogations conducted field tests on foreign nationals implicated in smuggling or espionage. The techniques involved using isolating and stressful approaches alongside the administration of LSD to extract information that other methods had failed to obtain. [cite: 41] Source: Lee:acid-dreams Entry by:
September 1, 1962	Arrival of Richard Greenblatt
(Saturday)	Richard Greenblatt enters MIT as a freshman and discovers the PDP-1 and TMRC. Add'l Info: Richard Greenblatt, a "born hacker" and chess prodigy from Missouri, arrived at MIT in the fall of 1962. During freshman rush week, he was captivated by the sight of hackers playing Spacewar in the dark. Although he initially aimed for academic success, he was quickly drawn into the world of electronics and programming, eventually becoming the archetypal hacker of the Project MAC era. Source: Levy:hackers Entry by:
10 September 1962 [- July 1965]	S.F. Mime Troupe moves to first studio in SF's Mission District
	R.G. Davis Mime Troupe and Studio changes its name to the San Francisco Mime Troupe and moves to a former church building in the Mission District of San Francisco, located at 3450 20th Street (at the corner of Capp Street). Add'l Info: Source: Davis, SFMT: The First Ten Years, p. 196. Entry by: Doyle w/ changes by en
September 30, 1962	Integration of Ole Miss
(Sunday)	James Meredith attempt to register at the all-white University of Mississippi, leading to an all-night riot . Add'l Info: Despite a court order, Governor Ross Barnett blocked Meredith's registration. President Kennedy sent 500 U.S. marshals, who were attacked by a mob of thousands. Two people were killed and 160 marshals wounded before the Army restored order and Meredith was admitted. Source: Farber:age-of-great-dreams Entry by:
September 30, 1962	Integration of Ole Miss
(Sunday)	James Meredith became the first black student to enroll at the University of Mississippi, sparking deadly rioting. Add'l Info: Meredithâ€™s attempt to register was met with a violent insurrection by thousands of white protesters. President Kennedy was forced to send in federal marshals and eventually thousands of U.S. Army troops to restore order. Two people were killed and hundreds injured in the night-long riot on campus, demonstrating the intense white resistance to federal desegregation mandates. Source: Anderson:move Entry by:
October 1, 1962	Cuban Missile Crisis student response
(Monday)	SDS membersâ€™ limited protest actions during the October 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, including a small demonstration at the University of Michigan that met hostile counterâ€‘protest. Add'l Info: During the October 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, which dramatized the risk of nuclear war, Students for a Democratic Society activists were jolted into recognizing how small and organizationally weak their group still was; in New York, members responded with mordant humor and little else, while in Ann Arbor a cluster of students gathered at Tom and Casey Haydenâ€™s home, ran up a large longâ€‘distance bill phoning around to track antiwar protests elsewhere, and managed only to stage a small demonstration at the University of Michigan that drew a hostile crowd which pelted them with eggs and tomatoes, underscoring the chasm between SDSâ€™s ambitious Port Huron rhetoric and its early capacity for mass mobilization. [ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws](https://ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws.com/web/direct-files/attachments/56184942/a86d5e43-e7bf-43e2-8609-1529c2ff758a/MCMILLAN_2011_Smoking-Typewriters_OCR.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=ASIA2F3EMEYE6FNNCUL2&Signature=RBywNb9u%2B8sBFxzFi0dB%2Fxv3w88%3D&x-amz-security-token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjENL%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJIMEYCIQDwkKLmWcu0T7zIlIUC1B4dCZ15aAbig3gGWLz9tHcJGAIhAJZeEC1ey0KM2l6EvEv%2Fn1DTAPdOAvkPTiCWL%2Bos3e%2FHKvwECJr%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEQARoMNjk5NzUzMzA5NzA1IgxvA%2BF7%2BN83hTptivoq0ARR3LxsDOWpqcWznvLPUAjKYySUHfzQaFRRFQozQC8fnWh5OtHO1G9rJQksRzj%2BojdgWb2ZmPGwO%2B56vn5E5ymiqk5MYUZ2NZlx0nw7j8Zz36ui3q30WkZu7hm7HfgF3lF3bdis%2FAG40GNgyCGcsvZk4uLZes%2BRc0V%2B5kfbAcT9kygPAk%2F9020gLo2%2FKninkBLioB%2BGiTYCGAFACv7gSpYu79wF2yuwXevxiI0aouUlRJcEsgZGNiev%2BB92gAsqTmPWFVPas7DaV180tREdlf7Mr%2F3yvAiInZEOgAbdPbEiU4Yju5Osf0MyNvseqGLf4%2ByP%2F%2Bl2F5eDXGXKb7yQfaZKWOjBkred%2F%2FfMEmdaEIZP4Qej0zAgFrEISrhKOFWLznc2%2FslbhZVnH9As46kr4eOGWXtif45zcXzBjf8U%2FCvjxPy%2BlKzTKUhqxNi0HD5onB%2F9P4z%2B46Nmi3NmHnTbVjciT0Vhcq%2BrDcQ05RJP4qVyuaqYU%2BpuVSdbH%2FfbRgij9taAyODyarEWUI12Mjn3wRPKNNPOgxhBH5PgmYoG10WzrRIFJ3%2FzjKIrZhIqegGB%2BJUvx5J9ieGScGh8ptk%2F30qje3GjDN2fTvDONoK65ir9Wli1pnRBJ%2FXqahAcvfVNXoBma4gOzmUtHKSA8pB2g%2FqeC19f3Z5lnl1S91l%2FcSahj4Ddkc%2FAJxPmbZEwh1rf5gjXFMwUWe6IbxlYgzDBBuitAzLpOM0sxE%2BnkZM1lbMLu%2FY28JEQIS9hDbKrnboVTkvOhz2IJndvvKhmgAHa%2FO53MI7o0s0GOpcBpCpZhupIs%2Fw2VXn%2B8OfGiOXj49bxwhkfqYJDfgu0Lor4EkHPyt%2BZqg3GZjQSifoO%2B1yLjBRwWJzfTadywqKXbfSTH%2BAjrdxOwnUxNF%2BUK77p29x1MoCMJDSUV1uCCAUEIfh8ISM%2FwNh8ztLV8RErdo%2B2sGAk5t6WXu3wImVKzz61mjrMcC3DWAoEjsXVqFId4k%2BIMnZP%2Bw%3D%3D&Expires=1773451430) Source: Macmillan:STp Entry by:
October 1, 1962	James Meredith is registered as first black student at Univ of Mississippi
(Monday)	James Meredith becomes the first black student to enroll at the University of Mississippi. Violence and riots surrounding the incident cause President Kennedy to send 5,000 federal troops. Add'l Info: Source: Infoplease.com Entry by:
October 16, 1962	Cuban Missile Crisis Discovery
(Tuesday)	President Kennedy was shown surveillance photos revealing Soviet SS-4 medium-range ballistic missiles being installed in Cuba . Add'l Info: The discovery launched 'seven days in October' during which the world stood at the 'abyss of destruction'. Kennedy hurriedly convened the ExCom to debate options, ranging from air strikes and invasion to a naval blockade. Source: Farber:age-of-great-dreams Entry by:
October 22, 1962	Missile Crisis Address
(Monday)	President Kennedy informed the nation via television about the Soviet missiles in Cuba and his decision to blockade the island . Add'l Info: Kennedy characterized the buildup as a 'deliberately provocative and unjustified change in the status quo'. He conclusion by demanding that Khrushchev remove the missiles to move the world back from nuclear war. Source: Farber:age-of-great-dreams Entry by:
October 22, 1962	Cuban Missile Crisis
(Monday)	President Kennedy announces a 'quarantine' of Cuba after the discovery of Soviet missiles [cite: 651, 656]. Add'l Info: For six days, the world lived on the edge of nuclear apocalypse. The crisis divided student groups like Tocsin; some supported the blockade, while others saw it as an indefensible aggression against the Cuban revolution[cite: 651, 656, 662, 663]. Source: Gitlin-60s Entry by:
October 22, 1962	Cuban Missile Crisis Response
(Monday)	SDS offices experience turmoil and localized protests during the height of the nuclear standoff. Add'l Info: During the week of the Cuban missile crisis (October 22-29), the SDS National Office was in a state of chaos as members scrambled to organize protests. While SDS lacked the machinery for a swift national response, individual members ignited local protests at schools like Cornell and Michigan. The event deeply radicalized many members, showing them the government's willingness to use nuclear weapons. [cite: 8] Source: Sale:SDS Entry by:
October 22, 1962	Cuban Missile Crisis
(Monday)	President Kennedy announced a "quarantine" of Cuba to stop Soviet missile shipments, bringing the world to the brink of nuclear war. Add'l Info: After Soviet missiles were discovered in Cuba, JFK ordered a naval blockade. The ensuing week of tension forced many Americans to confront the reality of potential nuclear annihilation. While most of the public supported Kennedy, the crisis deepened the disillusionment of some young activists with cold war liberalism and the "best and brightest" in Washington. Source: Anderson:move Entry by:
October 22, 1962	Cuban Missile Crisis
(Monday)	President Kennedy announced a blockade of Cuba after Soviet missiles were discovered on the island . Add'l Info: The crisis brought the world to the brink of nuclear war for six days. While most of the public rallied behind Kennedy, some student activists began questioning the 'madness' of Cold War foreign policy. Source: Anderson:move Entry by:
October 28, 1962	Cuban Missile Crisis Resolution
(Sunday)	Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles from Cuba in exchange for a U.S. pledge not to invade the island . Add'l Info: Secretly, Kennedy also suggested the U.S. would eventually remove its missiles from Turkey. Both leaders claimed victory, but the crisis contributed to Khrushchev's fall a year later and prompted a major Soviet strategic arms buildup. Source: Farber:age-of-great-dreams Entry by:
December 1, 1962	Haberâ€“Jacobs letter on SDS culture
(Saturday)	December 1962 internal letter by Al Haber and Barbara Jacobs criticizing SDS inâ€‘group culture and weak communication with rankâ€‘andâ€‘file members. Add'l Info: In December 1962 SDS founder Al Haber and his fiancÃ©e Barbara Jacobs circulated a sharply worded letter to the groupâ€™s inner circle in which they complained of feeling isolated, of missing communication from the national office or projects, and of sensing inâ€‘groupishness, arguing that SDS remained an association of friends rather than an organization that treated each member with dignity and concern, a critique that helped spark efforts to broaden internal communication, including the launch of the Discussion Bulletin and a more deliberate print culture to sustain participatory democracy as the organization grew. [ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws](https://ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws.com/web/direct-files/attachments/56184942/a86d5e43-e7bf-43e2-8609-1529c2ff758a/MCMILLAN_2011_Smoking-Typewriters_OCR.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=ASIA2F3EMEYE6FNNCUL2&Signature=RBywNb9u%2B8sBFxzFi0dB%2Fxv3w88%3D&x-amz-security-token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjENL%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJIMEYCIQDwkKLmWcu0T7zIlIUC1B4dCZ15aAbig3gGWLz9tHcJGAIhAJZeEC1ey0KM2l6EvEv%2Fn1DTAPdOAvkPTiCWL%2Bos3e%2FHKvwECJr%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEQARoMNjk5NzUzMzA5NzA1IgxvA%2BF7%2BN83hTptivoq0ARR3LxsDOWpqcWznvLPUAjKYySUHfzQaFRRFQozQC8fnWh5OtHO1G9rJQksRzj%2BojdgWb2ZmPGwO%2B56vn5E5ymiqk5MYUZ2NZlx0nw7j8Zz36ui3q30WkZu7hm7HfgF3lF3bdis%2FAG40GNgyCGcsvZk4uLZes%2BRc0V%2B5kfbAcT9kygPAk%2F9020gLo2%2FKninkBLioB%2BGiTYCGAFACv7gSpYu79wF2yuwXevxiI0aouUlRJcEsgZGNiev%2BB92gAsqTmPWFVPas7DaV180tREdlf7Mr%2F3yvAiInZEOgAbdPbEiU4Yju5Osf0MyNvseqGLf4%2ByP%2F%2Bl2F5eDXGXKb7yQfaZKWOjBkred%2F%2FfMEmdaEIZP4Qej0zAgFrEISrhKOFWLznc2%2FslbhZVnH9As46kr4eOGWXtif45zcXzBjf8U%2FCvjxPy%2BlKzTKUhqxNi0HD5onB%2F9P4z%2B46Nmi3NmHnTbVjciT0Vhcq%2BrDcQ05RJP4qVyuaqYU%2BpuVSdbH%2FfbRgij9taAyODyarEWUI12Mjn3wRPKNNPOgxhBH5PgmYoG10WzrRIFJ3%2FzjKIrZhIqegGB%2BJUvx5J9ieGScGh8ptk%2F30qje3GjDN2fTvDONoK65ir9Wli1pnRBJ%2FXqahAcvfVNXoBma4gOzmUtHKSA8pB2g%2FqeC19f3Z5lnl1S91l%2FcSahj4Ddkc%2FAJxPmbZEwh1rf5gjXFMwUWe6IbxlYgzDBBuitAzLpOM0sxE%2BnkZM1lbMLu%2FY28JEQIS9hDbKrnboVTkvOhz2IJndvvKhmgAHa%2FO53MI7o0s0GOpcBpCpZhupIs%2Fw2VXn%2B8OfGiOXj49bxwhkfqYJDfgu0Lor4EkHPyt%2BZqg3GZjQSifoO%2B1yLjBRwWJzfTadywqKXbfSTH%2BAjrdxOwnUxNF%2BUK77p29x1MoCMJDSUV1uCCAUEIfh8ISM%2FwNh8ztLV8RErdo%2B2sGAk5t6WXu3wImVKzz61mjrMcC3DWAoEjsXVqFId4k%2BIMnZP%2Bw%3D%3D&Expires=1773451430) Source: Macmillan:STp Entry by:
December 1, 1962	Brand's First LSD Trip
(Saturday)	Stewart Brand was given LSD at the International Federation for Advanced Study (IFAS). Add'l Info: The session was guided by Jim Fadiman and involved structured observation of mandalas and family pictures while listening to classical music. Brand was put off by the pseudoscientific trappings. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
December 28, 1962	Ann Arbor National Council Meeting
(Friday)	A contentious meeting where leaders debated the organizational failures and future direction of SDS. Add'l Info: Held over the 1962 Christmas vacation, this meeting was dominated by a letter from Al Haber and Barbara Jacobs criticizing the National Office for failing to do basic work and lacking a program for local organization. The meeting was acerbic and marked by 'arrogant resistance' between old and new members, highlighting the growing pains of the organization. [cite: 8] Source: Sale:SDS Entry by:
January 1, 1963	CBC Radio Appearance
(Tuesday)	The Phan family's musical trio made an appearance on a Sunday radio program in Saigon . Add'l Info: By this time, the siblings were gaining broader exposure in the city beyond their initial street performances. Source: Kramer:rock-vietnam Entry by:
January 1, 1963	The Brig premiere
(Tuesday)	The Living Theatre premiered Kenneth Brown's 'The Brig,' using graphic realism to advocate for pacifism through a depiction of Marine Corps prison life. Add'l Info: The play explored 'Theatre of Cruelty' concepts, representing violence graphically to purge spectators of violent impulses in everyday life. It marked the company's shift toward infusing Julian Beck and Judith Malina's pacifist politics directly into their artistic work. Source: Gosse:world Entry by:
January 1, 1963	Publication of Sutherland's "Sketchpad"
(Tuesday)	Year. Ivan Sutherland's MIT PhD dissertation described using a light pen to create drawings on a CRT screen. Add'l Info: This work presented an early vision of interactive, graphical computing that influenced researchers like Alan Kay at Xerox PARC. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1963	Publication of Ideas and Integrities
(Tuesday)	Year. Buckminster Fuller published this volume, which introduced the concept of the "Comprehensive Designer.", Add'l Info: The book had a strong impact on USCO and Stewart Brand. It described an individual who could recognize universal patterns and translate industrial resources into tools for human happiness. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1963	Who R U?
(Tuesday)	Year. A multimedia performance by Gerd Stern and Michael Callahan at the San Francisco Museum of Art. Add'l Info: The show added highway sounds moved between speakers and featured replayed recordings of audience conversations in an eighteen-channel remix. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1963	Verbal American Landscape
(Tuesday)	Year. Gerd Stern developed this project featuring slide projections of words from road signs. Add'l Info: The project used three slide projectors to show random sequences of photographs, many taken by Stewart Brand. It was later absorbed into more complex shows like "Who R U?" Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1963	USCO Founded/Active
(Tuesday)	Year. The art troupe USCO (The US Company) was established and began its multimedia work. Add'l Info: Founded by Steve Durkee, Gerd Stern, and Michael Callahan, the group lived and worked in an old church in Garnerville, New York. Stewart Brand worked with them as a photographer and technician between 1963 and 1966. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1963	Brand Meets Ken Kesey
(Tuesday)	Year. Stewart Brand introduced himself to Kesey and they met face-to-face. Add'l Info: By this time, Kesey was a famous author and host of a growing psychedelic scene on the San Francisco peninsula. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
1963	First street sales of LSD
	LSD first appears on the streets liquid on sugar cubes. Articles about LSD first appear in mainstream media Look, Saturday Evening Post. Add'l Info: Source: Lee MA, Shlain B. Acid Dreams: The CIA, LSD and the Sixties Rebellion. Grove, 1985. Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
January 1, 1963	Tolstoy Farm Founded
(Tuesday)	Huw "Piper" Williams establishes a self-sufficient collective near Davenport, Washington. Add'l Info: Inspired by Gandhi and radical pacifists, Tolstoy Farm operated with an "open-door" policy and sought to avoid the money economy. It is considered one of the oldest surviving communes of the 1960s era[cite: 331]. Source: Doyle-IN Entry by:
January 1, 1963	Publication of The Process of Evolution
(Tuesday)	Year. Paul Ehrlich and Richard Holm published this textbook summarizing Ehrlich's systems-oriented thinking in biology. Add'l Info: The textbook de-emphasized taxonomic hierarchies like species and instead offered a vision of life as a complex energy-matter nexus where individuals and populations are entwined in constant exchanges. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1963	ARPA begins funding ARC
(Tuesday)	Year. Starting in 1963, much of the Augmentation Research Center's work was funded by the Defense Department's Advanced Research Projects Agency. Add'l Info: This funding linked the ARC's mission of augmenting human intellect with the defense establishment's interest in new defense-oriented technologies. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
April 3, 1963	Birmingham Campaign
(Wednesday)	SCLC launched 'Project C' in Birmingham to confront segregation through direct action and economic pressure . Add'l Info: The campaign included lunch counter sit-ins and marches. It culminated in the 'children's crusade' in May, where police used fire hoses and dogs on young protesters, images that horrified the nation. Source: Anderson:move Entry by:
April 3, 1963	Birmingham Campaign (Project C)
(Wednesday)	The SCLC launched a direct-action campaign against racial segregation in Birmingham, Alabama . Add'l Info: The campaign featured school children's marches on May 2-3, which were met with high-pressure fire hoses and attack dogs by Commissioner Bull Connor. The televised images of dogs attacking children shocked the world and forced Birmingham's business leaders to negotiate a settlement. Source: Farber:age-of-great-dreams Entry by:
April 3, 1963	Birmingham Campaign
(Wednesday)	SCLC launched a series of nonviolent protests in Birmingham, Alabama, to break the back of segregation through direct action. Add'l Info: Led by Martin Luther King, Jr., the campaign included sit-ins, picketing, and marches. Police Commissioner "Bull" Connor responded with dogs and fire hoses, especially during the "Childrenâ€™s Crusade" in May. The televised images of police brutality against peaceful black citizens, including children, sickened the nation and pressured President Kennedy to introduce major civil rights legislation. Source: Anderson:move Entry by:
April 16, 1963	Martin Luther King arrested
(Tuesday)	Martin Luther King is arrested and jailed during anti-segregation protests in Birmingham, Ala.; he writes his seminal "Letter from Birmingham Jail," arguing that individuals have the moral duty to disobey unjust laws. Add'l Info: Source: infoplease.com Entry by:
May 1, 1963	Tolstoy Farm Founded
(Wednesday)	Huw "Piper" Williams established Tolstoy Farm near Davenport, Washington, based on principles of peace, cooperation, and self-reliance. Add'l Info: A major step toward the new communalism was taken in 1963, when Huw "Piper" Williams established Tolstoy Farm on some of his family's farmland near Davenport, Washington. Williams was a peace activist inspired by Tolstoy and Gandhi. Early on, the founding members adopted as the sole rule of the community the principle that no one could be forced to leave. Source: Miller:comm-hip Entry by:
May 1, 1963	Fire hose on civil rights protesters
(Wednesday)	During civil rights protests in Birmingham, Ala., Commissioner of Public Safety Eugene "Bull" Connor uses fire hoses and police dogs on black demonstrators. These images of brutality, which are televised and published widely, are instrumental in gaining sympathy for the civil rights movement around the world. Add'l Info: Source: infoplease.com Entry by:
May 1963	Leary and Alpert fired from Harvard over LSD experiments
	Richard Alpert is fired and Timothy Leary is dismissed from Harvard. Add'l Info: Source: Lee MA, Shlain B. Acid Dreams: The CIA, LSD and the Sixties Rebellion. Grove, 1985. Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
May 1, 1963	Leary and Alpert Fired from Harvard
(Wednesday)	The academic careers of Timothy Leary and Richard Alpert at Harvard come to an end following a series of scandals. [cite: 77] Add'l Info: In May 1963, Richard Alpert was dismissed for giving LSD to an undergraduate, and Timothy Leary was fired shortly after for failing to attend a meeting. The firings followed intense media scrutiny and government pressure regarding their unconventional research methods. [cite: 77] Source: Lee:acid-dreams Entry by:
May 3, 1963	Birmingham Police violently suppress Civil Rights marchers
(Friday)	The police turn fire hoses and dogs against the marchers who are demonstrating to end segregation in housing, employment and education. Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: e.p.n.
May 15, 1963	The Brig Premiere
(Wednesday)	The Living Theatre premiered Kenneth Brown's play about a Marine Corps prison, using graphic realism to advocate for pacifism. Add'l Info: The Living Theatre began to explore Antonin Artaud's 'Theatre of Cruelty' concepts with The Brig. The philosophy behind the portrayal of the Marine Corps prison was that by representing violent acts on stage as graphically as possible, spectators would be purged of the impulse to commit violent acts in everyday life. It marked the infusion of Beck and Malina's pacifist politics into the company's artistic work. Source: Bradford:theater Entry by:
May 28, 1963	Criticism of Leary and Alpert's LSD research
(Tuesday)	Weil and Russin write a scathing critique of Leary and Alpert's work in the Harvard Crimson: Far from exercising the caution that characterizes the published statements of most scientists, Leary and Alpert, in their papers and speeches, have been given to making the kind of pronouncement about their work that one associates with quacks. Add'l Info: "The shoddiness of their work as scientists is the result less of incompetence than of a conscious rejection of scientific ways of looking at things. Leary and Alpert fancy themselves 'prophets' of a psychic revolution designed to free Western man from the limitations of consciousness as we know it." Source: Russin JM, Weil AT. "Corporation Fires Richard Alpert for Giving Undergraduates Drugs: First Dismissal Under Pusey", Harvard Crimson, May 28, 1963 Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
June 1, 1963	Pine Hill National Convention
(Saturday)	SDS holds its 1963 convention, electing new leadership and pivoting toward community organizing. Add'l Info: The 1963 convention saw America entering a 'New Era' of insurgency. The convention decided to rotate leadership to ensure participatory democracy, electing Todd Gitlin as President. It also saw the beginning of the 'fund-raising orgy' ritual, where delegates publicly confessed their middle-class backgrounds while donating money to the cause. [cite: 9] Source: Sale:SDS Entry by:
June 8, 1963	Pete Seeger Carnegie Hall Concert
(Saturday)	Pete Seeger performed numerous freedom songs at Carnegie Hall, demonstrating the link between the folk revival and the civil rights movement. Add'l Info: At his Carnegie Hall concert on June 8, 1963, Seeger included numerous freedom songs and implored the audience to help those struggling in Birmingham, Mississippi, and Alabama. The concert highlighted the interpenetration of folk revival musicians and the SNCC Freedom Singers in terms of both repertoire and political purpose. Source: Bradford:theater Entry by:
June 11, 1963	Kennedyâ€™s Civil Rights Address
(Tuesday)	President Kennedy delivered a national television address calling civil rights a 'moral issue' as old as the Scriptures . Add'l Info: Following Governor George Wallace's attempt to block the University of Alabama's integration, Kennedy announced he would introduce legislation guaranteeing the right to public accommodations and authorizing the Justice Department to sue for school desegregation. Source: Farber:age-of-great-dreams Entry by:
June 11, 1963	Civil Rights TV Address
(Tuesday)	President Kennedy delivered a landmark televised speech declaring civil rights a 'moral issue' . Add'l Info: JFK challenged the nation to grant equal rights and opportunities to all Americans. Hours later, Medgar Evers was assassinated in Jackson, Mississippi, underscoring the dangers of the movement. Source: Anderson:move Entry by:
June 12, 1963	Civil Rights leader Medgar Evers murdered
(Wednesday)	Medgar Evers, 37, early leader of the Mississippi NAACP, is shot and killed as he returned to his home in Jackson. Add'l Info: The murder of Medgar Evers is the first of numerous murders in the struggle of the 60s, including three Civil Rights workers near Philadelphia, Miss., and four Sunday school children in Birmingham. Byron De La Beckwith is tried twice in 1964 for Evers' murder, both trials resulting in hung juries. Thirty years later he is convicted. Source: Entry by: e.p.n.
June 12, 1963	Assassination of Medgar Evers
(Wednesday)	Medgar Evers, head of the Mississippi NAACP, was shot in the back and killed outside his home in Jackson . Add'l Info: Evers died in front of his three children only hours after President Kennedy's landmark civil rights speech. His death underlined the high cost of the struggle for social justice in the Deep South. Source: Farber:age-of-great-dreams Entry by:
June 12, 1963	Assassination of Medgar Evers
(Wednesday)	Civil rights leader Medgar Evers was murdered in his driveway in Jackson, Mississippi, by a white supremacist. Add'l Info: Evers, the NAACP field secretary in Mississippi, was shot in the back just hours after President Kennedy delivered a televised address on civil rights. The murder of such a prominent leader galvanized the movement and highlighted the extreme violence used to maintain white supremacy in the South. Byron De La Beckwith was eventually convicted of the crime decades later. Source: Anderson:move Entry by:
June 26, 1963	Kennedyâ€™s Berlin Speech
(Wednesday)	President Kennedy appeared in West Berlin to deliver a powerful Cold War speech . Add'l Info: Kennedy told those who thought Communism was the wave of the future to 'come to Berlin'. He ended his remarks by declaring pride in the words 'Ich bin ein Berliner,' symbolizing solidarity with the free citizens of the city. Source: Farber:age-of-great-dreams Entry by:
July 1, 1963	Greenwood Delta Folk Festival
(Monday)	Pete Seeger and SNCC organized an interracial folk festival in Mississippi as a direct action for voter registration. Add'l Info: In July 1963 Seeger organized a folk festival in Greenwood, Mississippi, in the heart of the Delta. The performers made up an interracial group, which was a provocation in the Deep South. This concert itself constituted a public direct action since it enacted the civil rights movement's vision of an integrated southern society. Source: Bradford:theater Entry by:
July 1, 1963	Perry Lane Dissolution
(Monday)	The bohemian community on Perry Lane in Palo Alto ended when a developer bought the land, prompting Ken Kesey to buy property in La Honda. Add'l Info: The freewheeling, convivial social and literary atmosphere on Perry Lane embraced a camaraderie unlike anything mainstream America had ever seen. It all came to an end in July 1963, when a developer bought most of Perry Lane and prepared to tear down the dwellings. Kesey took the money from his novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest and bought a small house in rural La Honda. Source: Miller:comm-hip Entry by:
August 1, 1963	Millbrook Estate Occupied
(Thursday)	The Castalia Foundation, led by Timothy Leary, moved into a 64-room mansion on a large estate in Millbrook, New York, to conduct psychedelic research. Add'l Info: Leary and others moved into the Millbrook estate in August 1963, under the aegis of their new corporate entity, the Castalia Foundation. The estate consisted of several thousand acres and a grand sixty-four-room mansion. It served as an ashram, research institute, school, and commune where the Castalians took psychedelics under controlled, somber conditions. Source: Miller:comm-hip Entry by:
August 28, 1963	March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
(Wednesday)	Quarterâ€‘millionâ€‘strong civil rights demonstration in Washington, D.C., where Martin Luther King Jr. delivered "I Have a Dream," later a key touchstone in New Left rhetoric about collective action and participatory democracy. Add'l Info: On August 28, 1963, more than 200,000 demonstrators converged on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., for the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, a landmark civil rights action that fused tradeâ€‘union demands, Black freedom struggles, and liberal reform currents; later New Left activists cited itâ€”alongside lunchâ€‘counter sitâ€‘ins and Freedom Ridesâ€”as proof that mass nonviolent direct action could move national politics and as an early model of how spectacle and media attention could be harnessed by a social movement to dramatize injustice and legitimize disruptive protest. [ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws](https://ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws.com/web/direct-files/attachments/56184942/a86d5e43-e7bf-43e2-8609-1529c2ff758a/MCMILLAN_2011_Smoking-Typewriters_OCR.pdf) Source: Macmillan:STp Entry by:
August 28, 1963	March on Washington
(Wednesday)	A massive demonstration for 'Jobs and Freedom' where Martin Luther King, Jr. gave his 'I Have a Dream' speech . Add'l Info: Over 200,000 black and white participants gathered at the Lincoln Memorial. The event featured musical performances by Joan Baez and Bob Dylan and became a pinnacle of hope for racial equality. Source: Anderson:move Entry by:
August 28, 1963	March on Washington
(Wednesday)	A mass demonstration of 200,000 people for civil rights where Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech. Add'l Info: Activists from all major civil rights organizations gathered at the Lincoln Memorial to demand the passage of the Civil Rights Act. The event featured musical performances by Joan Baez and Bob Dylan, followed by speeches from leaders like John Lewis and King. It represented the pinnacle of hope for the movement, emphasizing the moral necessity of racial equality. Source: Anderson:move Entry by:
August 28, 1963	First March on Washington for Civil Rights
(Wednesday)	Martin Luther King, Jr., delivers his "I Have A Dream" speech to the assembly of over 200,000 gathered at the Lincoln Memorial. Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: e.p.n.
August 28, 1963	March on Washington
(Wednesday)	A mass rally of 250,000 people gathered at the Lincoln Memorial to support civil rights legislation and call for 'jobs and freedom' . Add'l Info: The event featured Martin Luther King, Jr.'s iconic 'I Have a Dream' speech, which offered a vision of a color-blind society. It was carried live by all three television networks, bringing King's prophetic power to millions of American living rooms. Source: Farber:age-of-great-dreams Entry by:
August 28, 1963	March on Washington
(Wednesday)	A massive civil rights demonstration in D.C. featured freedom songs and Mahalia Jackson, symbolizing movement unity to a national audience. Add'l Info: The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom featured a rendition of 'We Shall Overcome' by Mahalia Jackson and 240,000 supporters. While local songleaders led the singing during the march, the formal SNCC Freedom Singers appeared on the official program. The event used music to project a nonviolent and unified face for the movement to a national television audience. Source: Bradford:theater Entry by:
Fall 1963	Formation of Merry Pranksters
	Ken Babbs returns from military service in Vietnam and meets Ken Kesey and his circle of friends who are living at Perry Lane in Palo Alto. Add'l Info: Babbs and Kesey invent the concept of "pranking," and begin calling themselves "The Merry Pranksters." The group moves to a cabin in the redwoods near La Honda, fifteen miles east of Palo Alto, where Kesey finishes work on his second novel Sometimes a Great Notion. Source: Entry by: Doyle
September 15, 1963	16th Street Baptist Church Bombing
(Sunday)	A bomb exploded at a church in Birmingham, killing four young African-American girls . Add'l Info: The girls, preparing for Sunday services, became martyrs whose deaths revealed the brutal reality of the forces of white supremacy and caused many to question the efficacy of nonviolence. Source: Farber:age-of-great-dreams Entry by:
September 15, 1963	16th Street Baptist Church Bombing
(Sunday)	A KKK bombing killed four young girls at a church in Birmingham, Alabama, shocking the nationâ€™s conscience. Add'l Info: Addie Mae Collins, Cynthia Wesley, Carole Robertson, and Denise McNair were killed when a dynamite bomb exploded during Sunday morning services. The church had been a center for civil rights organizing. Coming just weeks after the March on Washington, the tragedy fueled a sense of urgency and moral outrage that helped push the 1964 Civil Rights Act through Congress. Source: Anderson:move Entry by:
September 15, 1963	Bombing of Birmingham Church
(Sunday)	The Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, which had been used as a central meeting place for civil rights planning meetings, was bombed during Sunday morning services. Add'l Info: Four young girls (Denise McNair, Cynthia Wesley, Carole Robertson, and Addie Mae Collins) attending Sunday school are killed. Street uprisings ensue in Birmingham in which two black youths are killed. Source: Entry by: e.p.n.
October 18, 1963	IRS Seizure of Living Theatre
(Friday)	Federal agents seized the Living Theatre for back taxes, leading to renegade performances and the eventual 'exile' of the company. Add'l Info: On October 18, 1963, IRS agents seized the troupe's theater, claiming it owed $28,435. The company responded by staging renegade performances of The Brig inside the seized building. This act of defiance led to the arrest of twenty-five people and a highly publicized trial where Beck and Malina argued for 'art before money.' Source: Bradford:theater Entry by:
November 22, 1963	Assassination of President Kennedy
(Friday)	President John F. Kennedy is assasinated in Dallas, TX. Lyndon Baines Johnson assumes the office of the presidency. Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: Doyle
November 22, 1963	Assassination of John F. Kennedy
(Friday)	President Kennedy was shot and killed in a motorcade in Dallas, Texas . Add'l Info: The assassination stopped everyday life in America, with schools letting out and businesses closing. Over 100 million people watched the funeral on television, witnessing his son salute the casket and the on-camera killing of Lee Harvey Oswald. Source: Farber:age-of-great-dreams Entry by:
November 22, 1963	JFK Assassination
(Friday)	The assassination of President John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Texas, ended an era of optimism for many youth . Add'l Info: The event was described as 'shattering' and marked the 'end of innocence' for the sixties generation. Kennedy's death propelled Lyndon B. Johnson into the presidency, who vowed to pass the civil rights legislation JFK had initiated. Source: Anderson:move Entry by:
November 22, 1963	JFK Assassination
(Friday)	President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, a traumatic event that ended an era of idealism for many. Add'l Info: The assassination of the young president shocked the world and deeply affected the emerging sixties generation. For many, JFK's death marked the end of innocence and raised agonizing questions about violence in American society. His death also propelled Lyndon B. Johnson into the presidency, who vowed to pass the civil rights legislation Kennedy had initiated. Source: Anderson:move Entry by:
January 1, 1964	Ananda Ashram Founded
(Wednesday)	Dr. Ramamurti Mishra founded Ananda Ashram in Monroe, New York, as a communal center grounded in Asian religious traditions. Add'l Info: Founded in 1964 by Dr. Ramamurti Mishra, Ananda Ashram of Monroe, New York, survives today as one of the oldest communal centers grounded in an Asian religion in the United States. It is one of hundreds of small but vital communal religious centers that quietly go about the business of spiritual development and personal growth. Source: Miller:comm-hip Entry by:
January 1, 1964	Advent of photo-offset for underground papers
(Wednesday)	Mid-1960s adoption of inexpensive photo-offset printing that dramatically lowered barriers for producing underground newspapers. Add'l Info: In the mid-1960s the spread of photo-offset printing technology, which allowed publishers to paste up typed and graphic material on boards and have it photographed and reproduced cheaply, replaced the older, expensive Linotype hot-metal process and enabled young radicals with only a competent typist, scissors, and rubber cement to print several thousand copies of an eight- or sixteen-page tabloid for a few hundred dollars, simultaneously lowering economic barriers to entry, encouraging visually experimental layouts with collaged photos and art, and helping generate an explosion from only about five underground papers in 1965 to several hundred by the decade's end, with combined readerships in the millions. Source: Macmillan:STp Entry by:
January 1, 1964	Launch of SDS Discussion Bulletin
(Wednesday)	Earlyâ€‘1960s decision to start the mimeographed Discussion Bulletin as an internal forum for debate on the Port Huron Statement and broader strategy. Add'l Info: At an early SDS National Council meeting in Columbus, Ohio, in 1962 the organization voted to create a mimeographed Discussion Bulletinâ€”often called the "DB"â€”as a counterpart to its Membership Bulletin, tasking assistant national secretary Don McKelvey with producing an irregular but open forum in which any member, and sometimes nonâ€‘members, could publish critiques of the Port Huron Statement, analyses of current campaigns, and letters on theory and strategy, with minimal editing, in order to stimulate thought, draw newcomers into writing, and cultivate a sense of community rooted in shared, written deliberation rather than only in timeâ€‘consuming meetings; the Bulletin later evolved into the more consolidated SDS Bulletin before being replaced in 1966 by the tabloid New Left Notes. [ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws](https://ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws.com/web/direct-files/attachments/56184942/a86d5e43-e7bf-43e2-8609-1529c2ff758a/MCMILLAN_2011_Smoking-Typewriters_OCR.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=ASIA2F3EMEYE6FNNCUL2&Signature=RBywNb9u%2B8sBFxzFi0dB%2Fxv3w88%3D&x-amz-security-token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjENL%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJIMEYCIQDwkKLmWcu0T7zIlIUC1B4dCZ15aAbig3gGWLz9tHcJGAIhAJZeEC1ey0KM2l6EvEv%2Fn1DTAPdOAvkPTiCWL%2Bos3e%2FHKvwECJr%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEQARoMNjk5NzUzMzA5NzA1IgxvA%2BF7%2BN83hTptivoq0ARR3LxsDOWpqcWznvLPUAjKYySUHfzQaFRRFQozQC8fnWh5OtHO1G9rJQksRzj%2BojdgWb2ZmPGwO%2B56vn5E5ymiqk5MYUZ2NZlx0nw7j8Zz36ui3q30WkZu7hm7HfgF3lF3bdis%2FAG40GNgyCGcsvZk4uLZes%2BRc0V%2B5kfbAcT9kygPAk%2F9020gLo2%2FKninkBLioB%2BGiTYCGAFACv7gSpYu79wF2yuwXevxiI0aouUlRJcEsgZGNiev%2BB92gAsqTmPWFVPas7DaV180tREdlf7Mr%2F3yvAiInZEOgAbdPbEiU4Yju5Osf0MyNvseqGLf4%2ByP%2F%2Bl2F5eDXGXKb7yQfaZKWOjBkred%2F%2FfMEmdaEIZP4Qej0zAgFrEISrhKOFWLznc2%2FslbhZVnH9As46kr4eOGWXtif45zcXzBjf8U%2FCvjxPy%2BlKzTKUhqxNi0HD5onB%2F9P4z%2B46Nmi3NmHnTbVjciT0Vhcq%2BrDcQ05RJP4qVyuaqYU%2BpuVSdbH%2FfbRgij9taAyODyarEWUI12Mjn3wRPKNNPOgxhBH5PgmYoG10WzrRIFJ3%2FzjKIrZhIqegGB%2BJUvx5J9ieGScGh8ptk%2F30qje3GjDN2fTvDONoK65ir9Wli1pnRBJ%2FXqahAcvfVNXoBma4gOzmUtHKSA8pB2g%2FqeC19f3Z5lnl1S91l%2FcSahj4Ddkc%2FAJxPmbZEwh1rf5gjXFMwUWe6IbxlYgzDBBuitAzLpOM0sxE%2BnkZM1lbMLu%2FY28JEQIS9hDbKrnboVTkvOhz2IJndvvKhmgAHa%2FO53MI7o0s0GOpcBpCpZhupIs%2Fw2VXn%2B8OfGiOXj49bxwhkfqYJDfgu0Lor4EkHPyt%2BZqg3GZjQSifoO%2B1yLjBRwWJzfTadywqKXbfSTH%2BAjrdxOwnUxNF%2BUK77p29x1MoCMJDSUV1uCCAUEIfh8ISM%2FwNh8ztLV8RErdo%2B2sGAk5t6WXu3wImVKzz61mjrMcC3DWAoEjsXVqFId4k%2BIMnZP%2Bw%3D%3D&Expires=1773451430) Source: Macmillan:STp Entry by:
January 1, 1964	Civil Rights Act passed
(Wednesday)	The landmark legislation was passed, benefiting millions and representing a victory for the labor-supported civil rights movement. Add'l Info: Unions fought hard for the 1964 Civil Rights Act. The United Auto Workers and other unions helped fund the movement, seeing political and human rights as essential extensions of their labor advocacy. Source: Gosse:world Entry by:
January 1, 1964	Mississippi Freedom Summer
(Wednesday)	A campaign where students helped African Americans organize for voting rights. Add'l Info: George Lakey mentions Mississippi Freedom Summer as an influence on MNS's commitment to participatory democracy[cite: 5400, 5405]. Source: Cornell-MNS Entry by:
January 1, 1964	Formation of NY Federation of Anarchists
(Wednesday)	Bookchin helped form the New York Federation of Anarchists. Add'l Info: The group was composed mostly of young bohemians and students. Bookchin wrote its manifesto, "The Legacy of Domination," and the group established an urban commune and the Torch Bookstore. Source: Biehl:bookchin Entry by:
January 1, 1964	Publication of Understanding Media
(Wednesday)	Year. Marshall McLuhan published this work linking new tribalism to human-machine entanglement. Add'l Info: In this book, McLuhan wrote that humans had extended their central nervous systems in a global embrace, abolishing space and time through electronic media. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1964	CBC Can Tho Performance
(Wednesday)	The CBC Band performed for American forces for the first time at a base in Can Tho . Add'l Info: The band won over the GIs with a cover of the song "Wipe Out." Members of the group recalled being amazed by receiving military payment certificates (MPC) and having American food like fried chicken and Dr. Pepper for the first time. Source: Kramer:rock-vietnam Entry by:
January 1, 1964	Free Speech Movement
(Wednesday)	Year. A student protest movement at the University of California, Berkeley, where activists confronted the university as a 'factory' and 'machine.' Add'l Info: The Free Speech marchers invaded Sproul Hall in 1964, imagining the university as a giant computer and an engine of the militarized state. While they explicitly confronted military and academic institutions, they were simultaneously being immersed in the intellectual legacy of collaborative military research and systems theory. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1964	The Pranksters' Bus Tour
(Wednesday)	Year. Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters drove an old school bus across the United States. Add'l Info: The legendary tour, chronicled in "The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test," served as a prototype for a new, mobile, tribal lifestyle that sought to "turn on" the country. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1964	Brand's Native American Project
(Wednesday)	Year. Brand began reimagining Native Americans in light of his readings of McLuhan and Fuller while visiting various reservations. Add'l Info: Brand viewed the dawning era as one of "tribal endeavor" and saw Native Americans as guides for Americans to relearn how to be natives in a world of computer automation. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 23, 1964	24th Amendment ratified; abolishes poll tax in elections
(Thursday)	The 24th Amendment abolishes the poll tax, which originally had been instituted in 11 southern states after Reconstruction to make it difficult for poor blacks to vote. Add'l Info: The poll tax was a remnant of the Jim Crow era of segregation. The impetus for its abolishment had a long history. Pres. Harry Truman appointed a Committee on Civil Rights in 1946 which made the recommendation for a Constitutional Amendment. Source: Entry by: e.p.n.
January 24, 1964	Beatles' First U.S. Tour
(Friday)	The Beatles launch their first tour in the United States, marking a cultural shift. Add'l Info: This event is cited as a starting point for the first major phase of the youth-dominated "Flower Children" counterculture[cite: 185]. Source: Doyle-IN Entry by:
February 1, 1964	Kennedy-Johnson Tax Cut
(Saturday)	Signing of the Revenue Act of 1964, which reduced individual and corporate tax rates to stimulate growth. Add'l Info: To narrow the gap between current production and existing capacity, the government expanded demand by means of a massive tax reduction. The tax cut was first discussed in 1962, formally proposed in 1963, and signed into law in February 1964. It was part of Walter Heller's "Keynes-cum-growth" strategy. Source: Farber:60s-from-memory Entry by:
February 7, 1964	Beatlesâ€™ First U.S. Tour
(Friday)	The Beatles arrived for their first tour of the United States, beginning with a historic appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show . Add'l Info: The group rode a wave of number-one hits like 'I Want to Hold Your Hand'. By April 1964, they held the top five spots on the singles sales list, marking the height of 'Beatlemania' and a shift in youth culture toward independence from the adult world. Source: Farber:age-of-great-dreams Entry by:
March 1964	Street murder shocks country
	Queens, NY, resident Kitty Genovese was stabbed to death on the street in an incident that shocked the nation. Add'l Info: Though they went out for several anguished minutes, her cries for help went unheeded by the 38 people who heard them from their apartments. In subsequent interviews, these auditors stated repeatedly that the "didn't want to get involved," thus articulating a phrase that expressed perfectly the sense of anomie experienced by many urban dwellers during this period. Source: (David Stout, "True Crime Stories That Sell Themselves," New York Times (14 November 1993) sec. 4, p. 2.) Entry by: Doyle
April 5, 1964	Anti-Freeway Rally in Panhandle
(Sunday)	Neighborhood activists protested against a proposed freeway that would have destroyed the Panhandle greenspace in the Haight-Ashbury neighborhood. [cite: 536] Add'l Info: Neighborhood activists, including Sue Bierman, wrapped orange crepe paper around more than 200 trees slated to be demolished for an eight-lane freeway project. This rally was a pivotal moment in the 'Great Freeway Revolt' that ultimately preserved the greenspace later used by the Diggers. [cite: 531, 534, 535, 536] Source: AposOfFree Entry by:
April 15, 1964	Progressive Labor Party Formation
(Wednesday)	The Progressive Labor Movement formally organizes into a party, eventually influencing SDS. Add'l Info: In April 1964, the Progressive Labor Movement became the Progressive Labor Party (PLP). This group's hard militancy and 'worker-student alliance' strategy would later lead to a major 'invasion' of SDS chapters, creating significant factional strife and eventually contributing to the organization's split. [cite: 11] Source: Sale:SDS Entry by:
April 22, 1964	NY World's Fair Protest
(Wednesday)	CORE organized a non-violent protest on the opening day of the New York World's Fair. Add'l Info: Murray Bookchin was among those arrested for civil disobedience during the protest. He was detained for a week at Hart Island. Source: Biehl:bookchin Entry by:
May 1, 1964	Living Theatre Tax Trial
(Friday)	Julian Beck and Judith Malina defended themselves in court, turning the trial into a theatrical statement on anarchist politics. Add'l Info: Beck and Malina used their 1964 trial as an opportunity to mix politics and art, turning the courtroom into a theatrical forum. They portrayed themselves as 'standard-bearers of beleaguered beauty' against the 'military-industrial complex.' Despite the publicity, they were found guilty of contempt of court and impeding federal officers. Source: Bradford:theater Entry by:
May 1, 1964	Great Society Announcement
(Friday)	President Johnson outlines his vision for a "Great Society" during a speech at the University of Michigan. Add'l Info: In first announcing the Great Society at the University of Michigan in May 1964, Johnson proclaimed it as "a society of success without squalor, beauty without barrenness, works of genius without the wretchedness of poverty." The vision aimed to use wealth to enriched national life and advance the quality of American civilization beyond just quantitative growth. Source: Farber:60s-from-memory Entry by:
May 1, 1964	The Los Angeles Free Press Founding
(Friday)	Art Kunkin launches the first of the major 1960s-era underground newspapers. Add'l Info: In May 1964, Art Kunkin, a former machinist and socialist organizer, published the first issue of the Los Angeles Free Press. Initially a one-sheet foldover distributed at a Renaissance Pleasure Faire, it grew into a massive operation that provided a template for the hundreds of underground papers that followed. Source: Macmillan:ST Entry by:
June 1, 1964	Detroit Artists' Workshop Founded
(Monday)	John Sinclair and others founded the Detroit Artists' Workshop, which eventually evolved into the communal Trans-Love Energies group. Add'l Info: In 1964, John Sinclair and several others started the Detroit Artists' Workshop and rented a house to provide living and performance space. This quickly led to a cooperative housing project. The group eventually moved to Ann Arbor, calling themselves "Trans-Love Energies," where they reestablished their communal setup encompassed around cultural work. Source: Miller:comm-hip Entry by:
Summer 1964	Freedom Summer
	A coalition of civil rights groups, including CORE and SNCC, launch the project to register black voters in southern U.S. states. Add'l Info: A delegation of organizers attend the Democratic National Convention to protest, and attempt to unseat, the official all-white Mississippi contingent. Source: infoplease.com Entry by:
14 June 1964 - late August 1964	Merry Pranksters tour in school bus
	During the Spring of 1964, the Merry Pranksters think up the idea of purchasing and outfitting a 1939 IHC school bus (christened "Furthur") and driving across the country to New York. Add'l Info: In New York, the Merry Pranksters would attend a publication party for Kesey's new novel, Sometimes a Great Notion, check out the World's Fair, and pay a visit to Timothy Leary and his associates at the Millbrook estate of William Hitchcock. They arrive in New York City in mid-July 1964 and are introduced to Jack Kerouac at a fateful party. The cross-country trek later is memorialized by Tom Wolfe in Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test. Source: Entry by: Doyle
June 21, 1964	Freedom Summer Murders
(Sunday)	Three civil rights workers-Michael Schwerner, Andrew Goodman, and James Chaney-were murdered by a Klan mob in Neshoba County . Add'l Info: The murders occurred at the start of 'Freedom Summer,' a program that brought 1,000 white students to Mississippi to coordinate voter registration. The deaths focused national attention on the state's failures of justice and pressured the FBI to finally target the Ku Klux Klan. Source: Farber:age-of-great-dreams Entry by:
June 21, 1964	Mississippi Freedom Summer Killings
(Sunday)	The disappearance and murder of three civil rights workers in Philadelphia, Mississippi, highlighted the dangers of voter registration drives. Add'l Info: Michael Schwerner, Andrew Goodman, and James Chaney disappeared while working for the Mississippi Summer Project. Their bodies were discovered six weeks later in an earthen dam; they had been shot, and Chaney had been severely beaten. The murders demonstrated the extreme risks faced by volunteers and the initial reluctance of the federal government to intervene unless white students were involved. Source: Anderson:move Entry by:
June 21, 1964	Freedom Summer Murders
(Sunday)	Three civil rights workersâ€”Schwerner, Goodman, and Chaneyâ€”disappeared and were murdered in Mississippi . Add'l Info: The search for the volunteers, ordered by LBJ, took six weeks before their bodies were found buried in an earthen dam. The murders became a symbol of the extreme violence used to maintain white supremacy in the Deep South. Source: Anderson:move Entry by:
June 21, 1964	Mississippi Freedom Summer Killings
(Sunday)	The disappearance and murder of three civil rights workers in Philadelphia, Mississippi, highlighted the dangers of voter registration drives. Add'l Info: Michael Schwerner, Andrew Goodman, and James Chaney disappeared while working for the Mississippi Summer Project. Their bodies were discovered six weeks later in an earthen dam; they had been shot, and Chaney had been severely beaten. The murders demonstrated the extreme risks faced by volunteers and the initial reluctance of the federal government to intervene unless white students were involved. Source: Anderson:move Entry by:
July 1, 1964	The Berkeley Barb Founding
(Wednesday)	Max Scherr founds the Berkeley Barb, which becomes a central voice for the Free Speech Movement and the anti-war cause. Add'l Info: In July 1964, Max Scherr launched the Berkeley Barb. Scherr used the paper to champion the radical politics of Telegraph Avenue. The Barb became famous for its mix of investigative reporting, radical politics, and eventually, its controversial and lucrative sex advertisements, which caused friction within the staff. Source: Macmillan:ST Entry by:
July 2, 1964	Signing of the Civil Rights Act
(Thursday)	President Johnson signed the landmark legislation outlawing discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. Add'l Info: The Act ended legal segregation in public accommodations and prohibited federal funding for programs that practiced discrimination. It was a major victory for the civil rights movement, though it also fueled a "white backlash" that began to reshape American politics, leading many white Southerners to defect from the Democratic Party. Source: Anderson:move Entry by:
July 2, 1964	Civil Rights Act Signed
(Thursday)	President Lyndon Johnson signed a sweeping law outlawing discrimination in public facilities and employment . Add'l Info: The act authorizied the federal government to withhold funds from programs that practiced discrimination. While a major victory, it failed to fully address black voting rights in state and local elections. Source: Anderson:move Entry by:
July 2, 1964	Civil Rights Act of 1964
(Thursday)	President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The most sweeping civil rights legislation since Reconstruction, the Civil Rights Act prohibits discrimination of all kinds based on race, color, religion, or national origin. The law also provides the federal government with the powers to enforce desegregation. Add'l Info: Source: infoplease.com Entry by:
July 2, 1964	Civil Rights Act of 1964
(Thursday)	President Lyndon Johnson signed the most comprehensive civil rights legislation since Reconstruction . Add'l Info: The act outlawed discrimination in public accommodations (Title II) and employment (Title VII), and mandated the cutoff of federal funds for discriminatory programs. A last-minute amendment also added 'sex' to the list of protected classes. Source: Farber:age-of-great-dreams Entry by:
August 4, 1964	Gulf of Tonkin Incident
(Tuesday)	President Johnson ordered retaliatory bombing of North Vietnam after reports that U.S. destroyers had been attacked in the Gulf of Tonkin . Add'l Info: Johnson used the incident to secure a congressional resolution giving him a 'free hand' in Vietnam policy. Evidence now indicates the reported second attack likely never happened, but it served as the provocation needed to show American resolve. Source: Farber:age-of-great-dreams Entry by:
August 4, 1964	Bodies of three civil-rights workers found in Mississippi
(Tuesday)	James E. Chaney, 21, Andrew Goodman, 21, and Michael Schwerner, 24, had been helping register black voters in the Freedom Summer project in Mississippi when they were murdered by members of the Ku Klux Klan six weeks earlier. Add'l Info: The bodies of the three civil-rights workers--two white, one black--are found in an earthen dam in Neshoba County, Mississippi. On June 21, the three had gone to investigate the burning of a black church. They were arrested by the police on speeding charges, incarcerated for several hours, and then released after dark into the hands of the Ku Klux Klan, who murdered them. The discovery of their bodies came in the midst of a federal investigation backed by President Johnson. Source: Entry by: e.p.n.
August 10, 1964	Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
(Monday)	Congressional resolution authorizing the president to use force in Southeast Asia. Add'l Info: Two days after signing the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which authorized the use of force to assist the government of South Vietnam, President Lyndon Johnson warned that the U.S. had the resources and will to follow the course as long as necessary. The experience would later be cited as a moment where the U.S. political economy was stretched to the breaking point. Source: Farber:60s-from-memory Entry by:
August 24, 1964	Atlantic City Convention
(Monday)	The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) challenges the all-white regular state delegation [cite: 178, 801]. Add'l Info: The MFDP, led by Fannie Lou Hamer, demanded to be seated at the Democratic National Convention. The national party's refusal to fully seat them was seen as a 'liberal default' that radicalized many young activists[cite: 178, 802, 806]. Source: Gitlin-60s Entry by:
August 24, 1964	1964 Democratic National Convention
(Monday)	The convention in Atlantic City was marked by a collision between the MFDP and the regular all-white Mississippi delegation . Add'l Info: Fannie Lou Hamer gave powerful testimony about the brutality she faced while trying to register to vote. Johnson's refusal to seat the MFDP delegates-offering only two 'at-large' seats instead-led many SNCC activists to feel betrayed by white liberals. Source: Farber:age-of-great-dreams Entry by:
August 24, 1964	MFDP Convention Challenge
(Monday)	The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) challenged the seating of the all-white regular delegation in Atlantic City . Add'l Info: Fannie Lou Hamer gave a harrowing testimony about being beaten for trying to register to vote. A compromise was reached that gave the MFDP two seats, which many younger activists in SNCC saw as a 'sell-out'. Source: Anderson:move Entry by:
September 4, 1964	Picketing of Oakland Tribune
(Friday)	Picketing of Oakland Tribune by Ad Hoc Committee to End Discrimination, which recruits support on Berkeley campus. Add'l Info: Source: FSM Faculty Chronology Entry by:
September 14, 1964	UC Berkeley Bans Informational Tables on Campus
(Monday)	Dean Towle, of the University of California at Berkeley, bans posters, easels and tables at Bancroft-Telegraph gate of Berkeley campus "because of interference with flow of traffic." Add'l Info: Dean Towle also "reminded" student groups of "rules prohibiting the collection of funds and the use of University facilities for the planning and implementing of off-campus political and social action." Previously, University officials had "considered no action (to enforce these rules) to be necessary." (Quotes from Chancellor Strong's Report of 26 Oct. 1964 to Academic Senate.) San Francisco Chronicle of 4 Dec. said that although Chancellor Strong called these rules "historic policy,' "the fact was, however, that it was a policy frequently winked at by university officials--until the convention controversy." (See June entry below) June 1964: During Republican National Convention, according to San Francisco Chronicle, 4 Dec. 1964, charges are made by Goldwater supporters that Scranton supporters are illegally recruiting student volunteers on campus. Source: FSM Faculty Chronology Entry by:
September 17, 1964	Coalition forms to oppose UC Berkeley policy on free speech
(Thursday)	Some 20 organizations of students announce coalition as United Front in opposition to this reiteration of "historic policy" by the university administration. Add'l Info: The coalition includes Slate, Campus CORE, University Society of Individualists, DuBois Club, Young People's Socialist League, University Young Republicans, University Young Democrats, Young Socialist Alliance, Campus Women for Peace, Youth for Goldwater, Student Committee for Travel to Cuba, Student Committee for "No on Proposition 14," University Friends of SNCC, Students for a Democratic Society, College Young Republicans, Students for Independent Political Action, Youth Committee Against Proposition 14, and Independent Socialist Club (as listed in Chancellor Strong's report to the Berkeley Division of the Academic Senate, dated 26 Oct. 1964). The Inter-Faith Council and the California Council of Republicans were also included. Source: FSM Faculty Chronology Entry by:
September 21, 1964	Rally Against UC Berkeley Policy
(Monday)	The United Front holds their first rally on the steps of Sproul Hall (Berkeley campus administration building) in response to Dean Towle's decision that rules permit informational activity but not advocacy or organization of political and social action. Add'l Info: Source: FSM Faculty Chronology Entry by:
September 28, 1964	Response by United Front to UC Berkeley Policy
(Monday)	Several United Front organizations make a test-issue of administration rules by manning tables to organize political and social action. Add'l Info: Chancellor Strong had interpreted the rules as allowing distribution of campaign literature and similar materials at designated locations. Dean Williams had announced that those engaging in "illegal politics" may be expelled. Source: FSM Faculty Chronology Entry by:
September 30, 1964	Sit-In at UC Berkeley
(Wednesday)	The university begins disciplinary action against five students for manning illegal tables; 400 students sign statements that they too have manned illegal tables, enter Sproul Hall demanding disciplinary hearings, sit-in awaiting hearing; 11:45, five students and 3 more thought leaders of demonstration are "indefinitely suspended"; sit-in continues to 3:00 a. m. Add'l Info: Source: FSM Faculty Chronology Entry by:
October 1, 1964	Berkeley Free Speech Movement (FSM)
(Thursday)	Student protests erupted at UC Berkeley after the administration banned political activity in a campus plaza . Add'l Info: The movement included a mass arrest of 773 students during a sit-in at Sproul Hall on December 2, 1964. Led by Mario Savio, the FSM successfully fought for students' right to political freedom on campus and influenced radical student movements nationwide. Source: Farber:age-of-great-dreams Entry by:
October 1, 1964	Mysteries and Smaller Pieces Premiere
(Thursday)	The Living Theatre created an original improvisatory play in Paris, marking the beginning of their 'collective creation' process. Add'l Info: The Living Theatre developed 'collective creation' naturally while creating Mysteries and Smaller Pieces in Paris in October 1964. This technique eliminated the authoritarian position of the director and allowed all company members to contribute to the staging. It reflected the company's anarchist political sensibility and the desire for egalitarian working methods. Source: Bradford:theater Entry by:
October 1, 1964	Protest Rally Against UC Berkeley Policy
(Thursday)	Protest rally and manning of tables on Sproul steps. Arrest of Jack Weinberg, a former graduate student in Mathematics, for operating a CORE table on Sproul steps; crowd of protestors, growing to 3000, blocks police car carrying Weinberg away. Protestors enter Sproul Hall, sit-in to demand discussion of eight suspensions; clash briefly with police in effort to block early locking of Sproul Hall doors; protesters subsequently leave, voluntarily. Add'l Info: Source: FSM Faculty Chronology Entry by:
October 2, 1964	Protest Rally Continues Against UC Berkeley
(Friday)	Some 450 police assemble on campus to undertake removal of police car and Weinberg, still immobilized by seated crowd; University officials, including President Kerr, members of faculty and student leaders meet, agree to discuss differences. Police leave; demonstrators disperse. Weinberg booked, but released as University, in accordance with agreement, does not press charges. Add'l Info: Source: FSM Faculty Chronology Entry by:
October 3, 1964	Free Speech Movement Forms
(Saturday)	Emergence of Free Speech Movement (FSM) out of United Front. Add'l Info: Source: FSM Faculty Chronology Entry by:
October 5, 1964	University Appoints Committee to Deal With Free Speech Issue
(Monday)	Appointment by the Chancellor pursuant to 2 Oct. agreement of ten members of committee of administration, faculty and students to investigate and propose solutions of campus political problems; FSM to send two delegates to committee. FSM protests composition of committee and gains agreement to four-man FSM delegation Add'l Info: Source: FSM Faculty Chronology Entry by:
October 13, 1964	Faculty motion on Free Speech issue
(Tuesday)	Academic Senate passes motion favoring "maximum freedom for student political activity"; calls for inquiry into, and recommendations on, problems by Academic Freedom Committee. Add'l Info: Source: FSM Faculty Chronology Entry by:
October 15, 1964	UC President Requests Faculty Advice
(Thursday)	President Kerr asks Academic Senate to establish ad hoc committee to advise on disciplining of the eight suspended students (Heyman Committee) Add'l Info: Source: FSM Faculty Chronology Entry by:
October 21, 1964	Request to Reinstate FSM Students
(Wednesday)	Heyman Committee requests of Chancellor temporary reinstatement of suspended students pending hearing and report. Request denied. Add'l Info: Source: FSM Faculty Chronology Entry by:
November 5, 1964	Free Speech Movement Resumes Picketing
(Thursday)	FSM, impatient with committee, resumes picketing of Sproul Hall. Add'l Info: Source: FSM Faculty Chronology Entry by:
November 9, 1964	Free Speech Movement Rally
(Monday)	FSM rally on Sproul steps attracts 1200. Tables again set up by FSM groups, ending six-week self-imposed moratorium. University officials take names of some students manning tables; 800 students sign statements declaring that they too have manned tables. Add'l Info: Source: FSM Faculty Chronology Entry by:
November 10, 1964	UC Dissolves Committee to Resolve Free Speech Issue
(Tuesday)	Chancellor Strong dissolves administration-faculty-student committee because FSM has resumed setting up tables. Add'l Info: Source: FSM Faculty Chronology Entry by:
November 12, 1964	Recommendation to Censure/Suspend FSM Students
(Thursday)	Heyman Committee recommends censure of six students, suspension of Savio and Art Goldberg for six weeks beginning 30 Sept. 1964. Add'l Info: Source: FSM Faculty Chronology Entry by:
November 20, 1964	UC Regents Accept Recommendation to Suspend FSM Students
(Friday)	Regents accept recommendation by President Kerr and Chancellor Strong for suspension of the eight students for the period 30 Sept.-20 Nov., and for the placing on probation of Savio and Goldberg. Add'l Info: Regents also agree to modify policy on political activity: recruiting, fund collecting, organization of "lawful off-campus" action may take place in designated areas -- students advocating unlawful action will be subject to University discipline. Rally of 4000 on Sproul steps and march to University Hall where Regents are meeting Source: FSM Faculty Chronology Entry by:
November 22, 1964	FSM Sit-In at Sproul Hall
(Sunday)	FSM sit-in of three hours in Sproul Hall over issue of University discipline for off-campus activities. Add'l Info: Source: FSM Faculty Chronology Entry by:
November 24, 1964	University Implements Free Speech Restrictions
(Tuesday)	Chancellor issues new rules framed in accordance with lines established by Regents in 20 Nov. meeting. Add'l Info: New rules include: "certain campus facilities ... may be used ... for planning, implementing, raising funds or recruiting participants for lawful off-campus action, not for unlawful off-campus action." Academic Senate defeats 274 to 261, a motion to limit University regulation of speech, political and social activity only to the extent "necessary to prevent undue interference with other University affairs." A motion to establish a Senate committee to deal with questions of student political conduct is also defeated. Source: FSM Faculty Chronology Entry by:
November 25, 1964	University Reprimands FSM Students
(Wednesday)	Letters of reprimand sent by University to some 60 students who had manned illegal tables on 9 Nov. Add'l Info: Source: FSM Faculty Chronology Entry by:
November 30, 1964	FSM Announcement
(Monday)	FSM announces its leaders, Savio, Art Goldberg, Jackie Goldberg and Brian Turner, face disciplinary action. Add'l Info: Source: FSM Faculty Chronology Entry by:
December 1, 1964	FSM Demands Dropping of Charges
(Tuesday)	FSM demands University drop charges, asserting only courts have right to regulate political activity, including campus political activity; demand University meet conditions in 24 hours or face demonstration. Add'l Info: Source: FSM Faculty Chronology Entry by:
December 1, 1964	Audubon Ballroom Rally
(Tuesday)	The SNCC Freedom Singers performed at a rally for Malcolm X, signaling a shift toward more militant racial empowerment. Add'l Info: In December 1964, the SNCC Freedom Singers performed at a rally for Malcolm X at the Audubon Ballroom, singing a tribute to Kenyan Vice President Oginga Odinga. This performance anticipated the ideological sea change within the radical wing of the civil rights movement, moving away from strict nonviolence toward more militant means of empowerment. Source: Bradford:theater Entry by:
December 2, 1964	Free Speech Movement Protest at Sproul Hall
(Wednesday)	A massive student protest at the University of California at Berkeley featuring a famous speech by Mario Savio. Add'l Info: On December 2, 1964, just before noon, more than five thousand students streamed into an open-air plaza in front of the University of California at Berkeley's Sproul Hall. As they sat down on the pavement, leader Mario Savio stepped up to a microphone to articulate their fight against the university 'machine' and the 'IBM syndrome'. This event came to define the countercultural militancy of the 1960s across America and Europe. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
December 2, 1964	FSM Sit-In to Protest University Policy
(Wednesday)	University ignores ultimatum. FSM rally attracts 6000; 1000 engage in sit-in in Sproul Hall; over 800 remain for the night. Add'l Info: Source: FSM Faculty Chronology Entry by:
December 3, 1964	Police Arrest FSM Demonstrators
(Thursday)	Governor Brown sends police to clear out or arrest demonstrators; Chancellor Strong urges students to leave Sproul; students remain: police begin arrest and removal of students. Add'l Info: Graduate students in large numbers begin picketing of University buildings in protest of police action. Faculty members spontaneously arrange meeting to consider crisis, pass resolutions calling for dropping of pending disciplinary action against students, for the establishment of an Academic Senate committee to which students could appeal penalties imposed for political activity, and for the Regents to change their policy of 20 Nov. so that student off-campus political activities shall not be subject to University discipline. Faculty members raise $8500 bail for students; many meet with Judge Crittenden in effort to help in setting and posting bail, then in returning students from prison farm. Source: FSM Faculty Chronology Entry by:
December 5, 1964	Student Government Urges University Leniency
(Saturday)	ASUC Senate (the student government) urges leniency for arrested students, dropping of charges against four FSM leaders, and test case of University regulations. Add'l Info: Source: FSM Faculty Chronology Entry by:
December 6, 1964	Faculty meeting on FSM issue
(Sunday)	Meeting of 200 faculty members to consider implementation of resolutions made in impromptu faculty meeting of 3 Dec., and to begin drafting of motions to place before Berkeley Academic Senate. Add'l Info: Source: FSM Faculty Chronology Entry by:
December 7, 1964	University Meets to Discuss Response to FSM Issue
(Monday)	Release of agreement between department chairmen and President Kerr on amnesty and modification of regulations concerning student political activity. Add'l Info: Departmental meetings at 9 a.m. to discuss agreement. Convocation in Greek Theatre at 11 a.m. Announcement of agreement; speeches by Professor Scalapino and President Kerr; meeting adjourned. Attempted announcement by Savio, who is removed by police, but then released and permitted to make announcement. FSM states agreement inadequate; looks to faculty action in Academic Senate. Graduate student picketing suspended until after Senate meeting. Source: FSM Faculty Chronology Entry by:
December 8, 1964	Faculty vote on FSM issue
(Tuesday)	Meeting of Academic Senate; passage by vote of 824 to 115 of motion of Committee on Academic Freedom saying that control of student speech and advocacy in politics must "be rendered unto Caesar" since the function of the University is education, not control. Add'l Info: The motion also stated that a Senate committee should only regulate the time, place, and manner of student political activity as was the case until 1938. Passage of second motion to establish Senate Emergency Committee to help with problems arising out of crisis. FSM adherents sweep seven ASUC Senate seats as unprecedented 5276 students vote. FSM states full support for faculty position. Source: FSM Faculty Chronology prepared by: John Masson Smiths Jr.; Ph.D., Assistant Professor of History; Richard Bridgman, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of English, University of California, Berkeley. Entry by:
December 15, 1964	Student Government Supports Faculty Resolution
(Tuesday)	The Associated Students of the University of California (ASUC, the students' government) approves motion that the regents accept the five-point Academic Senate proposal to end the "free speech" controversy. Add'l Info: Source: From Revolution at Berkeley: The Crisis in American Education , edited by Michael V. Miller and Susan Gilmore; Dial Press, N.Y., 1965. Entry by: Miller and Gilmore
December 18, 1964	UC Regents Reject Faculty Proposal
(Friday)	The University board of regents do not accept the proposal made by the Academic Senate. They appoint a committee of regents to examine the issues and consult with students, faculty and "other interested persons" in order to make recommendations to the board. Add'l Info: Source: From Revolution at Berkeley: The Crisis in American Education , edited by Michael V. Miller and Susan Gilmore; Dial Press, N.Y., 1965. Entry by: Miller and Gilmore
December 30, 1964	Vietnam War Protest Debate
(Wednesday)	SDS National Council debates taking a formal stand against the draft and the war in Vietnam. Add'l Info: On the night of December 30, 1964, at a union hall in Manhattan, SDS members engaged in a heated debate over the Vietnam War. Proposals ranged from sending medical supplies to the Viet Cong to launching an anti-draft petition. Eventually, the meeting approved the idea of a spring protest march on Washington, which would become a turning point for the organization's national profile. [cite: 13] Source: Sale:SDS Entry by:
January 1, 1965	Hog Farm Founded
(Friday)	Hugh Romney (Wavy Gravy) and friends established the Hog Farm commune in Sunland, California, initially tending to a swine farm. Add'l Info: The Hog Farm emerged from the imaginations of Hugh Romney and friends in 1965. They were offered the free use of a farmhouse and thirty-odd acres in Sunland, California, in return for tending the owner's swine. It became one of the most famous hip communes, eventually running the "Please Force" at the Woodstock festival. Source: Miller:comm-hip Entry by:
January 1, 1965	Meeting of the National Congress of American Indians
(Friday)	Year. The event where Stewart Brand met his future wife, Lois Jennings . Add'l Info: At a meeting of the National Congress of American Indians, Brand met Lois Jennings, a former mathematician for the U.S. Navy and a member of the Grand Traverse band of the Ottowa. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1965	Founding of Drop City
(Friday)	Year. The establishment of an influential nonreligious commune in Colorado . Add'l Info: Founded in 1965, Drop City was a cluster of geodesic domes on the plains of Colorado near Trinidad. It was devoted to collective harmony and multimedia theater. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1965	Blackwell's Mentorship
(Friday)	Russell Blackwell, a veteran of the Spanish Civil War, provides Bookchin with intimate details regarding the "grupo de afinidad" (affinity group). Add'l Info: In 1965, Bookchin began attending meetings of the Libertarian League in New York, where he met Russell Blackwell. Blackwell had fought in Spain alongside the anarchists in 1937. He shared intimate details with Bookchin about the Spanish anarchist revolution and their specific unit of revolutionary organization: the "grupo de afinidad". This was described as a small group of "compaÃ±eros" who functioned closely together and could not be penetrated by outsiders. [cite_start]This research provided the historical model Bookchin would later adapt for the American Left. [cite: 9] Source: Biehl:bookchin Entry by:
January 1, 1965	We R All One
(Friday)	Year. A complex USCO program involving slide and film projections, music, strobes, and dancers. Add'l Info: Designed to lead viewers from sensory overload to spiritual meditation, the performance ended with ten minutes of "Om" sounds to induce a sense of mystical unity. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1965	Birth of the Underground Press Wave
(Friday)	Midâ€‘1960s emergence of a national underground press wave, from five papers in 1965 to several hundred by decadeâ€™s end, underpinning New Left growth. Add'l Info: Around 1965, when only a handful of explicitly radical, youthâ€‘oriented papers such as the "Los Angeles Free Press," "Berkeley Barb," and "East Village Other" were publishing, activists began exploiting inexpensive photoâ€‘offset printing and collective labor to launch local tabloids that mixed antiwar, antiâ€‘racist, and countercultural content; within a few years their numbers had grown to several hundred, with combined readerships in the millions, making the underground press one of the most "spontaneous and aggressive growths in publishing history" and providing the primary communication infrastructure through which the New Left circulated news of demonstrations, repression, movement debates, and cultural experiments across regions. [ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws](https://ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws.com/web/direct-files/attachments/56184942/a86d5e43-e7bf-43e2-8609-1529c2ff758a/MCMILLAN_2011_Smoking-Typewriters_OCR.pdf) Source: Macmillan:STp Entry by:
January 1, 1965	The "New American Revolution"
(Friday)	The San Francisco rock scene began to emerge, characterized by a fusion of music and radical politics . Add'l Info: Beginning around 1965, the San Francisco rock scene emerged as a localized counterculture that sought to redefine American life. This "New American Revolution" was not just about music but about a new mode of citizenship and public life that challenged the status quo. It eventually expanded into a global phenomenon, connecting the home front to the war zone in Vietnam. Source: Kramer:rock-intro Entry by:
January 1, 1965	Heathcote Center Established
(Friday)	The School of Living acquired land in Maryland to establish Heathcote Center, which became a vital link for the new generation of communards. Add'l Info: At the beginning of 1965, the School of Living acquired a thirty-seven-acre plot in rural Maryland. Known as Heathcote Center, it became one of the first hippie communes and a conference center that played a critical role in shaping the communal scene of the 1960s. Source: Miller:comm-hip Entry by:
January 1, 1965	Walden House Opening
(Friday)	Inspired by B.F. Skinner's novel Walden Two, a communal house opened in Washington, D.C., attempting to implement behavioral principles. Add'l Info: The first of the Walden Two communities was Walden House, a seven-bedroom edifice in a run-down neighborhood in Washington, D.C., which opened in 1965. It was a cooperative where everyone paid an equal share, though cofounder Kat Kinkade later pronounced it a failure. Source: Miller:comm-hip Entry by:
January 2, 1965	UC Chancellor Replaced
(Saturday)	At an emergency meeting, the board of regents names Martin Meyerson, Dean of the College of Environmental Design, as acting chancellor, replacing Edward W. Strong. Add'l Info: Source: From Revolution at Berkeley: The Crisis in American Education , edited by Michael V. Miller and Susan Gilmore; Dial Press, N.Y., 1965. Entry by: Miller and Gilmore
January 3, 1965	New Free Speech Rules
(Sunday)	The new acting chancellor at UC Berkeley delivers his first address to the campus community in which he sets down provisional rules for political activity on the Berkeley campus: the Sproul Hall steps are designated as an open discussion area during certain hours of the day; tables are permitted. Add'l Info: Source: From Revolution at Berkeley: The Crisis in American Education , edited by Michael V. Miller and Susan Gilmore; Dial Press, N.Y., 1965. Entry by: Miller and Gilmore
February 1, 1965	American Festival of Negro Art
(Monday)	A cultural festival in NYC promoting Africa as the source of black cultural strength. Add'l Info: In New York City in February 1965, Dr. Robert Pritchard helped establish a guild society called the American Festival of Negro Art. This event promoted Africa as the "fount and reservoir of our cultural strength" and encouraged a cultural pluralism where blacks revealed respect for their own sources. Source: Farber:60s-from-memory Entry by:
February 1965	Owsley first manufactures LSD
	Owsley Bear Stanley first succeeded in synthesizing crystalline LSD. Earliest distribution was March 1965. Add'l Info: Source: Eisner B. "Interview with an Alchemist: Bear: Owsley, LSD Chemist Extraordinaire". BruceEisner.com Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
February 21, 1965	Raid on Owsley Stanley's "Green Factory"
(Sunday)	California narcotics agents raided Owsley Stanley's Berkeley lab, suspected of operating a Methedrine factory. Add'l Info: On February 21, 1965, California state narcotics agents raided Owsley Stanley's squat building in Berkeley, nicknamed the "Green Factory." Owsley beat the charges when his lawyer argued that no completely synthesized Methedrine was found. He eventually sued for and recovered his equipment, which he then used to produce LSD. Source: Lee:acid-dreams Entry by:
February 21, 1965	Owsley Methedrine Raid
(Sunday)	California narcotics agents raided Owsley Stanley's Berkeley home (Green Factory) for operating a Methedrine lab. Add'l Info: On February 21, 1965, California state narcotics agents raided Augustus Owsley Stanley III's home in Berkeley, charging him with operating a Methedrine laboratory. He beat the charges as no fully synthesized Methedrine was found. Source: Perry Entry by:
February 21, 1965	Assassination of Malcolm X
(Sunday)	Shot while making a speech in Harlem, New York City. Members of the rival Black Muslim group are arrested. Add'l Info: Malcolm X had founded the Organization of Afro-American Unity. The assailants are members of the Black Muslim group, which Malcolm had recently abandoned in favor of orthodox Islam. Source: Entry by: e.p.n.
February 21, 1965	Raid on Owsley Stanley's "Green Factory"
(Sunday)	California narcotics agents raided Owsley Stanley's Berkeley lab, suspected of operating a Methedrine factory. Add'l Info: On February 21, 1965, California state narcotics agents raided Owsley Stanley's squat building in Berkeley, nicknamed the "Green Factory." Owsley beat the charges when his lawyer argued that no completely synthesized Methedrine was found. He eventually sued for and recovered his equipment, which he then used to produce LSD. Source: Perry Entry by:
February 21, 1965	Assassination of Malcolm X
(Sunday)	The influential Black Muslim leader was shot and killed while delivering a speech in Harlem, New York. Add'l Info: Malcolm X was killed by members of the Nation of Islam shortly after he had broken with the group and moved toward a more internationalist, pan-Africanist perspective. His death silenced a powerful voice for black self-determination and militancy, but his autobiography and ideas continued to deeply influence the emerging Black Power movement. Source: Anderson:move Entry by:
March 1, 1965	Selma to Montgomery March
(Monday)	The voting rights march featured militant chants and freedom songs, though the final program reflected more moderate influences. Add'l Info: On the road from Selma to Montgomery, songs were a steady part of the day, with singers inventing new verses to reinforce resolve against Governor George Wallace. However, when the marchers arrived at the capitol, professional entertainers and patriotic songs replaced the militant rhetoric, signifying a move toward the political mainstream. Source: Bradford:theater Entry by:
March 7, 1965	First Selma to Montgomery March for Civil Rights ends in "Bloddy Sunday"
(Sunday)	The march was to go from Selma, Alabama to Montgomery in support of voting rights. A police blockade violently stops the marchers at the Pettus Bridge, named for a Civil War Confederate general and later leader of the Ku Klux Klan. Add'l Info: Fifty marchers are hospitalized after police use tear gas, whips, and clubs against them. The incident is dubbed "Bloody Sunday" by the media. The march is considered the catalyst for pushing through the voting rights act five months later. Source: Entry by: e.p.n.
March 7, 1965	Bloody Sunday
(Sunday)	State troopers brutally attacked peaceful marchers at the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, Alabama, during a voting rights march. Add'l Info: Nearly 600 activists attempted to march from Selma to Montgomery to protest the killing of Jimmie Lee Jackson and demand voting rights. Troopers used nightsticks, whips, and tear gas to beat back the crowd. The televised violence shocked the nation, leading to a surge of support that forced President Johnson to call for the Voting Rights Act. Source: Anderson:move Entry by:
March 15, 1965	Voting Rights Act Speech
(Monday)	President Lyndon Johnson used the phrase 'We shall overcome' in a televised speech, which some activists saw as co-optation. Add'l Info: In his speech announcing the Voting Rights Act, Johnson stated, 'And we shall overcome.' While it indicated the impact of the movement, radical activists saw it as a cynical attempt to blunt protest by appropriating their rhetoric. This coincided with the waning influence of traditional freedom songs as the movement shifted toward Black Power. Source: Bradford:theater Entry by:
March 24, 1965	First Vietnam Teach-in
(Wednesday)	Scholars and students at the University of Michigan organized the first 'teach-in' to educate themselves about the war in Vietnam . Add'l Info: The all-night, freewheeling event involved several thousand participants and challenged the government's narrative about the war. By late 1965, similar events had been held at 120 colleges and universities across the country. Source: Farber:age-of-great-dreams Entry by:
March 25, 1965	Selma to Montgomery March
(Thursday)	Martin Luther King, Jr. led a series of protests and marches in Alabama against the refusal of officials to register black voters . Add'l Info: The campaign involved dramatic confrontations and the murder of a minister by extremists, creating the political opportunity for Johnson to propose a strong voting rights act. In his televised address to Congress, Johnson famously adopted the Movement's watchword: 'And we shall overcome'. Source: Farber:age-of-great-dreams Entry by:
April 1, 1965	Buckminster Fuller Lecture
(Thursday)	Future founders of Drop City attended a lecture by Buckminster Fuller, inspiring them to use geodesic dome designs for their community. Add'l Info: In April 1965, shortly before they bought the land for Drop City, Clark Richert, Richard Kallweit, and Burt Wadman attended a lecture by Buckminster Fuller in Boulder. They came away inspired to build geodesic domes, which became the signature architecture of Drop City. Source: Miller:comm-hip Entry by:
April 1965	Kesey Arrested for Marijuana
	Ken Kesey is arrested for possession of marijuana during a raid of his La Honda home. Add'l Info: After months of court hearings, he is convicted and sentenced to six months of jail and three years of probation (see 13-18 January 1966), but subsequently files an appeal. Source: Ralph J. Gleason, The Jefferson Airplane and the San Francisco Sound (New York: Ballantine Books, 1969), 23. Entry by: Doyle
April 1, 1965	Owsley LSD Production
(Thursday)	Owsley returns from LA with LSD, begins distribution in SF psychedelic scene. Add'l Info: Owsley and girlfriend returned to Berkeley in April 1965 from Los Angeles with LSD they produced, which was exceptionally strong. It began circulating in SF area psychedelic communities. Source: Perry Entry by:
April 17, 1965	March on Washington to End the War
(Saturday)	SDS organizes its first massive national demonstration against the Vietnam War. Add'l Info: On April 17, 1965, SDS led a march on Washington that drew an estimated 20,000 people, far exceeding expectations. The event featured a powerful speech by Paul Potter, who called for 'naming the system' that created the war. The success of the march established SDS as the primary voice of the anti-war movement. [cite: 14] Source: Sale:SDS Entry by:
April 17, 1965	First National Antiwar March
(Saturday)	SDS organizes the first major national demonstration against the Vietnam War in Washington, D.C. [cite: 183, 858]. Add'l Info: Approximately 25,000 students attended, far exceeding expectations. The march signaled that the New Left was moving from campus reform to a direct challenge of U.S. foreign policy[cite: 183, 858]. Source: Gitlin-60s Entry by:
April 24, 1965	Kesey La Honda Drug Raid
(Saturday)	Sheriffâ€™s deputies raid Ken Keseyâ€™s La Honda property looking for marijuana. Add'l Info: On April 24, 1965, eighteen law-enforcement officers executed a search warrant at Ken Keseyâ€™s rural property in La Honda, California. The raid revealed an environment filled with experimental art, electronics, sculptures, and psychedelic paraphernalia associated with the Merry Pranksters. Officers reported finding marijuana and arrested Kesey. The raid highlighted the growing visibility of psychedelic culture and intensified attention on Keseyâ€™s circle. Source: Perry Entry by:
April 24, 1965	Search of Ken Kesey's La Honda Property
(Saturday)	Eighteen law officers searched Ken Kesey's property for marijuana, discovering a bizarre artistic and technological environment. Add'l Info: Armed with a warrant to search for marijuana, eighteen law officers descended on Ken Kesey's six-acre property in La Honda. They found loudspeakers in the woods, "Funk Art" collages, Day-Glo painted objects, and Ron Boise's sculptures. Kesey was arrested for marijuana possession after police claimed to catch him trying to flush it down a toilet. Source: Perry Entry by:
April 24, 1965	Search of Ken Kesey's La Honda Property
(Saturday)	Eighteen law officers searched Ken Kesey's property for marijuana, discovering a bizarre artistic and technological environment. Add'l Info: Armed with a warrant to search for marijuana, eighteen law officers descended on Ken Kesey's six-acre property in La Honda. They found loudspeakers in the woods, "Funk Art" collages, Day-Glo painted objects, and Ron Boise's sculptures. Kesey was arrested for marijuana possession after police claimed to catch him trying to flush it down a toilet. Source: Lee:acid-dreams Entry by:
May 1, 1965	Drop City Founded
(Saturday)	Artists Gene and Jo Ann Bernofsky and Clark Richert found "Drop City" in Colorado. Add'l Info: Located near Trinidad, Drop City became a famous "artists' community" known for its funky architecture and "drop art." It utilized Buckminster Fullerâ€™s geodesic dome designs and symbolized a new civilization for the counterculture [cite: 331-332]." Source: Doyle-IN Entry by:
May 8-10, 1965	Second international LSD conference
	The Second International Conference on the Use of LSD in Psychotherapy and Alcoholism Add'l Info: Held at South Oaks Hospital, Amityville, NY. Presenters included Harold A. Abramson, Arendsen Hein, Edward F.W. Baker, Antonio Balestrieri, Donald Blair, John Buckman, John Chiasson, Sidney Cohen, Charles Clay Dahlberg, Betty Grover Eisner, Ruth Fox, Daniel X. Freedman, Frank Fremont-Smith, Kenneth Godfrey, Stanislav Grof, William Hausman, Mogens Hertz, Abram Hoffer, Gordon H. Johnsen, James S. Ketchum, Sol Kramer, Leonard W. Krinsky, Albert A. Kurland, Hanscarl Leuner, Jerome Levine, John C. Lilly, Thomas M. Ling, Arnold M. Ludwig, Donald C. MacDonald, J. Ross MacLean, Pauline McCricick, William H. McGlothlin, A. Joyce Martin, Robert E. Mogar, Robert C. Murphy, Humphry Osmond, Walter Pahnke, Andre Rolo, Max Rinkel, Charles Savage, Emilio Servadio, Sanford Unger, Cornelius H. van Rhijn, Jack L. Ward, E.S. Weber, and Mary S. Wicks. Source: Proceedings were published as The Use of LSD in Psychotherapy and Alcoholism, edited by H.A. Abramson (1967). Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
May 1965	R.G. Davis presents his essay on Guerrilla Theatre
	Davis, director of the San Francisco Mime Troupe, presents his essay, with the title of "Guerrilla Theatre" suggested by Peter Berg, to the Troupe. The essay was a blueprint for radical theater groups working toward social change. Add'l Info: The essay was later published in the Tulane Drama Review, Vol. 10, No. 4, 1966. Source: See "The San Francisco Mime Troupe: The First Ten Years" by R. G. Davis, p. 70. He gives the date of this event as May, 1965. Entry by: e.p.n.
May 3, 1965	Drop City Purchase
(Monday)	Gene and Jo Ann Bernofsky and Clark Richert purchased land outside Trinidad, Colorado, to establish the iconic "drop art" commune, Drop City. Add'l Info: American communal history turned a major corner on May 3, 1965, when three persons purchased six acres of goat pasture outside Trinidad, Colorado, and proclaimed the establishment of Drop City. It brought together themes of anarchy, pacifism, sexual freedom, and integrated arts, creating a commune unlike any that had gone before. Source: Miller:comm-hip Entry by:
June 1, 1965	Gullahorn Computer Excerpt Published
(Tuesday)	John T. and J. E. Gullahorn published "Some Computer Applications in Social Science" in the American Sociological Review. Add'l Info: This academic work is cited by Roszak as part of the technocratic trend of using technical and mechanistic models to analyze and manipulate human social behavior. Source: Roszak-cc Entry by:
June 29, 1965	Opening of the Red Dog Saloon
(Tuesday)	A pioneer psychedelic nightclub opened in the semi-ghost town of Virginia City, Nevada, featuring the Charlatans. Add'l Info: The Red Dog Saloon opened on June 29, 1965, in Virginia City, Nevada. It featured the rock band the Charlatans, known for their Edwardian style, and a light box that pulsated with music. The scene combined rock and roll with an Old West motif, complete with authentic costumes and firearms, serving as a precursor to the Haight-Ashbury counterculture. Source: Perry Entry by:
June 29, 1965	Opening of the Red Dog Saloon
(Tuesday)	A pioneer psychedelic nightclub opened in the semi-ghost town of Virginia City, Nevada, featuring the Charlatans. Add'l Info: The Red Dog Saloon opened on June 29, 1965, in Virginia City, Nevada. It featured the rock band the Charlatans, known for their Edwardian style, and a light box that pulsated with music. The scene combined rock and roll with an Old West motif, complete with authentic costumes and firearms, serving as a precursor to the Haight-Ashbury counterculture. Source: Lee:acid-dreams Entry by:
June 29, 1965	Red Dog Saloon Opening
(Tuesday)	Red Dog Saloon opens in Virginia City, NV with The Charlatans. Add'l Info: After delays, the Red Dog Saloon opened June 29, 1965 in Virginia City, NV. The Charlatans played, pioneering psychedelic rock in Old West setting. Sheriff checked it out but approved. Source: Perry Entry by:
June 29, 1965	Red Dog Saloon Opening
(Tuesday)	The Red Dog Saloon opens in Virginia City with the Charlatans performing. Add'l Info: The Red Dog Saloon opened on June 29, 1965, in Virginia City, Nevada, conceived by a group of bohemian entrepreneurs and musicians connected to the San Francisco psychedelic scene. The Charlatans served as the house band. The club combined Old West aesthetics with emerging psychedelic culture, including LSD use and experimental light shows. It became an early incubator for the rock-dance and multimedia culture that later flourished in San Francisco. Source: Perry Entry by:
July 1, 1965	Troop Commitment Expansion
(Thursday)	President Johnson orders a major increase in regular combat troops to Vietnam. Add'l Info: In late July Johnson ordered the commitment of up to 175,000 troops in 1965, with an additional 100,000 in 1966. The president described this as "going off the diving board" into "a new war." This commitment marked the convergence of the dream of the Great Society and the demands of obligations abroad. Source: Farber:60s-from-memory Entry by:
July [or May?] 1965 [- July 1968]	SF Mime Troupe Moves to Loft
	San Francisco Mime Troupe moves to a downtown studio loft located at 924 Howard St. By Summer 1966, it was sharing an office next door to the practice area with SDS. Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: Doyle
July 4, 1965	Motherâ€™s Nightclub Opens
(Sunday)	Rock DJ Tom Donahue opens the nightclub Motherâ€™s in San Francisco. Add'l Info: On July 4, 1965, rock disc jockey Tom Donahue opened Motherâ€™s nightclub in San Francisco. The venue featured elaborate lighting, sculptural dÃ©cor, and live rock bands from Donahueâ€™s Autumn Records roster. Initially populated mainly by music-industry insiders, the club struggled to attract a wider audience until a later booking demonstrated that a new crowd of rock-oriented dancers existed in the city. Source: Perry Entry by:
July 4, 1965	Gay activists picket Fourth of July celebration in Philiadelphia
(Sunday)	At Independence Hall in Philadelphia, picketers begin staging the first Reminder Day to call public attention to the lack of civil rights for LGBT people. The gatherings will continue annually for five years. Add'l Info: Source: PBS timeline Entry by:
July 4, 1965	Mothers Nightclub Opens
(Sunday)	Big Daddy Tom Donahue opens Mothers nightclub in SF. Add'l Info: On July 4, 1965, Tom Donahue opened Mothers nightclub in SF with psychedelic decor, later booking Lovin' Spoonful on August 4, attracting rock fans. Source: Perry Entry by:
August 1, 1965	Mime Troupe Park Arrests
(Sunday)	Members of the San Francisco Mime Troupe were arrested after their performance permit was revoked for alleged obscenity. [cite: 261] Add'l Info: The arrests occurred after the San Francisco Recreation and Parks Commission revoked the troupe's permit to perform in public parks. This event galvanized the local artist community and led to the formation of the Artists Liberation Front. [cite: 261, 262] Source: AposOfFree Entry by:
August 1, 1965	Underground press spread takes off
(Sunday)	By midâ€‘1960s the underground press expands from a handful of titles into a visible national network, providing infrastructure for emerging movements. Add'l Info: Around 1965 only about five explicitly radical, youthâ€‘oriented tabloidsâ€”such as the "Los Angeles Free Press," "Berkeley Barb," "East Village Other," Detroitâ€™s "Fifth Estate," and San Franciscoâ€™s "Oracle"â€”were publishing, but as cheap photoâ€‘offset printing lowered barriers and activists fused politics with counterculture, dozens and then hundreds of underground papers appeared in cities, college towns, and even conservative regions; by the later 1960s this nationwide lattice of "streetâ€‘corner papers," headâ€‘shop staples, and campus tabloids gave the antiwar, Black, feminist, and gay liberation movements a shared communication system that could publicize local struggles, model tactics, and articulate a common oppositional sensibility. [ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws](https://ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws.com/web/direct-files/attachments/56184942/a86d5e43-e7bf-43e2-8609-1529c2ff758a/MCMILLAN_2011_Smoking-Typewriters_OCR.pdf) Source: Macmillan:STp Entry by:
August 4, 1965	Lovin' Spoonful at Mother's
(Wednesday)	The Lovin' Spoonful begins a popular run at Mother's nightclub. Add'l Info: On August 4, 1965, the New York folk-rock band the Lovinâ€™ Spoonful began a four-week engagement at Motherâ€™s nightclub. Their appearance drew a large audience of young adults who wanted to dance to rock music but were old enough to drink. The success of this engagement revealed the presence of a new audience in San Francisco that preferred rock-dance environments rather than traditional teen shows. Source: Perry Entry by:
August 4, 1965	Congress passes the Voting Rights Act
(Wednesday)	Beginning of the end of white domination of political offices in many parts of the South. Add'l Info: Final passage of the legislation took place in the House of Representatives on Aug. 3 and in the Senate on this date (8/4/65). President Johnson the Act on August 6, 1965. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Rosa Parks, John Lewis, and other Civil Rights Movement leaders were in attendance at the signing. Source: Entry by: e.p.n.
August 6, 1965	Voting Rights Act Signed
(Friday)	President Lyndon Johnson signed landmark legislation to protect the voting rights of African Americans. Add'l Info: The act suspended discriminatory literacy tests and authorized federal registrars to oversee elections in areas with a history of discrimination. It was a frankly regional measure targeting the Deep South and resulted in a massive surge in black voter registration, fundamentally altering the political landscape of the United States. Source: Patterson-grand Entry by:
August 6, 1965	Voting Rights Act of 1965
(Friday)	President Johnson signed the act into law, mandating federal intervention anywhere voter registration discrimination occurred . Add'l Info: The act easily passed Congress after the Selma protests swung public opinion solidly behind it. It forever changed the political landscape of the South by enabling large-scale African-American voter registration. Source: Farber:age-of-great-dreams Entry by:
August 7, 1965	Lafayette Park Arrest
(Saturday)	R.G. Davis is arrested during a San Francisco Mime Troupe performance in Lafayette Park. Add'l Info: The arrest occurred after the city revoked the troupe's permit, calling their play "obscene." Davis used the arrest as a theatrical "guerrilla" performance, merging avant-garde art with political activism [cite: 672-676]. Source: Doyle-IN Entry by:
August 7, 1965	Police Stop SF Mime Troupe Performance, Arrest R.G. Davis
(Saturday)	The Mime Troupe's performance of Peter Berg's adaptation of "Il Candelaio" by Giordano Bruno is stopped in mid-performance by San Francisco police on orders of the Recreation and Park Department. The Mime Troupe's permit had been revoked on grounds of obscenity. After the police arrest Director R.G. Davis, subsequent organizing efforts thrust the Troupe onto the stage of the Bay Area arts community. Add'l Info: The San Francisco Mime Troupe showed up at Lafayette Park to perform "Il Candelaio," by far the most controversial of their previous productions. After the third performance, the S.F. Recreation and Park Commission had revoked the Troupe's permit on the grounds of obscenity. The Troupe ignored the order, and, as they staged the scheduled performance on this date, the police showed up and stopped the show, arresting Director Davis and two performers. A lengthy court battle ensued; to raise money for the defense fund, the sharp business manager of the Mime Troupe (Bill Graham) staged a benefit at the Troupe's warehouse studio in the South of Market district. Source: Entry by: e.p.n.
August 7, 1965	Hells Angels Prankster Party
(Saturday)	Ken Kesey hosts the Hells Angels at a party at his La Honda property. Add'l Info: On August 7, 1965, Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters hosted a large gathering at Kesey's La Honda property welcoming the Hells Angels motorcycle club. The party brought together psychedelic experimenters and outlaw bikers. LSD was distributed and many Angels tried the drug for the first time. The event symbolized a temporary cultural alliance between countercultural intellectuals and outlaw groups. Source: Perry Entry by:
August 7, 1965	Merry Pranksters Party With Hell's Angels
(Saturday)	Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters throws a huge party at their La Honda cabin and invite the San Francisco chapter of the Hell's Angels. Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: Doyle
August 11-16, 1965	Watts Riot
	Five nights of rioting in the Watts section of Los Angeles triggered by a police driving arrest. Dozens of deaths, thousands of arrests, millions in property damage. Televised to a national audience, the rioting was a wake-up call and a shock to White America. Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: e.p.n.
August 11, 1965	Watts Riot
(Wednesday)	A massive six-day uprising in Los Angeles sparked by a police stop, exposing deep-seated racial tensions in Northern and Western cities. Add'l Info: What began as a protest against police brutality escalated into a widespread revolt involving looting and arson. Thirty-four people were killed and over $40 million in property was destroyed. The riot signaled that the civil rights movement's focus on legal reform in the South was insufficient to address the economic and social grievances of black Americans in urban ghettos. Source: Anderson:move Entry by:
August 11, 1965	Beginning of the Watts Riots
(Wednesday)	A major race riot broke out in the Watts district of Los Angeles, triggered by a drunk driving arrest. Add'l Info: On August 11, 1965, a riot broke out in Watts, the black ghetto of Los Angeles. Widespread arson and looting lasted for over a week and inspired similar race riots in other cities. The event contributed to the tense national atmosphere of the mid-sixties. Source: Perry Entry by:
August 11, 1965	Watts Riot Begins
(Wednesday)	A riot erupts in the Watts district of Los Angeles. Add'l Info: On August 11, 1965, riots broke out in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles following a confrontation involving a drunk-driving arrest. The unrest spread quickly, leading to widespread looting, arson, and clashes with police that lasted more than a week. The uprising shocked the nation and formed part of the volatile social backdrop against which the Haight-Ashbury counterculture developed. Source: Perry Entry by:
August 11, 1965	Beginning of the Watts Riots
(Wednesday)	A major race riot broke out in the Watts district of Los Angeles, triggered by a drunk driving arrest. Add'l Info: On August 11, 1965, a riot broke out in Watts, the black ghetto of Los Angeles. Widespread arson and looting lasted for over a week and inspired similar race riots in other cities. The event contributed to the tense national atmosphere of the mid-sixties. Source: Lee:acid-dreams Entry by:
August 11, 1965	Watts Riot
(Wednesday)	The black ghetto of Los Angeles exploded in six days of violence, looting, and arson . Add'l Info: Triggered by a police incident involving a black motorist, the riot resulted in 34 deaths, 4,000 arrests, and over $45 million in damage. It marked the first major 1960s riot and signaled a shift from integrationist goals to the frustrations of urban poverty. Source: Farber:age-of-great-dreams Entry by:
August 13, 1965	Berkeley Barb Founded
(Friday)	The Berkeley Barb newspaper publishes its first issue. Add'l Info: On August 13, 1965, the Berkeley Barb began publication as a radical newspaper serving the Berkeley student and activist community. The paper covered antiwar activism, civil rights struggles, and countercultural developments. It quickly became a significant voice in the emerging underground press movement. Source: Perry Entry by:
August 13, 1965	First issue of the Berkeley Barb
(Friday)	The Berkeley Barb publishes its premier issue (vol.1, no. 1). Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: Doyle
August 21, 1965	Barry Bassin FBI Meeting
(Saturday)	Barry Bassin was met by the FBI for refusing induction into the military as a conscientious objector. [cite: 2143] Add'l Info: Barry Bassin, who later managed Irving Rosenthal's New York print shop, was a young anarchist and anti-war protester. He served a prison sentence for non-cooperation with the Selective Service system. [cite: 124, 2139, 2143] Source: AposOfFree Entry by:
August 30, 1965	Charlatans SF Debut
(Monday)	The Charlatans make their San Francisco debut performance. Add'l Info: On August 30, 1965, the Charlatans performed their first show in San Francisco after their summer residency at the Red Dog Saloon. The performance occurred at a film screening event organized by members of the satirical theater group the Committee. The band had refined its sound and stage presentation during the Red Dog summer and now introduced their psychedelic-Western style to the city. Source: Perry Entry by:
September 1, 1965	Hollingshead Returns to London
(Wednesday)	Michael Hollingshead returns to London with 5,000 doses of LSD procured from Czech government laboratories. [cite: 5] Add'l Info: In September 1965, Michael Hollingshead returned to his native London from America. He was armed with hundreds of copies of the updated Book of the Dead and 5,000 doses of LSD. He had successfully procured this supply from Czech government laboratories in Prague. [cite: 5] Source: Lee:acid-dreams Entry by:
September 6, 1965	Examiner Haight Story
(Monday)	San Francisco Examiner runs a feature on the Haight-Ashbury scene. Add'l Info: On September 6, 1965, the San Francisco Examiner published an article titled "A New Haven for Beatniks," drawing attention to the growing bohemian population in the Haight-Ashbury district. The piece described the Blue Unicorn coffeehouse and the neighborhoodâ€™s inexpensive Victorian houses, helping bring the district into broader public awareness. Source: Perry Entry by:
September 13, 1965	America Needs Indians Show
(Monday)	Multimedia show â€œAmerica Needs Indiansâ€ begins at the Committee Theater. Add'l Info: On September 13, 1965, the Committee Theater hosted the opening of the multimedia production "America Needs Indians," created by Stewart Brand and collaborators. The show combined slides, film projections, music, and dancers to evoke Native American imagery and critique modern American culture. It reflected the growing interest in multimedia experimentation and sensory overload aesthetics. Source: Perry Entry by:
September 21, 1965	Blue Unicorn Closure Order
(Tuesday)	Health inspectors order the Blue Unicorn coffeehouse closed. Add'l Info: On September 21, 1965, San Francisco health inspectors cited the Blue Unicorn coffeehouse for sanitary violations and ordered it closed unless changes were made. The order required new dishwashing procedures, structural changes, and removal of non-food items such as books and records. The action sparked press coverage and sympathy for the coffeehouse as a countercultural community hub. Source: Perry Entry by:
September 24, 1965	Executive order enforcing affirmative action for federal contractors
(Friday)	Asserting that civil rights laws alone are not enough to remedy discrimination, President Johnson issues Executive Order 11246, which enforces affirmative action for the first time. It requires government contractors to "take affirmative action" toward prospective minority employees in all aspects of hiring and employment. Add'l Info: Source: infoplease.com Entry by:
October 1, 1965	Open Theater Moves In
(Friday)	The Open Theater collective takes over storefront space in Berkeley. Add'l Info: On October 1, 1965, the experimental Open Theater group opened a new performance space in Berkeley by taking over two storefronts beneath a Victorian building. Led by Ben and Rain Jacopetti, the theater explored multimedia performance, nude projection experiments, and ritualistic happenings that blended avant-garde art and performance. Source: Perry Entry by:
October 1, 1965	The East Village Other (EVO) Founding
(Friday)	Walter Bowart and others found EVO, bringing a psychedelic and avant-garde aesthetic to the underground press. Add'l Info: Launched in October 1965, the East Village Other (EVO) was New York's primary underground paper. Unlike the more politically focused Free Press or Barb, EVO emphasized graphics, psychedelic art, and the drug culture. It was instrumental in the development of underground comix. Source: Macmillan:ST Entry by:
October 15, 1965	Vietnam Day Rally at Berkeley
(Friday)	Ken Kesey was invited to speak but instead played the harmonica and urged the audience to turn away from confrontation. Add'l Info: Kesey rejected the politics of struggle, offering instead the experience of togetherness and a leveled, playful community. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
October 15, 1965	International Days of Protest
(Friday)	Nearly 100,000 people participated in anti-Vietnam War demonstrations in 80 cities, signaling the growth of the antiwar movement. Add'l Info: Protests included teach-ins, vigils, and marches across the country. In New York, David Miller became the first citizen to publicly burn his draft card under a new federal law. In Berkeley, 10,000 people attempted a "peace invasion" of the Oakland Army Base, highlighting the emerging divide between the government's policy and the growing resistance of the youth. Source: Anderson:move Entry by:
October 15, 1965	Vietnam Day Protest
(Friday)	Large antiwar protest organized by the Vietnam Day Committee. Add'l Info: On October 15, 1965, a major anti-Vietnam War protest organized by the Vietnam Day Committee drew approximately 14,000 participants to Berkeley. The event included speeches, music, and plans for a march to the Oakland induction center. Ken Kesey appeared and delivered an unconventional speech just before the planned march. Source: Perry Entry by:
October 15, 1965	Vietnam Day Committee Antiwar Protest
(Friday)	A coordinated VDC protest drew 14,000 people for a march on the Oakland army induction center. Add'l Info: The Vietnam Day Committee organized a massive antiwar event in Berkeley. On October 15, 14,000 marchers were stopped at the Oakland city line by 400 police. Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters participated, though Kesey's soft-spoken, harmonica-punctuated speech confused the militant organizers. The marchers retreated to a park where they were teargassed by an unknown party. Source: Perry Entry by:
October 15, 1965	Vietnam Day Committee Antiwar Protest
(Friday)	A coordinated VDC protest drew 14,000 people for a march on the Oakland army induction center. Add'l Info: The Vietnam Day Committee organized a massive antiwar event in Berkeley. On October 15, 14,000 marchers were stopped at the Oakland city line by 400 police. Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters participated, though Kesey's soft-spoken, harmonica-punctuated speech confused the militant organizers. The marchers retreated to a park where they were teargassed by an unknown party. Source: Lee:acid-dreams Entry by:
October 16, 1965	"A Tribute to Dr. Strange" Dance
(Saturday)	The Family Dog organized its first major public rock and roll dance, signaling a new era of costume and light shows. Add'l Info: Held at Longshoremen's Hall, this event featured the Charlatans, Jefferson Airplane, and the Great Society. Billed as "A Tribute to Dr. Strange," it drew hundreds of people in diverse costumes and featured a light show by Bill Ham. It was notable for its lack of violence and the shared enthusiasm of the early psychedelic community. Source: Lee:acid-dreams Entry by:
October 16, 1965	"A Tribute to Dr. Strange" Dance
(Saturday)	The Family Dog organized its first major public rock and roll dance, signaling a new era of costume and light shows. Add'l Info: Held at Longshoremen's Hall, this event featured the Charlatans, Jefferson Airplane, and the Great Society. Billed as "A Tribute to Dr. Strange," it drew hundreds of people in diverse costumes and featured a light show by Bill Ham. It was notable for its lack of violence and the shared enthusiasm of the early psychedelic community. Source: Perry Entry by:
October 16, 1965	First Rock Dance Concert
(Saturday)	Produced by the Family Dog at the Longshoreman's Hall. Add'l Info: The first rock dance concert ever held took place under the sponsorship of the Family Dog at the octagonal meeting hall of the International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union near Fishermen's Wharf. It was billed as "A Tribute to Dr. Strange," and featured the Jefferson Airplane, the Charlatans, the Great Society, and ?the Marbles [who later metamorphized into the Loading Zone]. A light show was operated by Bill Ham. Source: (Charles Perry, The Haight Ashbury: A History (New York: Random House/Rolling Stone Books, 1984), 28-30.) Entry by: Doyle
October 16, 1965	Anti-war march in Berkeley, California
(Saturday)	The Berkeley-based Vietnam Day Committee held is march on the Oakland Army Terminal. Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: Doyle
October 16, 1965	Second Oakland March Blocked
(Saturday)	Hells Angels help block antiwar march into Oakland. Add'l Info: On October 16, 1965, demonstrators attempted again to march into Oakland from Berkeley following the previous dayâ€™s protest. The Hellâ€™s Angels, led by Sonny Barger, formed a line opposing the demonstrators, effectively blocking the march alongside police forces. The confrontation created confusion in public narratives about radicals and outlaws. Source: Perry Entry by:
October 24, 1965	Family Dog concert
(Sunday)	The second Family Dog rock dance concert was held at ?the Longshoremen's Hall. It was called "A Tribute to Sparkle Plenty." Add'l Info: Source: (Charles Perry, The Haight Ashbury: A History (New York: Random House/Rolling Stone Books, 1984), 40-41.) Entry by: Doyle
October 24, 1965	Sparkle Plenty Dance
(Sunday)	Family Dog hosts second Longshoremenâ€™s Hall dance. Add'l Info: On October 24, 1965, the Family Dog collective staged another rock dance at Longshoremenâ€™s Hall titled "A Tribute to Sparkle Plenty." Bands including the Charlatans performed while costumed participants danced in a festive environment with light shows. The event reinforced the emerging psychedelic dance culture in San Francisco. Source: Perry Entry by:
November 1, 1965	Ron Davis Convicted
(Monday)	R.G. Davis found guilty by city court judge of performing without a permit in Lafayette Park as charged on 7 August 1965. Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: Doyle
November 1, 1965	Mime Troupe Appeal Party
(Monday)	A benefit party for the San Francisco Mime Troupe featured the first 'public' performance by the Warlocks (The Grateful Dead). Add'l Info: The Appeal Party was held to raise funds for the Mime Troupe's legal defense after Bill Davis was arrested for performing without a permit. It was a seminal event for the emerging San Francisco counterculture, bringing together the radical theater community and the psychedelic rock scene. Source: Doyle:HAD Entry by:
November 1, 1965	Mime Troupe Conviction
(Monday)	Director R. G. Davis convicted of performing without permit. Add'l Info: On November 1, 1965, San Francisco Mime Troupe director R. G. Davis was found guilty of performing in public parks without a permit after authorities alleged obscenity in the troupeâ€™s productions. The conviction intensified debates about censorship and artistic freedom within the cityâ€™s avant-garde theater scene. Source: Perry Entry by:
November 6, 1965	Appeal I
(Saturday)	The San Francisco Mime Troupe puts on an "Appeal" [subsequently referred to as "Appeal I"] at their studio loft located downtown at 924 Howard St. as a way to raise funds to fight director R.G. Davis's conviction for performing without a permit in Lafayette Park on 7 August 1965. Add'l Info: Event is organized by SFMT business manager Bill Graham. It is fabulously successful and establishes a kind of precedent for the mixed media and performance genre of the San Francisco acid rock dance concert scene. It also gives Bill Graham the idea that this new type of entertainment might be commercially viable. Source: (Charles Perry, The Haight Ashbury: A History (New York: Random House/Rolling Stone Books, 1984), 33.) Entry by: Doyle
November 6, 1965	Mime Troupe Appeal Benefit
(Saturday)	Benefit event held to support the Mime Troupe. Add'l Info: On November 6, 1965, supporters organized a benefit event called the "Appeal" at the Mime Troupeâ€™s loft to raise funds following Davisâ€™s conviction. Performers included Jefferson Airplane, Allen Ginsberg, and others from the counterculture. The event demonstrated the growing network of artists, musicians, and activists in the Bay Area. Source: Perry Entry by:
November 6, 1965	Family Dog dance concert
(Saturday)	The third Family Dog rock dance concert was held at the Longshoremen's Hall. It was called "A Tribute to Ming the Merciless." The Mothers [who later added "of Invention" to their name] played it. Add'l Info: Source: (Charles Perry, The Haight Ashbury: A History (New York: Random House/Rolling Stone Books, 1984), 40-41.) Entry by: Doyle
November 17, 1965	CBS News Report on Marines
(Wednesday)	Morley Safer reports from the Paul Revere, capturing the anticipation of combat south of Danang. Add'l Info: Typical of early television coverage, Morley Safer reported on 17 November 1965 from the attack troop ship Paul Revere. His film captured the anticipation of combat as it carried marines to beaches to begin a search-and-destroy mission, but it showed none of the actual fighting. Source: Farber:60s-from-memory Entry by:
November 27, 1965	The First Acid Test
(Saturday)	The Merry Pranksters held the first publicly advertised LSD party at Ken Babbs's place near Santa Cruz. Add'l Info: The first Acid Test was advertised at a bookstore in Santa Cruz with the slogan "Can You Pass the Acid Test?". The event combined colored light projections, the "Bus Movie," and experimental sound effects. It marked the transition of LSD parties from private gatherings to public, advertised events, challenging legal and social norms regarding drug use. Source: Lee:acid-dreams Entry by:
November 27, 1965	Carl Oglesby's 'Let Us Shape the Future' Speech
(Saturday)	Oglesby delivers a landmark radical speech at a SANE-sponsored anti-war march. Add'l Info: At a march in Washington on November 27, 1965, SDS President Carl Oglesby delivered a speech that became a classic of New Left literature. He challenged American 'corporate liberalism' and called for a 'humanist reformation' of the social and economic structure. The speech drew a standing ovation and was widely reprinted, further radicalizing the student movement. [cite: 20] Source: Sale:SDS Entry by:
November 27, 1965	The First Acid Test
(Saturday)	The Merry Pranksters held the first publicly advertised LSD party at Ken Babbs's place near Santa Cruz. Add'l Info: The first Acid Test was advertised at a bookstore in Santa Cruz with the slogan "Can You Pass the Acid Test?". The event combined colored light projections, the "Bus Movie," and experimental sound effects. It marked the transition of LSD parties from private gatherings to public, advertised events, challenging legal and social norms regarding drug use. Source: Perry Entry by:
November 27, 1965	First Acid Test
(Saturday)	The first Acid Test was staged by the Merry Pranksters at Ken Babbs' book store in Santa Cruz. It featured a light show and projections of some of the forty hours of film shot on the 1964 bus excursion [and referred to simply as "The Movie"]. (Augustus Owlsley Stanley III had been introduced to Ken Kesey in September 1965.) Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: Doyle
December 4, 1965	Second Acid Test
(Saturday)	The second Acid Test was held at "Big Nig's" house in San Jose. It featured the Warlocks band (future Grateful Dead), a light show, and was attended by some 400 people. Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: Doyle
December 10, 1965	Bill Graham Leaves Troupe
(Friday)	Bill Graham resigned as business manager of the Mime Troupe to become a full-time rock promoter, creating a rift with the radical artists. Add'l Info: Graham's departure marked a split between the 'business' side of the counterculture (the commercial rock scene) and the radical, anti-capitalist wing represented by the Mime Troupe and the soon-to-be Diggers. Graham went on to run the Fillmore Auditorium, while the radicals moved toward the street. Source: Doyle:HAD Entry by:
December 10, 1965	Appeal II
(Friday)	Bill Graham and the San Francisco Mime Troupe stage the "Appeal II" rock dance concert and light show at the Fillmore Auditorium, the first ever to be held there. Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: Doyle
December 11, 1965	Third Acid Test
(Saturday)	The third Acid Test was held at the Big Beat night club in Palo Alto. It featured the Warlocks band (future Grateful Dead), a light show, and Stewart Brand's "America Needs Indians" slide show. Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: Doyle
December 17, 1965	Fourth Acid Test
(Friday)	The fourth Acid Test took place at Muir Beach Lodge near Mt. Tamalpais (after being advertized for Stinson Beach). This was the largest one to date in terms of attendence. Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: Doyle
December 31, 1965	New Year's Wail
(Friday)	Hells Angels New Year's party with Grateful Dead in SF park. Add'l Info: New Year's Eve 1965, Hells Angels hosted 'Wail' in SF park with Grateful Dead, Orkustra, John Handy; free beer, PA; bridged dopers and bikers. Source: Perry Entry by:
December 31, 1965	Grape Strike Victory
(Friday)	An arbitrator ruled that the longshoremen could not be forced to load grapes onto a freighter bound for Scandinavia, even though the picket lines are illegal, for reasons of safety. Add'l Info: The strike has been organized by the AFL-CIO's Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee and the Independent National Farm Workers' Association. The Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee is supporting the picket. Source: 1/1/66 Chron, p. 3 Entry by: e.p.n.
December 31, 1965	East-West Shrine Game
(Friday)	East-West Shrine Game at Kezar Stadium. Add'l Info: Front page of 1/1/66 Chron shows a drummer who strangely looks like a long-haired, bearded hippie. The West "unexpectedly" won. Chief Justice Earl Warren and Mayor John F. Shelley both attended. Source: 1/1/66 Chron, p. 1 Entry by: e.p.n.
January 1, 1966	Shrine Installation
(Saturday)	Year. USCO built an installation at New York's Riverside Museum which they called a "be-in.", Add'l Info: The installation featured a hexagonal structure with paintings of Shiva and Buddha, flashing lights, and incense. It was featured in a Life magazine cover story in September 1966. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1966	Trips Festival
(Saturday)	Year. A major countercultural event in San Francisco that Stewart Brand and RamÃ³n Sender BarayÃ³n helped create. Add'l Info: The festival was a landmark of the 1960s counterculture, using technology and LSD to foster a sense of psychic union and community among participants. The energy of this event was later cited as a precursor to the 'disembodied tribe' feel of the WELL. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1966	Development of the On-Line System (NLS)
(Saturday)	Year. Between 1966 and 1968, the ARC group developed a collaborative office computing environment known as NLS. Add'l Info: The NLS featured the mouse, QWERTY keyboard, and CRT terminal. It allowed users to work on documents simultaneously from multiple sites and utilized hyperlinks, offering a vision of computers as tools for collaboration and text processing. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1966	NOW founded
(Saturday)	The National Organization for Women was founded out of networks from commissions on the status of women to lobby for equality. Add'l Info: Founded in 1966, NOW initially sought to build an effective lobbying network for women's rights. It used grassroots pressure, picketing campaigns against segregated want ads, and direct action to challenge public symbols of discrimination. Source: Gosse:world Entry by:
January 1, 1966	Lordstown GM plant built
(Saturday)	General Motors built its assembly plant in Lordstown, Ohio, intended as a showcase for technological innovation and the new Vega model. Add'l Info: The plant's 1966 construction in the Mahoning Valley was touting a new era of automated production. However, it soon became a site of intense labor conflict between a 'new breed' of young workers and aggressive management regimes. Source: Gosse:world Entry by:
January 1, 1966	Murray the K's World Designs
(Saturday)	Year. USCO supplied multimedia designs for a large discotheque created in an abandoned airplane hangar. Add'l Info: The project was featured on the cover of Life magazine, representing USCO's influence on the cutting edge of countercultural art. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1966	Black Patches Shows
(Saturday)	The Black Patches talent shows were organized using military personnel to provide entertainment in high-security areas. Add'l Info: These shows were the precursor to the Command Military Touring Shows (CMTS). They were created because the USO was restricted from certain areas due to security concerns. Source: Kramer:rock-vietnam Entry by:
January 1, 1966	Angry Arts Week
(Saturday)	A week of protest art and street theater was organized by artists on the Lower East Side. Add'l Info: Angry Arts Week was a 1966 event consisting of street theater and demonstrations organized by Lower East Side artists. The group known as the "Motherfuckers" grew out of the organizing efforts for this week. Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
January 1, 1966	Call for "Rock and Revolution"
(Saturday)	The San Francisco Oracle published a call for a fusion of rock music and political revolution . Add'l Info: In 1966, the underground newspaper the San Francisco Oracle published an influential article calling for the merging of rock music and revolution. This ideology helped shape the counterculture's belief that rock was a primary vehicle for social and political change. Source: Kramer:rock-intro Entry by:
January 1, 1966	St. Patrick's Cathedral disruption
(Saturday)	Activists disrupted a mass at St. Patrick's Cathedral to protest Cardinal Spellman's support for the war. Add'l Info: In 1966, twenty-three activists smuggled posters of napalmed children into St. Patrick's Cathedral to protest the war. The participants were quickly arrested by plainclothes officers. Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
January 1, 1966	Psychedelic Shop Opens
(Saturday)	Ron and Jay Thelin open the Psychedelic Shop in San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury. Add'l Info: The shop sold books, incense, and posters, becoming one of the first "head shops" and a critical nexus for the acid-driven culture of the district[cite: 297]. Source: Doyle-IN Entry by:
January 1, 1966	Trips Festival
(Saturday)	Year. A multimedia event and festival that Stewart Brand participated in prior to his work on the Whole Earth Catalog . Add'l Info: After the Trips Festival, Brand continued to show 'America Needs Indians' and develop other slide shows and multimedia events. He moved from project to project, trying to create holistic media environments of the kind favored by USCO and the Merry Pranksters. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 2, 1966	Article by Kenneth Rexroth
(Sunday)	One of a series of articles by Rexroth explaining what is happening in society to bring culture into focus as a topic of importance. Add'l Info: Among the quotes from the article: "It is, of course, true that the arts are subversive, not of capitalism or the Constitution, but of what used to be called the American Way of Life, the pursuit of the dollar, regardless. [. . .] Now there are so many dollars flying around we don't know what to do with them: they pursue us. Yet still we don't know what to do with them. Most social and political action is still motivated by assumptions inherited from a bygone society. Since World War II we have been going through a revolution as profound as any in history, but since it has not involved barricades and guillotines, at least here at home, most people are still hardly aware of it. [. . .] We have moved into a new historic epoch. Changes in our ways of living and working have taken place that demand a wholesale revision of the aims of society. What do we want out of life? What can we expect to get if we manage our affairs properly? What is life for?" Source: SF Examiner (Sunday), p. 4, Section II Entry by: e.p.n.
January 2, 1966	Article by Ralph Gleason
(Sunday)	Chronicle pop music critic Ralph Gleason's retrospective on 1965. Add'l Info: Among his observations: "This was the year that San Francisco began to look like the Liverpool of the U.S., with hit discs coming from We Five, the Beau Brummels and the Vejtables. [. . .] It was the year that Bob Dylan emerged as the dominant figure in American popular song with dozens of imitators, a pervasive influence on group style and performancee and on song writing. [. . .] It was the year that popular music, the Top 40, the Hit Parade and the juke box sweepstakes began to include songs of a remarkable aesthetic content. The year of "Turn! Turn! Turn!" (from Ecclesiastes) of "Sounds of Silence" of "Do You Believe in Magic" of "Eve of Destruction" and numerous other great hits, including the Dylan songs. [. . .] It was the year of rock; the year that the modern teenage music finally took over and proved its value, including the growing importance of the Beatles as song writers and performers, in addition to their role as teen-age culture heroes." Source: 1/2/66, This World, p.29 Entry by: e.p.n.
January 8, 1966	Fifth Acid Test
(Saturday)	The fifth Acid Test was held at the Fillmore Auditorium. (Another one -- the sixth? -- took place sometime this month in Portland, OR.) Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: Doyle
Ca. 13-18 January 1966	Kesey Sentenced
	Ken Kesey is sentenced for his conviction in the April 1965 arrest case for possession of marijuana, receiving a six-month jail sentence and three years of probation. Add'l Info: Source: (Ralph J. Gleason, The Jefferson Airplane and the San Francisco Sound (New York: Ballantine Books, 1969), 23.) Entry by: Doyle
January 14, 1966	Appeal III
(Friday)	Bill Graham and the San Francisco Mime Troupe stage the "Appeal III" rock dance concert and light show at the Fillmore Auditorium. Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: Doyle
January 19, 1966	Ken Kesey Busted
(Wednesday)	Ken Kesey is arrested in San Francisco a second time for the possession of marijuana. He subsequently jumps bail and flees to Mexico, trying to mislead law enforcement authorities with a faked suicide note. Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: Doyle
21-23 January 1966	Acid Test and Trips Festival
	The seventh (?) Acid Test was held at the Trips Festival (Friday through Sunday) which took place in the Longshoremen's Hall, San Francisco. Add'l Info: The Festival was a joint effort of Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters, Stewart Brand (who showed his "America Needs Indians" slide show during it), and Bill Graham (who handled the business arrangements). Augustus Owsley Stanley III was a financial sponsor of the event: He purchased amplifiers and other electronic equipment for the Grateful Dead to use in playing there (and thereafter) and also donated LSD which he had manufactured for free ditribution at the event. Source: (Charles Perry, The Haight Ashbury: A History (New York: Random House/Rolling Stone Books, 1984), 44-45. Lou Gottlieb, a former member of the folk group, The Limelighters, and future founder of the Sonoma County commune, Morningstar Ranch, in his regular folk music column for the San Francisco Chronicle (Tue. 18 January 1966), promoted the upcoming Trips Festival as being "of major significance in the history of religion.") Entry by: Doyle
January 21, 1966	The Trips Festival
(Friday)	A three-day multimedia LSD festival held at Longshoremen's Hall in San Francisco. Add'l Info: Organized by Stewart Brand, RamÃ³n Sender BarayÃ³n, and Bill Graham, it brought together the psychedelic scene and multimedia art troupes, marking the start of the Haight-Ashbury era. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 21, 1966	Opening of the Trips Festival
(Friday)	A massive three-day multimedia circus at Longshoremen's Hall brought together the Acid Test and the local art scene. Add'l Info: The Trips Festival was a landmark three-day event coordinated by Stewart Brand and Bill Graham. It gathered the Merry Pranksters, the Open Theater, the Tape Music Center, and rock bands like the Grateful Dead and Big Brother and the Holding Company. It was a commercial and cultural success, drawing over 6,000 attendees. Source: Perry Entry by:
January 21, 1966	Opening of the Trips Festival
(Friday)	A massive three-day multimedia circus at Longshoremen's Hall brought together the Acid Test and the local art scene. Add'l Info: The Trips Festival was a landmark three-day event coordinated by Stewart Brand and Bill Graham. It gathered the Merry Pranksters, the Open Theater, the Tape Music Center, and rock bands like the Grateful Dead and Big Brother and the Holding Company. It was a commercial and cultural success, drawing over 6,000 attendees. Source: Lee:acid-dreams Entry by:
January 29, 1966	Acid Test
(Saturday)	The eighth (?) Acid Test was held at the Sound City Studios in San Francisco. Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: Doyle
February 1966	Bill Graham changes careers
	Bill Graham resigns as business manager of the San Francisco Mime Troupe in order to devote himself full-time to the business of acid rock concert promotion, initially at the Fillmore Auditorium. Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: Doyle
February 6, 1966	Acid Test
(Sunday)	The ninth (?) Acid Test was held in Los Angeles (and called the "Sunset [Blvd.] Acid Test"?). It featured the Grateful Dead. Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: Doyle
February 12, 1966	Acid Test
(Saturday)	The tenth (?) Acid Test was held at the Youth Opportunities Center in Compton, CA., which is on the fringes of Los Angeles' Watts ghetto. Some 200 people attended. Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: Doyle
February 28, 1966	Panhandle Freeway Vote Delayed
(Monday)	The San Francisco Board of Supervisors delay voting on the Panhandle and Golden Gate freeways due to Supervisor William Blake's absence. Blake, called the "father of San Francisco's freeway revolt" was out of town. Add'l Info: Mayor Shelley asked the Federal government to hold the freeway funds three more weeks. The Human Rights Commission made a stand against the Panhandle freeway at last week's Finance Committee hearings on the project. In Chron, 3/2/66 (p. 4) an article mentions that Leo McCarthy sent out a letter opposing the Panhandle Freeway, but it inadevertently was signed by Supervisor Ertola, who favors the freeway. The same article mentions Margaret Johnston, the chair of the Freeway Committee of the Haight Ashbury Improvement Association. In Chron 3/3/66 (p. 1), an article mentions that the deadline for the freeway was extended. Also that the Human Rights Commission denounced a Hal Dunleavy report in favor of the freeway. Groups that are opposed include Civil Rights, Haight Ashbury Neighborhood Council, Haight and Fillmore merchants. In Chron 3/6/66 (World, p. 5), an article has background to the "Great Freeway Controversy." Arthur Bierman and Robert Barone (president of Haight Ashbury Neighborhood Council) are mentioned. They confronted Mayor Shelley at a meeting last Sunday. The proposal for the freeways was introduced in a city master plan from December, 1949. Source: Chron, 3/1/66, p. 1; Chron, 3/1/66, p. 6; Chron, 3/2/66, p. 4; Chron, 3/3/66, p. 1; Chron, 3/6/66, World, p. 5.(Mentions a demonstration last Sunday at Towne House on Market Street where Mayor Shelley was meeting. Arthur Bierman and Robert Barone (pres., H-A District Neighborhood Council) spoke w/ Shelley. Mentions "The Great Freeway Controversy" has a long history. Began Dec. 1949 with publication of a master plan for several freeways in Golden Gate Park.) Entry by: e.p.n.
March 1, 1966	Kesey Sighting
(Tuesday)	Herb Caen reported that Ken Kesey is in Mexico, but "he'll be back." Add'l Info: Source: Chron 3/1/66, p. 21 Entry by: e.p.n.
March 1, 1966	Morning Star Ranch Easter Visit
(Tuesday)	Ramon Sender and Gina Stillman visited Lou Gottlieb's land for Easter, marking the beginning of the Morning Star Ranch commune. Add'l Info: In March 1966, Gottlieb and some friends visited the land, and the following month RamÃ³n Sender and Gina Stillman asked to spend their Easter vacation there. Gottlieb agreed, and with that, the land at Morning Star was opened. Sender became the land's first permanent resident. Source: Miller:comm-hip Entry by:
March 1, 1966	Brand's LSD Trip/Idea for Whole Earth Photo
(Tuesday)	A visionary experience where Stewart Brand, while on LSD, realized the earth's curvature and the need for a photograph of the whole earth . Add'l Info: Probably in March 1966, while on LSD on a roof in San Francisco, Brand looked at the buildings and thought of Buckminster Fuller's notion that people view resources as unlimited because they think the earth is flat. He realized that from 300 feet up, he could see the earth was curved and hypothesized that the higher one goes, the more one can see the earth as round. He began scheming how to make a photograph of the whole earth happen, believing it would change everything. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
March 2, 1966	War Tax Protest
(Wednesday)	Joan Baez launches a war-tax refusal campaign. Add'l Info: Source: Chron, 3/3/66, p. 12 Entry by: e.p.n.
March 3, 1966	Mission Rebels Protest
(Thursday)	The Mission Rebels try to stop the illegal sale of glue to minors. Rev. Jesse James is the director. They work with the Poverty Program. Add'l Info: Source: Chron, 3/4/66, p. 3 Entry by: e.p.n.
March 4, 1966	Hallinan Denies Charge of Being a Communist Front
(Friday)	Terence Hallinan, exec. secy. of the W.E. DuBois Clubs, denies a Justice Department charge that the Clubs are a Communist front. Add'l Info: The National Headquarters office is at 954 McAllister. Hallinan claims the feds are using the charge to stifle the group's criticism of the Vietnam war. Source: Chron, 3/5/66, p. 1 Entry by: e.p.n.
March 5, 1966	Tape Center To Move
(Saturday)	The Tape Center will move to Mills College by this summer. Add'l Info: Source: Chron, 3/5/66, p. 31 Entry by: e.p.n.
March 6, 1966	Arts report released
(Sunday)	California Arts Commission releases a report on "The Arts In California." The study began in 1963. Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: e.p.n.
March 6, 1966	Block party in San Francisco
(Sunday)	A large rock & roll block party celebrated the neighborhood's victory in stopping an apartment complex on Twin Peaks. Add'l Info: Willie Brown attended the celebration that drew 200 people to Steward Street. Photo of Robin Goodfellow in a Pied Piper costume. Source: Chron, 3/7/66, p. 3 Entry by: e.p.n.
March 6, 1966	W.E.B. DuBois Club Bombed
(Sunday)	The bombing took place one day after the Chron reported the charge by the Justice Department that the group is a Communist front. Add'l Info: Just days earlier, an article in the Chronicle quoted Terence Hallinan, the executive secretary of the W.E.B. DuBois Clubs, who denied a Justice Department charge that the Club is a Communist front. Their office at 954 McAllister is the national headquarters. Hallinan claimed the feds are levelling the charge to stifle their criticism of the Vietnam war. In a Chron article, 5/6/66, p.1, a SF welfare worker was reportedly fired for signing an anti-police leaflet put out by the W.E.B. DuBois Club. See also article on the Berkeley print shop that received threatening phone calls. (Leo Bach, the owner of the Berkeley Free Press, which prints for for the Vietnam Day Committee.) Among the anonymous callers, one threatened to escalate beyond the bombing that had been done to the VDC headquarters in Berkeley and the DuBois Clubs in San Francisco. Source: Chron, 3/7/66, p. 1. Earlier article with Hallinan: Chron, 3/5/66, p. 1. Firing: Chron, 5/6/66, p. 1. Printer received threats: Chron, 6/2/66, p. 23. ("Radical Berkeley Free Press' owner gets threatening calls.") Entry by: e.p.n.
March 15, 1966	Whole Earth Button Campaign
(Tuesday)	Brand printed and sold buttons asking why a photograph of the whole earth did not yet exist . Add'l Info: The week after his LSD trip, Brand printed buttons reading 'Why Haven't We Seen a Photograph of the Whole Earth yet?' and sold them at Berkeley's Sather Gate. His removal by a dean was covered by the San Francisco Chronicle. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
March 21, 1966	Marriage of Stewart Brand and Lois Jennings
(Monday)	The wedding of Stewart Brand and Lois Jennings . Add'l Info: They married in the spring of 1966. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
March 21, 1966	Panhandle Freeway Defeated
(Monday)	The San Francisco Board of Supervisors voted down a plan to build an eight-lane freeway through the Panhandle. [cite: 529, 533] Add'l Info: By a narrow 6-5 vote, the Board of Supervisors ended a two-decade-old plan that would have destroyed the Panhandle greenspace. This victory ensured the availability of the commons where the counterculture later emerged. [cite: 529, 530, 533, 537] Source: AposOfFree Entry by:
March 21, 1966	SF Supervisors Defeat Freeway Plans
(Monday)	San Francisco Board of Supervisors defeat the Panhandle and Golden Gate Freeways. After many years, San Francisco's Freeway Crisis has come to an end. Add'l Info: During the previous week, Supervisor Jack Morrison, a leading proponent of the freeways, had announced he was withdrawing support for the Panhandle Freeway in support of the alternate route around the Marina over the proposed Golden Gate Freeway. Both freeways lost in a 6-5 vote of the Supervisors. The votes against were: Supervisors Roger Boas, Terry A. Francois, Leo T. McCarthy, and George R. Moscone. Voting in favor were: Peter A. Tamaras, Joseph E. Tinney, Kevin O'Shea, and Joseph Casey. Jack Morrison and John A. Ertola both voted for one of the freeway plans and against the other. Their votes cancelled each other out in both cases. Morrison also switched his "aye" vote to "nay" in order to ask for reconsideration next week. (At the following week's Board meeting, the Golden Gate Freeway was subsequently defeated again and for a final time.) The vote was also a defeat for Mayor John F. Shelley who had been an "ardent supporter" of the Panhandle Freeway and sought to broker the passage of the Golden Gate Freeway. Shelley said, "I still think San Francisco needs freeways, but you have to work in the face of realities." Blake was the hero of the packed crowd that attended the Board meeting. He had authored a 1958 anti-freeway resolution that had eliminated seven freeways from the city's master plan. Blake had chaired the Streets Committee of the Board of Supervisors for eleven years, but was replaced 2-1/2 months ago by Morrison. Morrison pitched the Golden Gate Freeway by appealing to the broad support it had received from "big business", "big labor", The Chronicle and The Examiner. Moscone mentioned an alternate plan that the state had earlier rejected which would have put freeways into a "triple-tube" route around the northern edge of the waterfront. Moscone declared, "This is our city. We should call the shots." Source: Chron, 3/22/66, p. 1; Chron, 3/29/66, p. 1; Chron, 4/3/66, World, p. 5; see also Chron, 2/16/67, p.1 (City Planning Commission rejects any further S.F. freeways). Entry by: e.p.n.
March 25, 1966	Life Magazine cover article on LSD
(Friday)	Life publishes cover article on LSD. "LSD: The Exploding Threat of the Mind Drug that Got Out of Control". Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
April 1, 1966	Sandoz Stops Marketing LSD
(Friday)	Adverse publicity and government restrictions force Sandoz Pharmaceuticals to stop the legal distribution of LSD. [cite: 80] Add'l Info: By April 1966, the negative publicity surrounding LSD and the tightening of federal regulations led Sandoz to stop marketing the drug entirely. This action effectively ended the era of widespread legitimate research into the drug's therapeutic potential. [cite: 80] Source: Lee:acid-dreams Entry by:
April 1966	Sandoz withdraws from LSD research
	Sandoz Pharmaceutical recalled the LSD it had previously distributed and withdrew its sponsorship for work with LSD. Add'l Info: Source: Ray O, Ksir C. Drugs, Society, and Human Behavior. Mosby, 1996. Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
April 3, 1966	Ralph Gleason article on light shows
(Sunday)	Gleason discusses elements of the new dance shows. Add'l Info: Gleason mentions the three elements of the new dances: light shows, along with the new music and the new dancing. "The whole thing is a happening; i.e., unplanned, unstructured and ad lib." He goes on to make a comment on artistic calling: "The curse of the entire avant-garde in music, lights, fiction, poetry and everything is the conviction that every man is an artist and sincerity is all that matters. This is hog wash. Many highly intelligent people are simply not artists and many artists are simply not highly intelligent people too, by the way." In another article (Chron, 5/22/66, Datebook, p. 27, "The Building of a New Music") Gleason discusses the rock scene's differences and changes. Source: Chron, 4/3/66, Datebook, p. 27, "Throwing Light on the Subject". Entry by: e.p.n.
April 5, 1966	Mime Troupe show halted in Washington state
(Tuesday)	The Minstrel Show is halted at a Washington State College. Later it receives a standing ovation at the Univ. of Washington. Add'l Info: See also Chron, 7/3/66, Datebook, p. 10, article on the Minstrel Show returning to the Bay Area amid acclaim and controversy. See also Chron, 7/31/66, Datebook, p. 10 "Where do we stand, the Minstrel Show clarified" by RG Davis. Source: Chron, 4/6/66, p. 44. Entry by: e.p.n.
April 5, 1966	Acid Test #11 in L.A.
(Tuesday)	The eleventh (?) Acid Test was held in Los Angeles, and referred to as the "Pico Acid Test." Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: Doyle
April 16, 1966	Millbrook Raid
(Saturday)	G. Gordon Liddy led a raid on the Millbrook estate, marking the beginning of the intense legal pressure that led to the commune's end. Add'l Info: On the night of April 16, 1966, G. Gordon Liddy, a Dutchess County prosecutor, kicked in the front door and raided the Millbrook mansion. Although the case was eventually thrown out of court, the resulting police pressure and roadblocks led to the dissolution of the community in 1967. Source: Miller:comm-hip Entry by:
April 21, 1966	Gay protest at Greenwich Village bar
(Thursday)	Members of the Mattachine Society stage a "sip-in" at the Julius Bar in Greenwich Village, where the New York Liquor Authority prohibits serving gay patrons in bars on the basis that homosexuals are "disorderly." Add'l Info: Society president Dick Leitsch and other members announce their homosexuality and are immediately refused service. Following the sip-in, the Mattachine Society will sue the New York Liquor Authority. Although no laws are overturned, the New York City Commission on Human Rights declares that homosexuals have the right to be served. Source: PBS timeline Entry by:
April 22, 1966	Bill Graham arrested at Fillmore Auditorium
(Friday)	Bill Graham, rock 'n roll dance promoter, is arrested at the Fillmore Auditorium, for allowing under-18 year olds in attendance at a public dance hall. Case later dismissed. Add'l Info: Source: Berkeley Barb, Vol. 2, #18, p. 9. Case dismissed: Barb, Vol. 2, # 22, p. 5. Entry by: e.p.n.
April 30, 1966	Richard Farina Dies
(Saturday)	Musician and writer Richard Farina dies in a motorcycle crash in Carmel. Add'l Info: His novel is Been Down So Long . . ." Brother-in-law of Joan Baez. First album (by Mimi and Richard) last year received the NY Times rating as 1 of top 10 folk records of 1965. Two weeks ago they were a hit at the SF State College Folk Festival. Dropped out of Cornell. Roamed the world before settling in Carmel Highlands w/ his wife Mimi. They had met in Paris. An article by Richard appears on p. 37, about his writing career. "All other questions should be saved for Sunday at the Discovery Bookstore, 241 Columbus in North Beach where they're having a little party around 7pm. Together with Big Frederick Roscoe, the owner, I promise to look for answers among the store's collection of ceramic heads. Who knows, in another incarnation, maybe one of them was a cameraman." Source: Chron, 5/1/66, p. 1. Followup: Chron, 5/2/66. p. 2. Entry by: e.p.n.
May 1, 1966	Robert Kennedy Leads Congressional Probe
(Sunday)	Senator Robert Kennedy questions federal officials about the abrupt termination of valuable LSD research projects. [cite: 80] Add'l Info: In the spring of 1966, Senator Robert Kennedy led an inquiry into federal drug research. He challenged the FDA and NIMH to explain why worthwhile research projects were being canceled, stressing that LSD could be very helpful to society if used properly. [cite: 80, 81] Source: Lee:acid-dreams Entry by:
May 2, 1966	Gleason article
(Monday)	Gleason discusses the controversy surrounding under-18 year olds at dances. Add'l Info: Source: Chron, 5/2/66, p. 59. Entry by: e.p.n.
May 2, 1966	Article on El Teatro Campesino
(Monday)	By John Wasserman, the article talks about Luis Valdez. Add'l Info: Source: Chron, 5/2/66, p. 60 Entry by: e.p.n.
May 2, 1966	Mime Troupe Disrupts Arts Meeting
(Monday)	The San Francisco Mime Troupe crashed the first luncheon meeting of the new Arts Resources Development Committee and presents a manifesto. Add'l Info: The San Francisco Mime Troupe crashed the first luncheon meeting of the new Arts Resources Development Committee, a group of twenty-six prominent business people and civic leaders that Mayor Shelley had appointed to study the arts in San Francisco. The Mime Troupe were outraged that the mayor had not asked any working artists to join this policy review committee. The Troupe was "dressed in a variety of costumes from minstrel to commedia," and Ronnie Davis, the Director, read a manifesto to the gathering. The newly appointed Chairperson of the Committee, Harold Zellerbach (also president of the Arts Commission), asked the Mime Troupe to leave the premises. (The meeting was conveniently being held at the Crown Zellerbach Building on lower Market street.) Source: Chron, 5/3/66, p. 48. See also, Chron, 8/10/66, p. 45 "More Words About Culture" about the consulting firm which made a presentation of their study on San Francisco arts yesterday. Entry by: e.p.n.
May 2, 1966	Article on Both/And jazz club
(Monday)	Opened a year ago in the Haight-Ashbury by Leonard Sheftman, on Divisadero Street. He's 26, was at SF State in film. Add'l Info: Background info. Source: Chron, 5/2/66, p. 29 Entry by: e.p.n.
May 3, 1966	Teenagers Demand Dance
(Tuesday)	Teens ask the mayor to sponsor a dance at Civic Center Plaza after the police crackdown on the Fillmore Auditorium under the city's ordinance prohibiting under-18s at public dance halls. Add'l Info: Reaction against police crackdown on the Fillmore Auditorium. In Chron, 5/5/66, Mayor Shelley calls the law outdated. Source: Chron, 5/4/66, p. 6 Entry by: e.p.n.
May 3, 1966	Campus and Community Day
(Tuesday)	Kenneth Rexroth gave a speech at San Francisco State College that inspired the formation of the Artists Liberation Front. [cite: 1809] Add'l Info: Rexroth’s speech inspired a social movement of radical arts and artists, laying the foundation for a public sphere in the emerging counterculture of the Bay Area. [cite: 1809] Source: AposOfFree Entry by:
May 3, 1966	Culture symposium at SF State
(Tuesday)	Ron Davis, director of the SF Mime Troupe, and Kenneth Rexroth participate in a San Francisco State College symposium on the state of the arts in San Francisco at which Rexroth proposes a neighborhood arts movement. Add'l Info: Ron Davis, Kenneth Rexroth and others participate in a San Francisco State College symposium called Campus and Community Day, organized by Art Bierman, a professor at the College. This is where Rexroth, after recounting numerous instances of police harassment and arrests of artists, advises the young rebels to take art out into the neighborhoods of the city, to create a "cultural diffusion" that will bring life to the City, which he warned was in danger of "beheading" itself. [Exact quote on tape, transcribed below.] Rexroth: I'll start it off, but I'll start off with a speech, a follow up on Ronnie's. God forbid that I should be a racist, but as far as I can make out, is there a Negro in the house, as they say when fire breaks out in a theater? Ed Bullins and Marvin Jackman were busted by the cops in the Black Arts Repertory Theater, Saturday night. I have also to have been rousted myself having asked for it in the papers. But the paper hadn't come out yet. They anticipated my request. I wonder how many people here who wear beards have been stopped in the Haight Ashbury district time and again? At the meeting at which I was yesterday, I said to the people around the table, "All you know, some of you, about the people that you think are rather grubby, who were standing at the door, is what you read in the papers when they get arrested. It so happens that Lawrence Ferlinghetti is, in fact, more famous than Josef Krips (sp?) around the world. This happens to be a fact. All that most of those people at that table knew about Ferlinghetti was when he got busted for selling Howl. Howl is not my favorite poem but it certainly is one of the most remarkable things ever written in the City. Bill Graham, who is making an essential contribution to the cultural life of the city, providing a place for young people to relax and blow off steam, if that's your attitude toward what young people should do, is being subjected to an unbelievable harassment. Most people, including many people in the city who consider themselves patrons of the theater, know of Ronnie Davis only because he was kicked out of the parks by the Park Recreation Commission, the head of which considers himself the leading patron, the second leading patron, his wife is the leading patron, in the city. (Laughter) Now, the Both/And musicians are instructed by the owners not to go outside and smoke a cigarette and talk to their wives particularly if their wives are white. I don't wonder that Marvin Jackson isn't here, you know it's just a bunch of devils, you know, kicking the gong around. He had something to say but he isn't here. I don't wonder that there's a Jim Crow section in the cafeteria. They don't want to have nothing to do with you. One of the town's interesting, and perhaps not most important sculptors, all that anybody knows about him was that his welded sculptures illustrating the Kama Sutra was busted by the police. The real problem in this community is the same problem I said to Father Dempsey and he said, "I couldn't agree more" at that meeting yesterday. I said I don't want to be too holy or I would've [..] this. We talk in the church continuously about when are the red brick bishops going to die off? When are the building maniacs who constitute the hierarchy, and they are devoted men who spend many hours of the day on their knees, and what comes up [..] When are they going to die off and when is mass going to be said in people's kitchens? This is what we need in this city, culturally, we need diffusion of the cultural life of the city out into the neighborhoods. And the city structure, and particularly the police department, does everything possible to prevent. Bongo and guitar groups are ordered to disperse when they play in the park or in the Panhandle. Anybody here been ordered to disperse? Poetry reading was ordered to disperse within 15 minutes last summer by a mounted policeman. A request following up a column of mine to use that redwood grove little theater that they've got out there, which is never used at all, as far as I know it's never been used, was not even answered by Park Rec. Now this great patron at the head of Park Rec should have known the names, in fact he should have known personally, he should have had to dinner the people who asked. Never heard of them, they're a bunch of beatniks. Imagine what happens if you go out in the park and try and play a horn. [Laughter] School auditoriums are closed except for school activities, and they're closed at night. And they wonder what to do about the people on the streets. And Spears goes, he happens to be born a little ways from where I was, he goes back to Indiana, I happened to be there, and he gives a great speech about how thrilling it is to live in that radical city of San Francisco, of which he's a part. Boy. [Laughter] Now, the simplest thing that they could do is open the playgrounds of the schools and open the school auditoriums for cultural use. The important thing in this city is to get the Art Festival diffused over the city, to get music, to get all this stuff out into the city, because we are facing a cultural crisis. We are facing the absolute schism between what's called the Establishment and the Disestablishment. And the artists' community is going over to the Disestablisment. Just like Jack London wrote on the side and lived as an oyster pirate. I'm old and successful and probably in Ronnie Davis' eyes rich and part of the superstructure, part of the Establishment. But as a sociological commentator, I know what's happening. And what's happening is of the most serious character and it is not solved by building skyscraper cathedrals of culture. It is not. And the duty of a college in the community is to interfuse the community. A streetcar college like this is, in fact, fused out all through the city like that parasitic crustachean that fastens on the breast of a crab and gradually takes over the whole crab although the crab goes on living. This community, the college community, is doing to a certain extent. But this is its job and this is its duty and this is the way that it can revitalize the city. And its creative arts programs and its poety center and all the rest of this stuff can diffuse out in the city if the resistance of the authorities is overcome. I'm all for, I have a personal fight with Mark and Jim, but I'm all for the poetry center. But a poetry center should be able to carry on poetry readings every Sunday like Ronnie Davis in the parks. In the parks. And it should be [..] a public school program, which the great poets boycott, incidentally. Just like the great artists, once they get 40,000 for a painting, they won't touch the Art Festival. It is the duty to diffuse out into the city and bring it to life because this city is dying because it's beheaded itself. That's my speech. Source: Chron, 5/4/66, p. 8. Audio tape of the morning and afternoon sessions. Golden Gater (SF State College) May 5, 1966, p. 1. Entry by: e.p.n.
May 3, 1966	Bill making LSD sale illegal
(Tuesday)	California legislation passes to outlaw possession for sale or giving away, not simple possession itself. Add'l Info: See Sources for more articles around this time on LSD. Source: Chron, 5/4/66, p. 4, et al. See also: Chron, 5/10/66, p. 6. (Possession reinstated into the legislation). Chron, 5/12/66, p. 8, Cal. Assembly passes the bill to ban private use of LSD. / Other LSD articles at this time: Chron, 5/6/66, p. 47, Merla Zellerbach writes about 23-year old Bob Bailey, the leader of a psychedelic rock group Vejtables. Zellerbach quotes Bailey: "The only way to travel is without reservations." / See also Chron, 6/1/66, p. 1, "Teacher's Weird LSD Fantasies"; Chron, 6/2/66, p. 1, "Couple's Trip on LSD"; Chron, 6/3/66, p. 1, "The Perils of LSD". Entry by: e.p.n.
May 4, 1966	Mime Troupe Cut Off From Hotel Tax Funds
(Wednesday)	San Francisco's Chief Administrative Officer Thomas J. Mellon cuts the Mime Troupe off the list of groups to receive SF Hotel Tax funds. Add'l Info: San Francisco's Chief Administrative Officer Thomas J. Mellon cuts the Mime Troupe off the list of groups to receive SF Hotel Tax funds. Last year, the troupe received $1000 from the city. This is the fund that is parcelled out to arts groups each year. The CAO has full control over the allocations of the money that the City raises through a 3% tax on transient hotel rooms. Mellon explained his decision to cut off the Mime Troupe in saying, "I felt there are organizations to which we are contributing that are doing a better job of publicity and advertising that the Mime Troupe." The SF Chron article mentions the Troupe's "bawdy" performance the previous year, and their uninvited participation and impromptu protest at this week's initial meeting of the Arts Resources Development Committee. Source: Chron, 5/5/66, p. 1 Entry by: e.p.n.
May 4, 1966	Methadone Announced
(Wednesday)	Methadone, a cure for heroin addiction, is announced. Add'l Info: Source: Chron, 5/5/66, p. 1E Entry by: e.p.n.
May 4, 1966	Article on Black Arts West Theater
(Wednesday)	The Black Arts Theater is located on Fillmore Street. Add'l Info: Source: Chron, 5/4/66, p. 42. See also Chron, 5/29/66, Datebook, p. 6. Entry by: e.p.n.
May 6, 1966	Burns Report released: blasts Mime Troupe, etc.
(Friday)	A State Senate subcommittee released the Burns Report denouncing Clark Kerr for the appearance of the SF Mime Troupe on campus, among other reasons. (They were there to benefit the Vietnam Day Committee.) Add'l Info: Another article in the same issue interviews Konstantin Berlandt, a 20-year old junior at UC Berkeley. He wrote five articles about homosexuality in the Daily Cal last fall. The Burns Report cited these in their charge of "rampant homosexuality" on the campus. Berlandt claims their figures are erroneous. Source: Chron, 5/7/66, p. 1. Berlandt: Chron, 5/7/66, p. 7. Entry by: e.p.n.
May 6, 1966	Conviction, acquittals in Haight drug bust
(Friday)	Two were acquitted, one was convicted in a marijuana bust at 408 Ashbury. Add'l Info: Source: Chron, 5/7/66, p. 3. Entry by: e.p.n.
May 8, 1966	Rexroth article on the Arts
(Sunday)	Rexroth cites Bill Graham and Black Arts West as significant undertakings. (Within the same timeframe and context as the formation of the Artists Liberation Front.) Add'l Info: "The really significant things that happen in the cultural life of a great city and that help to solve the ever increasing problems and ease the ever increasing tensions seem to be, by definition, self-starting and self-financing." He mentions Bill Graham and Black Arts West. "They are out for cultural, social, ideological autonomy, for the liberation of all those values inherent but now suppressed or distorted in the American Negro race." Source: Entry by: e.p.n.
May 10, 1966	First Artists Liberation Front meeting
(Tuesday)	Assemblyman Willie Brown chaired the meeting of the new group of San Francisco artists at the SF Mime Troupe's Howard Street loft in response to the Troupe's call "to organize a program for the cultural development of the area." The meeting was prompted by the failure of the San Francisco Arts Resources Development Committee, appointed by Mayor Shelley and funded by Harold Zellerbach, to invite working artists to its May 2 planning discussion. Add'l Info: The Berkeley Barb (5/13) termed this "A Poor Man's Art Commission With Artists" and reported on the initial meeting. Alan Meyerson of The Committee will head a 7-man steering committee of the new organization. Peter Berg and Ronnie Davis of the SF Mime Troupe, Bill Graham (Fillmore Auditorium), Arthur Sheridan of City Lights, entrepreneur Yuri Toropov of the Sopwith Camel rock 'n roll group, and Carol Tinker, secretary to critic Kenneth Rexroth, were also elected. Elizabeth Hancock is quoted, "Whether the group is to be a poor man's art commission or a society for the protection of artists, or both is still being decided." Berkeley Puppetteers Bill and Helga Cassady, columnist Ralph Gleason, members of VDC, SNCC, and SDS, and various professionals attended. The Barb likened this group to the voting bloc that defeated Proposition B in November which proposed funding a cultural center "to be built by Zellerbach for him and his friends, the wealthy San Francisco Establishment." The meeting considered "small, numerous neighborhood centers to bring art to the people," and methods to have public library book volume doubled. "We do not agree with the Art Commission's view that art filters from one center down to the little people," Hancock explained. "Ferlinghetti and Rexroth had thought of this sort of group some time ago," Hancock said, "and Ron Davis wanted it after he was invited last fall to meet with McFayden and Knowles, the New York architects brought in by Zellerbach, to discuss "the cultural needs of the community." Source: Chron, 5/9/66, p. 51. See Gleason article, Chron, 5/13/66, p.51 for background. See Gleason article, Chron, 5/16/66, p. 51("Several sides of the Cultural Coin") for report of this first ALF meeting. Also, Berkely Barb, May 13, 1966, p. 1. Entry by: e.p.n.
May 14, 1966	Black Power advocated
(Saturday)	Stokely Carmichael, new chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) advocates Black Power for ending racial inequality. "Negroes will organize Negroes," he declares. This strategy creates anxiety among White civil rights workers, unsure of their future position in the movment. Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: e.p.n.
May 15, 1966	Article on avant-garde arts
(Sunday)	Harry Partch, an avant-garde composer living in Los Angeles, came to San Francisco for local artists. The Bay Area is "a great incubator but no one can exist there." He mentions that the tradition of San Francisco artists finding recognition elsewhere goes back to Gertrude Stein, Jack London, and Isidora Duncan. Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: e.p.n.
May 15, 1966	Peace March at the White House
(Sunday)	8000 attended the peace march. Add'l Info: Source: Chron, 5/16/66, p. 1. Entry by: e.p.n.
May 19, 1966	Ron Boise nude sculpture installed
(Thursday)	Fritz Maytag installed a Ron Boise sculpture of two nudes onto the roof of his Steam Beer Brewery Corp, in view of the freeway. Add'l Info: Source: Chron, 5/20/66, p. 3 Entry by: e.p.n.
May 21, 1966	Vietnam Day Committee celebration
(Saturday)	The Vietnam Day Committee celebrated the first anniversary of its big demonstration on the UC Berkeley campus. Attendance was reported as 500. A motorcade of 25 cars left from the Panhandle. This was reported as the smallest demonstration of the VDC. Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: e.p.n.
May 21, 1966	Rally for homosexuals
(Saturday)	The rally protesting military policy on homosexuals is at the Federal Building in San Francisco. Add'l Info: Source: Chron, 5/21/66, p. 9. See also Chron, 5/22/66, p. 3. Entry by: e.p.n.
May 22, 1966	Rexroth on "institutionalization" of rebellion
(Sunday)	Rexroth article. Add'l Info: Rexroth, writing about "Group 47" a German group of writers. "Most of them still think of themselves as rebels, but their rebellion, like that of the British Angry Young Men and the American Beats, has been institutionalized." Source: Chron, 5/22/66, Section II, p. 4. Entry by: e.p.n.
May 29, 1966	Gleason article
(Sunday)	Discusses new teen attitude. Add'l Info: RG: "This attitude of complete rejection of the previous patterns of behavior can get one into trouble ... But it's already providing for a refreshing reappraisal of many tradiitonal assumptions." Source: Chron, 5/29/66, Datebook p. 24, "The Big Teen Trend of Refusal". Entry by: e.p.n.
May 31, 1966	Amsterdam youth protest German warship
(Tuesday)	A brief Reuters report describes Dutch youth protesting a visit by the West German warship Scharnhorst. Does not mention Provos. Add'l Info: Source: Chron, 6/1/66, p. 3 Entry by: e.p.n.
May 31, 1966	Third Artists Liberation Front organizational meeting
(Tuesday)	The Artists Liberation Front holds its third organizational meeting at the Fillmore Auditorium. Add'l Info: The Artists Liberation Front has its third organizational meeting at the Fillmore Auditorium. Source: Chron, 5/30/66, p. 47 (Gleason Ad Lib). Entry by: e.p.n.
June 1, 1966	Heathcote Intentional Community Conference
(Wednesday)	A transformative conference at Heathcote Center inspired attendees to found several new communes, including Sunrise Hill and Cold Mountain Farm. Add'l Info: By early 1966, Heathcote announced it would hold a conference on intentional community in June. The conference was a transformational experience that inspired attendees to plan their own communes. Gordon Yaswen described it as a milestone that felt like the beginning of a new civilization. Source: Miller:comm-hip Entry by:
June 1, 1966	Underground Press Syndicate (UPS) Formed
(Wednesday)	A group of five editors meets to create a network for sharing content and advertising among underground papers. Add'l Info: In the summer of 1966, Walter Bowart of EVO invited four other editors (from the LA Free Press, Berkeley Barb, The Paper, and Fifth Estate) to form the UPS. This allowed papers to reprint each otherâ€™s articles for free, creating a national information network that bypassed the mainstream wire services. Source: Macmillan:ST Entry by:
June 3, 1966	Mime Troupe sues for permit
(Friday)	Mime Troupe sues for permit to produce shows in the SF parks. Add'l Info: Source: Chron, 6/4/66, p. 33. Entry by: e.p.n.
June 3, 1966	Black Arts banned
(Friday)	Oakland police ban the Black Arts production. Add'l Info: Source: Chron, 6/4/66, p. 33. Entry by: e.p.n.
June 6, 1966	Gleason reviews Vietnam Teach-In LP
(Monday)	Gleason reviews a new documentary LP: "Berkeley Teach-In -- Vietnam" (Folkways). Add'l Info: Source: Chron, 6/6/66, This World, p. 39. Entry by: e.p.n.
June 9, 1966	Clear Lake National Convention
(Thursday)	SDS shifts toward 'student power' and 'resistance' strategies at its 1966 convention. Add'l Info: Held in Clear Lake, Iowa, this convention saw the rise of 'prairie power'â€”a more decentralized, action-oriented leadership from the Midwest and West. The convention focused on 'student power' as a tool for social change, targeting university complicity in the war and the draft. [cite: 25] Source: Sale:SDS Entry by:
June 13, 1966	Artists Liberation Front meeting
(Monday)	The Artists Liberation Front meets at The Committee, 8pm. Add'l Info: Source: Chron, 6/13/66, p. 53. Entry by: e.p.n.
June 16, 1966	Stokely Carmichael urges "Black Power"
(Thursday)	Stokely Carmichael, a leader of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), coins the phrase "black power" in a speech in Greenwood, Mississippi, in reaction to the shooting of James Meredith. Add'l Info: From history.com: "By the time he was elected national chairman of SNCC in May 1966, Carmichael had largely lost faith in the theory of nonviolent resistance that he--and SNCC--had once held dear. As chairman, he turned SNCC in a sharply radical direction, making it clear that white members, once actively recruited, were no longer welcome. The defining moment of Carmichael’s tenure as chairman--and perhaps of his life--came only weeks after he took over leadership of the organization. In June 1966, James Meredith, a civil rights activist who had been the first black student to attend the University of Mississippi, embarked on a solitary "Walk Against Fear" from Memphis, Tennessee to Jackson, Mississippi. About 20 miles into Mississippi, Meredith was shot and wounded too severely to continue. Carmichael decided that SNCC volunteers should carry on the march in his place, and upon reaching Greenwood, Mississippi on June 16, an enraged Carmichael gave the address for which he would forever be best remembered. "We been saying ‘freedom’ for six years," he said. "What we are going to start saying now is ‘Black Power.'" Source: http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/stokely-carmichael Entry by: e.p.n.
June 18, 1966	Grant Street Fair (13th Annual)
(Saturday)	The 13th Annual Grant Street Fair takes place today and tomorrow along three blocks between Vallejo and Filbert streets and will include 150 painters, sculptors, craftspeople. The Mime Troupe and rock & roll bands will entertain. Add'l Info: Source: Chron, 6/18/66, p. 32 Entry by: e.p.n.
June 19, 1966	Ginsberg to appear on LSD panel
(Sunday)	Add'l Info: Source: Chron, 6/19/66, p. 27 Entry by: e.p.n.
June 19, 1966	Rexroth article: "The Irrational Edifice Complex"
(Sunday)	By Kenneth Rexroth Add'l Info: Source: Chron, 6/19/66, p. 1 (Lively Arts) Entry by: e.p.n.
June 23, 1966	Mime Troupe Permit Denied
(Thursday)	The SF Rec and Park Commission denies a permit application from the SF Mime Troupe, using new rules adopted at the meeting. Add'l Info: The SF Rec and Park Commission denies a permit application from the SF Mime Troupe, using new rules adopted at the meeting. "Ron G. Davis, the troupe's director, called the regulations 'repressive and restrictive. ... I expected them (the commissioners) to use every measure possible to harass us,' he said. He added that 'if we aren't in the city's parks, we'll be in the streets and the lofts.'" Source: Chron, 6/24/66, p. 50 Entry by: e.p.n.
June 24, 1966	David Simpson appointed to Art Institute panel NOT THE DAVID SIMPSON
(Friday)	Simpson, a painter and UC Berkeley faculty member, is appointed to a 3-to-4 year term. (This is not the same David Siimpson who published FCN etc.) Add'l Info: SF Art Institute's Board of Trustees annouces appointment of a new Artist's Committee to act as an advisory group to the Board. David Simpson is among the artists appointed a 3-4 year term. In Chron, 6/29/66, p.43, Simpson is mentioned as a painter and faculty member at U.C. Berkeley. Source: Chron, 6/24/66, p. 47 Entry by: e.p.n.
June 26, 1966	Sutro Baths Burn
(Sunday)	The famous San Francisco oceanside landmark. Add'l Info: Source: Chron, 6/27/66. Entry by: e.p.n.
June 26, 1966	Rexroth article: "San Francisco's Culture and the Drift to the Right"
(Sunday)	"Let the rich pay for the big cultural facilities. We can have a genuine "people's art" right here and now in San Francisco, and for relativley little money." Add'l Info: Source: Chron, 6/26/66, p. 1 (Lively Arts) Entry by: e.p.n.
June 30, 1966	9th Annual Berkeley Folk Music Festival
(Thursday)	Will include John Fahey, Pete Seeger, Malvina Reynolds, Phil Ochs, Jefferson Airplane, panels and discussions with Lou Gottlieb, Ralph Gleason, et al. Takes place at UC. Add'l Info: Source: Chron, 6/21/66, p. 43 Entry by: e.p.n.
July 1, 1966	Sunrise Hill Founded
(Friday)	Veterans of the Heathcote conference moved to a forty-acre tract in Massachusetts to found the Sunrise Hill commune. Add'l Info: Inspired by the Heathcote conference and the novel Stranger in a Strange Land, pioneers moved to a forty-acre tract near Conway, Massachusetts, in July 1966. While the first summer was idyllic, the community struggled with housing and finances, eventually dissolving in February 1967. Source: Miller:comm-hip Entry by:
July 2, 1966	Mime Troupe cancels park performance
(Saturday)	The SF Mime Troupe cancelled the Lafayette Square performance of "The Miser" because the Rec & Park Commission had refused their permit application. The Troupe performed in an empty lot at Laguna and California streets instead. Add'l Info: Source: Chron, 7/3/66, p. 1B. See also Chron, 7/29/66, p. 52 (a sixth refusal for the Mime Troupe). Entry by: e.p.n.
July 3, 1966	Rexroth article: "Arts for the Street Corner"
(Sunday)	Final in the series on culture in the city. (Fifth in the series.) Add'l Info: Source: Chron, 7/3/66, p. 1 (Lively Arts) Entry by: e.p.n.
July 5, 1966	"Search and Seizure" opens
(Tuesday)	The Mime Troupe performance "Search and Seizure" opens at The Matrix. Add'l Info: Written by Peter Berg, "Search and Seizure" was a one-act "cabaret" play about police harassment of drug takers. The actors included Emmett Grogan, Kent Minnault, Peter Cohon and others. Source: Chron, 7/5/66, p. 53. See also Chron, 7/4/66, p. 45, Gleason "Ad Libs" announces "Search and Seizure" to be presented for two weeks at The Matrix along with Country Joe & The Fish. Entry by: e.p.n.
July 17, 1966	Benefit for Artists Liberation Front at Fillmore Auditorium
(Sunday)	Announcement by Ralph Gleason (7/11/66) mentions Sopwith Camel, Bob Clark's jazz group, a poetry reading by Allen Ginsberg, and other events with Gary Goodrow as master of ceremonies. Add'l Info: Source: SF Chron, 7/11/66, p. 47; 7/15/66, p. 45; 7/20, p. 39. Entry by: e.p.n.
July 20, 1966	Artists Liberation Front announces plans
(Wednesday)	The Artists Liberation Front holds a press conference to discuss their plans for an upcoming series of events, including a five-day arts festival in September. Add'l Info: The Artists Liberation Front holds a press conference at the band shell in Golden Gate Park, and discuss their plans for an upcoming series of events, including a five-day arts festival in September. They also offer to paint the town for free, involving hundreds of artists, "on the streets, in empty lots, in a building, maybe, anywhere we can find -- but not downtown," explained Tille Olson. Source: Chron, 7/21/66, p. 2. SF Examiner, 7/21/66, p. 13. Entry by: e.p.n.
July 25, 1966	Artists Liberation Front meeting
(Monday)	The ALF holds another meeting at the Fillmore at 8pm. Add'l Info: The ALF holds another meeting atthe Fillmore at 8pm. Source: Chron, 7/25/66, p. 45. Entry by: e.p.n.
July 29, 1966	Dylan hurt in motorcycle accident
(Friday)	Dylan, 25, disappears from view. Manager quoted saying he doesn't know the singer's whereabouts. An assistant to Albert Grossman, Dylan's manager, is quoted in the article. Add'l Info: Source: Chron, 8/2/66, p. 42. Entry by: e.p.n.
August 1, 1966	Compton's Cafeteria Riot
(Monday)	Month. A police raid at Compton's Cafeteria in San Francisco led to a riot by drag queens and transsexuals. Add'l Info: This event predated Stonewall and marked a significant moment of militant resistance by the most marginalized members of the LGBT community against police harassment. Source: Stein:ency-of-lgbtq Entry by:
August 1966	Gay uprising at SF Tenderloin cafeteria
	After transgender customers become raucous in a 24-hour San Francisco cafeteria, management calls police. When a police officer manhandles one of the patrons, she throws coffee in his face and a riot ensues, eventually spilling out onto the street, destroying police and public property. Following the riot, activists established the National Transsexual Counseling Unit, the first peer-run support and advocacy organization in the world. Add'l Info: This apparently wasn't the first confrontation at Compton's Cafeteria. Herb Caen had mentioned in a July 20, 1966 column that: "COMPTON'S, the all-night cafeteria at Turk and Taylor, is now being picketed by some of the weirdniks who've been rousted by the tough Pinkertons on duty there. If you've never dug the Tenderloin types who generally hang out there after midnight, you're misssing one of tbe Sights of the City." (SF Chron, July 20, 1966, p 21 Source: PBS timeline/EPN Entry by:
August 1, 1966	U of Texas college student kills 14 in shooting spree
(Monday)	Charles Whitman, a 24-year old ex-Marine, shot his wife and mother before leaving home to climb the clock tower at the University of Texas in Austin. There he shot and killed 12 people before police shot and killed him. This event was mentioned in the chronology of Ringolevio. Add'l Info: The next day, a Milpitas family was shot and killed in their sleep by a the housewife who then killed herself after shooting her husband and three children. No motive was found. Source: Chron, 8/2/66, p. 1. Entry by: e.p.n.
August 1, 1966	Invention of 'The Diggers'
(Monday)	Emmett Grogan and others decided to adopt the name 'Diggers' and begin a program of daily free food in San Francisco. Add'l Info: Inspired by the 17th-century English Diggers, Grogan and a small group of Mime Troupe defectors decided to enact a philosophy of 'Everything is Free.' They began by soliciting food from the Produce District and cooking it in large trash cans to feed people in the Panhandle of Golden Gate Park. Source: Doyle:HAD Entry by:
August 1, 1966	Waldenwoods Conference
(Monday)	A conference in Michigan brought together enthusiasts of B.F. Skinner's Walden Two, leading to the eventual founding of Twin Oaks. Add'l Info: In August 1966, several individuals infatuated with Skinnerâ€™s book held a conference at Waldenwoods near Ann Arbor, Michigan. The conference served as a meeting point for those who would eventually find land for the Twin Oaks community in Virginia. Source: Miller:comm-hip Entry by:
August 2, 1966	Civil rights protesters denied parole for 1964 sit-ins
(Tuesday)	San Francisco's Sheriff Matthew Carberry and Chief Probation Officer John Kavanaugh agreed on a "no-parole" policy for the 49 equal-employment protestors from the 1964 Auto Row and Sheraton-Palace Hotel demonstrations. Add'l Info: Source: Chron, 8/2/66, p. 1. Entry by: e.p.n.
August 2, 1966	Plans for "MacBird" announced
(Tuesday)	Article from NY Times syndicate details Barbara Garson's plans to produce her play off Broadway in October. Add'l Info: Garson is quoted saying she had been jailed for two weeks in 1964 for her participation in a free-speech rally at UC Berkeley. "MacBird", a parody of political leaders based on "Macbeth" is Garson's first play. It was published in a limited edition of 2000 copies by the Independent Socialist Club of Berkeley. Source: Chron, 8/2/66, p. 41. "Satire by FSM Author To Be Staged". Entry by: e.p.n.
August 3, 1966	Lenny Bruce Dies of Overdose
(Wednesday)	Lenny Bruce, 40, dies of a morphine overdose in his Hollywood, California bathroom. A tragic end to a mercurial comic/satiric genius. Add'l Info: His death affected many in the Underground. The early Digger sheets made reference to Lenny's death a few weeks later. Bruce was an important influence on the Diggers with his searing commentaries that exposed social hypocrisy. Bruce had performed recently at the Fillmore. His arrest on obscenity charges in San Francisco took place in 1961. He referred to Judge Axelrod's courtroom as "Axelrod's Palace". "He violated every concept of what I thought a judge should be. He would listen to nobody. He was a king in his palace." Source: Chron, 8/4/66, p. 1. See also in [Addl Notes] from "Lenny Bruce - Live at the Curran Theater", November 19, 1961, Fantasy Records, Inc., liner notes by Ralph J. Gleason, 1971 Entry by: e.p.n.
Ca. August 4, 1966	Billy Murcott arrives in SF (dating in doubt)
(Thursday)	Around this date, Billy Murcott moved to San Francisco from New York and joins longtime friend Emmett Grogan to collaborate on various undertakings including the founding of the Diggers. Add'l Info: Billy Murcott (a/k/a Billy Landout in Ringolevio) arrives in San Francisco from New York and joins his childhood friend Emmett Grogan who's recently been discharged from the army and is living in the Haight-Ashbury district. Note: research in the SF Mime Troupe archives leaves questions about this dating. The general ledger shows a $5.00 payment to "Bill Murcutt" on June 20, 1966 for work on the "Work Crew". Source: (Grogan, Ringolevio 1972:235.) Entry by: Doyle
August 7, 1966	Article on underground press
(Sunday)	Article on the LA Free Press and others. Add'l Info: Source: Chron, 8/7/66, This World, p. 20. "Underground Press Comes Up". Entry by: e.p.n.
August 8, 1966	"The Beard" busted
(Monday)	Michael McClure's play, "The Beard" is busted at The Committee. Charges later dropped. Add'l Info: Source: Berkeley Barb, Aug. 19, 1966, p.3. SF Chronicle, Aug. 9, 1966, p.1. Re: charges dropped, SF Chron, 12/9/66, p.1. Entry by: e.p.n.
August 28, 1966	Artists denounce Mayor's arts panel
(Sunday)	Lawrence Ferlinghetti and the Artists Liberation Front denounce Mayor Shelley's Arts Resources Development Committee. Add'l Info: Source: Chron, 8/29/66, p. 3. Check date of event. Entry by: e.p.n.
September 3, 1966	Forerunner of the SF Oracle Published
(Saturday)	The premier [and sole] issue (vol. 1, no.1) of P.O. Frisco published in the Haight-Ashbury. It is the forerunner (though by only two weeks) of the San Francisco Oracle. Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: Doyle
September 16, 1966	Anti-fascist rally and march
(Friday)	Haight residents hold an "Anti-Fascist Rally and March" from the 1500 block of Haight Street to the Park police station and then back to the intersection of Haight and Ashbury. Add'l Info: The purpose was to protest a drug bust that had occurred at 1090 Haight Street. Dennis Noonan, of that address, was quoted as denouncing "blue fascism." This event was the inspiration for the Love-Pageant Rally held three weeks later on October 6, 1966. Source: Chron, 9/17/66, p. 9. Entry by: e.p.n.
September 20, 1966	SF Oracle First Issue
(Tuesday)	The premier issue (vol. 1, no.1) of the San Francisco Oracle published. Add'l Info: It features an article by the editor John Brownson entitled, "Anarchy 66 Provo" [on p. 3] which describes the activities of the Dutch Provos. Emmett Grogan, who helped to organize the Diggers in San Francisco two weeks later, acknowledged being influenced by contemporary news stories of "the 'Beatnik-Anarchist Provos' in Holland." Source: (Emmett Grogan, Ringolevio; A Life Played for Keeps (Boston and Toronto: Little, Brown, 1972), 245. The San Francisco Chronicle also ran a front page article around this time (3 October 1966) on "The Dutch Beatnik Provos" as did the Berkeley Barb 3:13 (30 September 1966) 7: Stew Albert's "Like Socialist, Man.") Entry by: Doyle
September 21, 1966	PGE Announces Diablo Canyon for Site of Nuclear Power Plant
(Wednesday)	Pacific Gas & Electric announces their choice of Diablo Canyon as the site of a future nuclear power plant. Add'l Info: Source: Chron, 9/22/66, p. 3. Entry by: e.p.n.
September 26, 1966	Artists Liberation Front announces Free Fairs
(Monday)	The Artists Liberation Front announces plans for a series of fairs "to involve people in the arts on a direct action basis." Add'l Info: Dates planned: October 1, on Shotwell Street (between 15th and 16th streets); October 2 at Hunter's Point; October 8/9 at Glide Memorial Church in the parking lot; October 15/16 in the Panhandle. Names of those involved: Lee Meyerzove, Yuri Toropov (producer), Alan Meyerson, Garry Goodrow, Bill Graham, etc. Three days earlier, the ALF announced the press conference with a press release on three painted bodies (a "topless press release"). Source: Chron, 9/27/66, p. 3. See Chron, 9/24/66, p. 4 for the press release account. Entry by: e.p.n.
September 27, 1966	Hunter's Point Uprising
(Tuesday)	The shooting of a black teenager by police led to rioting and a curfew, which the Diggers actively protested through leafleting. Add'l Info: After police killed Matthew Johnson, the city was placed under a curfew. The Diggers issued a broadside titled "The Birth of a New Nation," encouraging residents of the Haight to ignore the curfew and live according to their own desires, marking their first major political confrontation with the city. Source: Doyle:HAD Entry by:
September 27, 1966	Beginning of the Hunter's Point Uprising
(Tuesday)	Riots broke out in San Francisco's Hunter's Point district after a white policeman shot and killed a black youth. Add'l Info: On September 27, 1966, a white policeman shot and killed a black youth in the Hunter's Point ghetto. A crowd responded by throwing rocks and setting fires. Police and National Guardsmen were mobilized as rioting spread to the Fillmore District, leading to a curfew in neighborhoods like the Haight. Source: Perry Entry by:
September 27, 1966	Hunter's Point Riots
(Tuesday)	Rioting broke out in San Francisco after a police officer killed a black youth, prompting the Diggers to challenge local curfews. Add'l Info: On September 27, 1966, a police officer shot Matthew Johnson, touching off six days of rioting. The Diggers responded to the ensuing curfew in Haight-Ashbury by advising residents to act according to their own desires rather than obey authority. This event helped the Diggers coalesce as a group focused on confronting authority through authentic feeling. Source: Bradford:theater Entry by:
September 27, 1966	Hunter's Point Uprising
(Tuesday)	A community uprising sparked by the fatal police shooting of a Black teenager. Add'l Info: The uprising led to pitched battles between citizens and police, prompting the Mayor to issue a curfew and the Governor to deploy the National Guard to occupy neighborhoods like the Haight-Ashbury. The Diggers responded by ignoring the curfew and launching their daily free food feeds in the Panhandle to serve the community. Source: AposOfFree Entry by:
September 27, 1966	Hunter’s Point Uprising
(Tuesday)	Riots broke out in San Francisco after a white policeman fatally shot Matthew Johnson, a Black teenager. [cite: 292] Add'l Info: The shooting led to pitched battles between citizens and police. Crowds used bricks and Molotov cocktails, while police fired into crowds. The unrest spread to the Fillmore district, leading to a citywide curfew and National Guard intervention. [cite: 292, 294, 295, 296] Source: AposOfFree Entry by:
September 27, 1966	Beginning of the Hunter's Point Uprising
(Tuesday)	Riots broke out in San Francisco's Hunter's Point district after a white policeman shot and killed a black youth. Add'l Info: On September 27, 1966, a white policeman shot and killed a black youth in the Hunter's Point ghetto. A crowd responded by throwing rocks and setting fires. Police and National Guardsmen were mobilized as rioting spread to the Fillmore District, leading to a curfew in neighborhoods like the Haight. Source: Lee:acid-dreams Entry by:
September 27, 1966	Hunter's Point Uprising
(Tuesday)	The Hunters Point Uprising in San Francisco begins around 11pm after a police officer shot and killed a 16-year old African American, Matthew "Peanut" Johnson, around 3pm after Johnson fled from a car that later turned out to be stolen. Add'l Info: The uprising spreads from Hunters Point to the Fillmore district (situated in close proximity to the Haight Ashbury). Mayor Shelley orders an 8pm to 6am curfew, and Governor Edmund Brown calls out the National Guard (2000 strong) who arrive the next day, Wednesday, September 28. The State of Emergency ends finally on October 2, six days later, followed by accusations and numerous articles with prescriptions for solving the underlying racial and social problems. Events over the next several days were instrumental in the formation of the Digger Free Food program. Source: Chron, 9/28/66, p. 1. See Ringolevio. See Burocops Proboscis. Entry by: e.p.n.
Ca. 28 September 1966-October 1966	Ken Kesey Returns and Is Apprehended
	Ken Kesey returns surreptitiously to San Francisco from Mexico where he had been in hiding after jumping bail for his 19 January 1966 arrest. Add'l Info: He is apprehended on 20 October 1966, tried twice by two hung juries, and is sentenced to serve five months in the San Mateo County Jail and the San Mateo County Sheriff's Honor Camp. (Kesey is released in November 1967.) Source: (Charles Perry, The Haight-Ashbury: A History 1984:94-95, 100.) Entry by: Doyle
September 28, 1966	National Guard Occupation
(Wednesday)	Five hundred National Guardsmen began patrolling San Francisco neighborhoods following the Hunter's Point riots. [cite: 301, 308] Add'l Info: Governor Edmund Brown ordered the Guard to patrol three neighborhoods, including Haight-Ashbury and the Fillmore district, for six days. During this time, the Diggers advised residents to ignore the curfew and began serving free daily meals. [cite: 296, 297, 301, 303] Source: AposOfFree Entry by:
September 29, 1966	SDS Pickets Arrested
(Thursday)	Paul Jacobs and 91 others are arrested for curfew violation at Haight and Clayton streets. Add'l Info: They were part of an anti-cop march organized by the local Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), protesting the Hunter's Point Riot curfew and the National Guard troops who had moved into the City and were stationed at several locations including Kezar Stadium, two blocks from Haight Street. Source: Chron, 9/30/66, p. 13; Chron, 10/1/66, p. 4. (Note: the original article 9/30 reported 70 arrested.). An article by Saul Landau on his and Paul Jacobs new book ("The New Radicals") earlier in the summer appeared in the Chron, 6/5/66, This World, p. 26. Entry by: e.p.n.
September 29, 1966	Diggers defy curfew orders, beginnings of Free Food
(Thursday)	Billy Murcott and Emmett Grogan defy the curfew but avoid a confrontation. This evening led to the inspiration for Free Food in the Panhandle. Add'l Info: Billy Murcott and Emmett Grogan post "scribbled posters" on Haight Street suggesting that people defy the curfew but avoid confrontations like the one in which the SDS marchers were arrested this evening. They confront the Oracle group after Michael (presumably Bowen) tear down one of these posters that Emmett had posted outside the Straight Theater. Later, Emmett and Billy come close to throwing Molotov cocktails from the roof of Billy's Fell street apartment but at the last minute change their minds. In the coming days, they announce the first Free Food gatherings in the Panhandle, the first activities beyond the anonymous Digger Papers that they had been publishing for some weeks at this point. The first article about (and probably by) the Diggers, which appeared several weeks later in the Berkeley Barb, says the Diggers were born the night that Matthew Johnson was killed. However, that must be more poetic than accurate. See notes on sources. Clearly the beginnings of Free Food are within a few days of this period. See the following from the Communication Company leaflet, "about time we started doin' our own livin' and dyin'" (dated 4/20/67, Cat. No. CC-032A): ===== And so, six months ago you watched two guys bring a milk can full of turkey stew into the panhalde [sic] and start the diggers. two weeks later free food in the panhandle at four o'clock was advertised in the berkeley barb and it never missed a day. somebody asked: Why free food? and anyone answered: free clothes. the first free store opened in a six car garage on page street and it was small and the crowd knew each other and someone had written winstanley on the door and then the rains came and the roof fell in the landlord was harrassed by the police and said please... and someone said it was nice while it lasted. and the diggers grew. ===== Source: See Ringolevio, p. 241 about the events of this night. See "Burocops Proboscis," Berkeley Barb, Oct. 21, 1966, p. 3 for the assertion that the Diggers were formed two nights previously. In Ringolevio Grogan clearly talks about the SDS march as occurring before he and Billy posted flyers that took an alternative approach to the SDS group which was advocating that people defy the curfew, and the Oracle group that were telling people to abide by the curfew. Entry by: Doyle
September 30, 1966	Early appearance of the Digger Papers
(Friday)	One of the early Digger Papers is published on this date. The broadside, titled "A-Political Or, Criminal Or Victim Or Or Or . . . " is another in the series of manifesto poems signed "THE D I G G E R S". Although undated, internal evidence clearly proves this as the date of first printing. Add'l Info: The broadside (see Early Digger Papers on the Digger website for full text) contains the following: "So, don't worry about surface reality. Afterall, Terrance O'Flaherty in today's Chronicle, says you're the average fool on the street and have no right to speak for yourself." In the column by Terrance O'Flaherty (the Chronicle's TV critic) on Friday, Sept. 30, 1966, is the following: [he is decrying a local television station interviewing high-school girls on their views of the Hunter's Point Riots] "Random questioning on subjects such as dating, or whether girls should wear slacks in public, are innocent fillers and healthy slices of humanity. But on more serious problems where even well-informed specialists must restrain themselves from jumping to the "dangerous conclusions" station manager Sacks fears, there is increasing evidence that the average fool on the street has no right whatever to a soap box he has not earned. The viewer has enough difficulty trying to sift the truth from the experts." The phrase "fool on the street" subsequently is used by the Diggers in many of their street events. Note also: the article "Burocops Proboscis" that appeared in the Berkeley Barb, Oct. 21, 1966, p. 3, states that the first Digger Papers appeared on this date. However, Ringolevio is clear that Emmett and Billy had published at least two sheets prior to this. Soon after this date, Emmett and Billy put together the first Free Food gathering in the Panhandle. Source: See SF Chron, 30 Sept. 1966, p. 39. (Terrence O'Flaherty's column, "September Song"). See the original Digger broadside (catalog no. DP004) located on the Digger website. See "Burocops Probiscis," Berkeley Barb, Oct. 21, 1966, p. 3. See also Ringolevio, p. 237 for the description of the first Digger Paper, "Time to Forget . . ." and the second, "Take a Cop to Dinner . . ." which in that chronology occurred sometime after the first week of August, 1966 and prior to the Hunter's Point Riots (which started Sept. 27, 1966). Entry by: Doyle entered Barb ref. EN found O'Flaherty ref.
October 1, 1966	Digger Free Food Program
(Saturday)	The Diggers began distributing free food daily in San Francisco, embodying their philosophy that "everything is free." Add'l Info: By the fall of 1966, the Diggers were practicing "garbage yoga," taking society's leftovers and distributing them as free food daily in Golden Gate Park. They also ran free stores where people could take and leave items at will. Source: Miller:comm-hip Entry by:
October 1, 1966	Artists Liberation Front Free Fair (first)
(Saturday)	The first Artists Liberation Front Free Fair takes place in the Mission District and was one of the first (if not the very first) free outdoor rock performance in the Bay Area. Add'l Info: The first of four Artists Liberation Front street festivals is held in San Francisco's Mission district and featured performances by Dick Gregory, Teatro Campesino, Carol Landes's children's dance troupe, and free hands-on art projects. Festivals were to feature performances by the SFMT, the Calliope Company, puppet shows, Dick Gregory, local comedian Bobby Baker, and rock bands [It is possible that this was the first ever free outdoor rock performance in the Bay area]. ALF also set up do-it-yourself art projects. The weekend also saw the San Francisco State College's 'Whatever It Is" event and the twentieth SF Art Festival. Source: See Chron, Gleason, 9/12, p. 45. There were other articles about this first Free Fair but I have lost track. Check Barb. Entry by: Doyle
October 1, 1966	Diggers Break from ALF
(Saturday)	The Diggers separated from the Artists' Liberation Front to pursue a moneyless philosophy focused on 'free' services. Add'l Info: In early October 1966, the Diggers broke away from the Artists' Liberation Front (ALF). They rejected the ALF's free fairs because they included commercial concessions. The Diggers argued that the counterculture should live outside the profit and private property premises of Western culture, leading to their first broadsides. Source: Bradford:theater Entry by:
October 1966	Founding of the Black Panthers
	The Black Panthers are founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale in Oakland, California. Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: e.p.n.
October 2, 1966	Matthew Johnson Memorial Service
(Sunday)	A memorial service took place at Hunters Point. The Artists Liberation Front participated. Add'l Info: About 3pm, a group of around 50 people of all ages held hands in a circle around the site where Matthew Johnson had been killed. Two bright yellow wreaths were laid out. One from Connie Williams of Connie's Restaurant on Haight Street, and one from the Socialist Workers Party and Young Socialist Alliance. People kept showing up, until there were at least a 1000 at the site. A poem written by Alan Williams, a SF sculptor, was read aloud. Williams also donated a sculpture of a large harp for the site. Note: the ALF also were involved in an earlier demonstration outside City Hall protesting Johnson's killing. Source: Chron, 10/3/66, p. 1. See also Berkeley Barb, Oct. 7, 1966, p.3. Entry by: e.p.n.
October 2, 1966	Acid Test
(Sunday)	The twelfth (?) Acid Test was held in a cafeteria at San Francisco State College. (The 'Whatever It Is" event was held on campus during that weekend.) The state of emergency is ended in San Francisco following the rioting which began in Hunter's point on 27 September 1966. Add'l Info: The twelth (?) Acid Test was held in a cafeteria at San Francisco State College. (The 'Whatever It Is" event was held on campus during that weekend.) The state of emergency is ended in San Francisco following the rioting which began in Hunter's point on 27 September 1966. Source: Entry by: Doyle
October 2, 1966	Artists Liberation Front protest Matthew Johnson's killing
(Sunday)	On the steps of San Francisco's City Hall, the Artists Liberation Front brings a black coffin labeled "Another 16-Year Old" in reference to Matthew Johnson, the African American teenager who was shot and killed on Tuesday by a San Francisco Police officer. Johnson's death subsequently gave rise to the uprisings on Tuesday and Wednesday nights in the Hunters Point and Fillmore districts. Fifty people participated in the protest. Political Action Committee The Artists Liberation Front protests Matthew Johnson's killing by a San Francisco police officer. Add'l Info: On the same day, a memorial took place at the site of the shooting, on "The Hill" as residents of Hunters Point called this area. Connie Williams, of Connie's Restaurant on Haight Street, had donated one of two "bright, yellow" wreaths. The Socialist Workers Party and Young Socialist Alliance donated the other. At first, there were 50 people holding hands in a circle, but people kept showing up, until there were at least a 1000 at the site. A poem written by Alan Williams, a SF sculptor, was read aloud. Williams also donated a sculpture of a large harp for the site. Source: Chron, 10/3/66, p. 10. Note also Ringolevio, p. 244. The article about the memorial at the site of the shooting is Chron, 10/3/66, p. 1. Entry by: e.p.n.
October 3, 1966	Front page article on Dutch Provos
(Monday)	"The Dutch Beatnik Provos" mentions activities and philosophy of the group in Amsterdam. Add'l Info: The article discusses an upcoming convention in Maastricht. Bernhard deVries is called a "chieftain." Their magazine, Images has a circulation of 20,000. In June there was a 3-day battle with firecrackers and smoke bombs thrown at the royal family. They hold weekly happenings at the Spul in Amsterdam at the place where they hang out near a statue of a nude boy. White clothes, white bikes, their idol is Dutch patriot Jan de Wit. Boys wear long hair. "We are not provos." Article written by Ferris Hartman, the Chronicle Foreign Service. Source: SF Chronicle, 10/3/1966, p. 1. Entry by: e.p.n.
October 6, 1966	California law criminalizing possession of LSD takes effect
(Thursday)	LSD becomes illegal in California. Add'l Info: With the onset of this new law in California, thousands of residents of the Haight-Ashbury are suddenly criminals in the eyes of the justice system. Source: [Erowid ref.:] 'Getting High: The History of LSD', The History Channel, 1999. Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
October 6, 1966	Love Pageant Rally
(Thursday)	A public celebration held in the Panhandle to bear witness to the psychedelic life on the day LSD became illegal. Add'l Info: Organized by Oracle editors Allen Cohen and Michael Bowen, the Love Pageant Rally was a peaceful celebration designed as an alternative to protest. Held on the day the California LSD law took effect, it drew 700 to 800 people to the Panhandle. Participants brought children, flowers, and incense, and heard music from bands like the Grateful Dead and Big Brother. Source: Perry Entry by:
October 6, 1966	Love Pageant Rally
(Thursday)	One of the defining events of the new community in the Haight-Ashbury takes place in the Panhandle at Masonic and Oak. The event marked the day that LSD became illegal under California law. However, the tone of the event was celebratory and presaged the Human Be-In three months later. Big Brother and the Holding Co. played what the SF Chronicle termed "folk rock" music. The Merry Pranksters attended with their now-famous bus "Further". Add'l Info: California state law goes into effect on this day making possession of LSD illegal. Hippies in the Haight-Ashbury district protest, or "commemorate" (since the organizers didn't want to be involved with anything so negative as a "protest") this measure with the "Love Pageant Rally" in the Panhandle section of Golden Gate Park. Estimates of the crowd varied from between 500 to 2,000 individuals. A Sunday Ramparts article related that a press release issued by the ad hoc group which organized this event stated that it was being held 'to affirm our identity, community and innocence from influence of the fear of addiction of the general public as symbolized in this law.' Celebrants were urged to bring to the rally 'the color gold ... photos of perssonal saaints and gurus and heroes of the underground ... children ... flowers ... flutes ... drums ... feathers ... bands ... beads ... banners ... flags ... incense ... chimes ... gongs ... cymbals ... symbols ... costumes.' The reporter noted that all of these things were in evidence, including photos of Ho Chi Minh and Lenny Bruce. The Merry Pranksters attended with their bus "Further," but Ken Kesey, who was still a fugitive from the law, did not put in an appearance. The rock bands that played in the park for the Pageant included Big Brother and the Holding Company, and Wildflower. The Ramparts reporter concluded the account by noting that the gathering was conducted "in the spirit of love" as the organizers had planned it, speculating that "[i]f this movement ever catches on it could be the single most subversive influence on Western Civilization since Gutenberg." Source: (Jerry Belcher, "'Happening' in Park -- The LSD Revolution?" San Francisco Examiner (F. 7 October 1966) 4; "Love-Pageant Rally held to 'celebrate' new LSD law; Panhandle is scene for revelry," The Sunday Ramparts [San Francisco](23 October 1966) 6.) See also Chron, 10/7/66, p.1 (with photo). NOTE: Barbara Wohl, when I interviewed her, felt that this event was a direct result of the Artists Liberation Front. [epn] Entry by: Doyle
October 6, 1966	Love Pageant Rally
(Thursday)	A public celebration held in the Panhandle to bear witness to the psychedelic life on the day LSD became illegal. Add'l Info: Organized by Oracle editors Allen Cohen and Michael Bowen, the Love Pageant Rally was a peaceful celebration designed as an alternative to protest. Held on the day the California LSD law took effect, it drew 700 to 800 people to the Panhandle. Participants brought children, flowers, and incense, and heard music from bands like the Grateful Dead and Big Brother. Source: Lee:acid-dreams Entry by:
October 6, 1966	Love Pageant Rally
(Thursday)	A countercultural celebration that served as a direct inspiration for the later Human Be-In. [cite: 267] Add'l Info: Inspired by the Artists Liberation Front Free Fairs, this rally helped establish the model for the large-scale communal celebrations that characterized the 1960s counterculture. [cite: 267] Source: AposOfFree Entry by:
October 6, 1966	LSD Prohibition Day
(Thursday)	LSD was officially made illegal in California; the Diggers helped organize the 'Love Pageant Rally' in response. Add'l Info: The Love Pageant Rally was held in the Panhandle to celebrate the 'consciousness' associated with LSD at the moment it was being outlawed. The Diggers provided free food and music, using the event to showcase their 'Free City' model and to contrast their lifestyle with the 'straight' world's restrictions. Source: Doyle:HAD Entry by:
October 8, 1966	Artists Liberation Front Free Fair (second)
(Saturday)	Second Artists Liberation Front Free Art Fair took place at the Glide Memorial Church in the Tenderloin district of San Francisco. [See also 1-2 October.] Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: Doyle
October 12, 1966	Event to remember Matthew Johnson
(Wednesday)	A "Plant-In" takes place at the site of Matthew Johnson's killing. One hundred people participate. Add'l Info: Source: Chron, 10/13/66, p. 5. See also SF Chron, Nov. 27, 1966, p. 31 re park being built. Entry by: e.p.n.
October 15, 1966	Founding of the Black Panther Party
(Saturday)	Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale formed the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense in Oakland, California. Add'l Info: The Panthers combined a revolutionary Marxist-Leninist ideology with a program of community self-help and armed patrols to monitor police activity. Their distinctive uniform of black berets and leather jackets, along with their confrontational stance, made them icons of the Black Power era and targets of intense government surveillance and repression via the FBI's COINTELPRO. Source: Anderson:move Entry by:
October 15, 1966	Artists Liberation Front Free Fair (third)
(Saturday)	Third Artists Liberation Front Free Art Fair took place in the Panhandle of Golden Gate Park, San Francisco. Two of the event organizers -- Arthur Lisch (a Digger) and Yuri Toropov (of the rock group Sopwith Camel) -- are arrested. [See also 1-2 October.] Add'l Info: Source: (See article, "And Not So Free After The Fair," Berkeley Barb 3:16 (21 October 1966) 3. [Photocopied and attached to article: George Metevsky, "Delving the Diggers," filed in folder: "The Diggers."]) See Chron, 10/17/66, p.3. Also Gleason, Chron, 10/14, p. 49. Entry by: Doyle
October 21, 1966	First Digger articles in Berkeley Barb
(Friday)	First mention of the Diggers in print. Two articles appear in the Berkeley Barb underground newspaper. These are most likely written by someone involved or closely associated with the Digger activities. Important statement of the early Digger ideas. Add'l Info: First publication of articles that feature the Diggers and their ideas, in the Berkeley Barb. "Burocops Proboscis Probes Digger Bag" (Berkeley Barb, Oct. 21, 1966, p. 3, signed "JAS") describes the birth of the Diggers on the night that Matthew Johnson was shot and killed at Hunter's Point. By the end of the week, the first Digger Papers had appeared and word spread that the Diggers would serve free food in the Panhandle. The Health Department and the Police both have visited the gatherings. The article ends by saying the Diggers want to do something about cars, "which they abhor." The other article, "Delving the Diggers" (By George Metevsky, Berkeley Barb, Oct. 21, 1966, p. 3), ostensibly written by a naïve onlooker who tries to make sense of the free food gatherings (which sound more like happenings). In answer to a question about who was providing the food, the now famous reply came: "It's free because it's yours." The article also mentions the Digger Papers that are handed out on Haight Street once or twice a week. "Nobody seems to know who writes them, but most agree that the DIGGERS are behind autonomy." There is a mention of one of the Digger Papers: "COOL CRANBERRY HORSE-HAIRED MOUTH CLUTTERED WITH APPLE CORES" and quotes from that sheet. "Regarding inquiries concerned with the identity and whereabouts of the DIGGERS: We are happy to report that the DIGGERS are not that." The wording of these two articles make them sound like later Digger writings. I conclude that one or more of the Diggers wrote and submitted these to the Barb. Note the pseudonym Metevsky, obviously a reference to George Metesky, the mad bomber of New York, who figures prominently in Emmett Grogan's Ringolevio. Source: Berkeley Barb 3:16, 21 October 1966, p. 3. See also Grogan's com/co broadside of 20 April 1967: "about time we started doing our own livin' and dyin'" which makes reference to the event described in this article. Entry by: e.p.n.
October 22, 1966	Artists Liberation Front Free Fair (fourth and last)
(Saturday)	Fourth and last Free Fair put on by the Artists Liberation Front, held at Hunter's Point. Originally scheduled for the first weekend in October, it was rescheduled because of the riots after the police shooting of Mathew Johnson. Add'l Info: Fourth and last Free Fair put on by the Artists Liberation Front. Originally scheduled for the first weekend in October, it was rescheduled because of the riots after the police shooting of Mathew Johnson. Source: Chron, 10/21/66, p. 47. Entry by: e.p.n.
October 31, 1966	Acid Test Graduation
(Monday)	Kesey cancels the Acid Test Graduation which was to happen at Winterland and holds a private, sedate affair at a Harriet Street warehouse. Add'l Info: Doyle's notes: The thirteenth (?) and final Acid Test (referred to as the "Acid Test Graduation") occurred at the Calliope Company warehouse on Sixth Street near Howard Street in San Francisco's skid row district south of Market. (This was the same building in which the San Francisco Mime Troupe had their studio.) It was an invitation-only affair for members of the Merry Pranksters and their associates. Source: Chron, 11/1/66, p. 2. See also Hap Stewart, "In Kesey's Corner," Berkeley Barb 3:18 (4 November 1993) 1, 5. See also Chron, 11/2/66, p. 49, Ralph Gleason's column. Entry by: e.p.n.
October 31, 1966	Dance of Death
(Monday)	"The Dance of Death," organized by Bob McKendrick and featuring the rock band Quicksilver Messenger Service, took place at California Hall. Add'l Info: Source: "Kesey Not At Dance Of Death," Berkeley Barb 3:18. See also Chron, 11/2/66, p. 49, Ralph Gleason's column. Entry by: Doyle
October 31, 1966	Intersection Game
(Monday)	The Diggers staged a massive 'game' at the intersection of Haight and Ashbury on Halloween, involving a giant puppet and traffic disruption. Add'l Info: The Diggers constructed a 12-foot-tall puppet called the 'Puppet of the Beast' and encouraged crowds to walk through its legs in the middle of the street. The event was designed to 'reclaim' the streets for the people and to break the 'frame' of normal, habitual urban behavior. Source: Doyle:HAD Entry by:
October 31, 1966	The Intersection Game
(Monday)	The Diggers held an event they billed the "Full Moon Public Celebration of Halloween" at the intersection of Haight and Ashbury. Add'l Info: The Diggers held an event they billed the "Full Moon Public Celebration of Halloween" at the intersection of Haight and Ashbury. The Diggers brought the 25-foot tall wooden "Frame of Reference" that they had used at the Panhandle Free Food gatherings over the past few weeks. Two giant puppets, on loan from the San Francisco Mime Troupe and resembling Robert Scheer and Berkeley Congressman Jeffrey Cohelan (in the Spring primary election, the former -- an antiwar activist -- had come close to wresting away the Democratic Party nomination from the latter), performed in an improvised skit called, "Any Fool on the Street." The puppets moved back and forth through the Frame, encouraging bystanders to do so as well, thereby changing their frame of reference. The Diggers meanwhile distributed approximately 75 smaller versions of the Frame made out of yellow-painted laths six inches square which hung from a neck strap. This was followed by a game of "Intersection," which was played by people crossing the intersection in a way that traced as many different kinds of polygons as possible. Within an hour (around 6 p.m.) a crowd of some 600 people had gathered to take part in these activities. The assembly attracted several squad cars and a paddy wagon with the result that the puppeteers, and three other Diggers were arrested, as well as another man who objected to the police's action. / The article on which this account is based notes that the celebration had been announced by the Diggers' distribution of 1,500 handbills in the Haight-Ashbury and 500 more on Telegraph Avenue in Berkeley during the previous weekend (i.e. 29 and 30 October 1966). And also that "[t]his week the Diggers are renovating a garage in the Haight, where they will open a 24-hour Frame of Reference Exchange, which will provide at no charge all kinds of necessities of life to those who need them. ... Another project underway is the developing of sewing circles and baby-sitting circles." Source: "Diggers New Game: The Frame," Berkeley Barb 3:18 (4 November 1966) 1, 5. The article should be consulted to read the hilarious dialogue between the puppets and the police, and the chants that the Diggers set up when the arrests were underway. "In the Clear", S.F. Chronicle, 30 Nov. 1966, p. 1. (About the charges being dropped for the Halloween event.) Entry by: Doyle
October 31, 1966	The Intersection Game
(Monday)	The Diggers choreographed their first public street theater event at the intersection of Haight and Masonic. [cite: 348, 349] Add'l Info: Participants used a 12-foot 'Free Frame of Reference' and 8-foot puppets to play a game involving crossing the intersection in various styles. The event ended in several arrests when police declared the puppets a public nuisance. [cite: 349, 357, 358, 367, 372] Source: AposOfFree Entry by:
October 31, 1966	The Intersection Game
(Monday)	The first Digger public spectacle, held on Halloween at the Haight and Masonic intersection. Add'l Info: Participants were encouraged to form polygons by crossing the intersection while a massive twelve-foot-tall 'Free Frame of Reference' prop was deployed. The resulting roadblock led police to arrest the puppeteers and several Diggers, effectively establishing the Diggers' street theater tactics and 'life acting' philosophy. Source: AposOfFree Entry by:
October 31, 1966	Intersection Game
(Monday)	The Diggers staged a rush-hour spectacle at a busy intersection to highlight pedestrians' rights and challenge reality 'frames.' Add'l Info: On Halloween night 1966, the Diggers perpetrated the 'Intersection Game' during rush hour in Haight-Ashbury. Pedestrians were incited to walk in geometric shapes to tie up traffic. The event was intended to expose the plight of pedestrians and implore participants to reinvestigate their 'frames' of reality through psychedelico-political theater. Source: Bradford:theater Entry by:
November 1, 1966	First Free Store Opened
(Tuesday)	The Diggers opened the 'Free Frame of Reference' on Page Street, a shop where everything was available for free. Add'l Info: The Free Store was an experiment in 'moneyless' economics. People could bring items they didn't need and take anything they wanted. It served as a community center and a physical manifestation of the Digger philosophy that 'free' meant more than just a lack of price; it meant liberation from the role of consumer. Source: Doyle:HAD Entry by:
Week of November 4, 1966	Opening of First Digger Free Store
	The first Digger free store, called the Free Frame of Reference, opens at 1762 Page Street. Add'l Info: Source: Berkeley Barb, Nov. 4, 1966, p. 5. Entry by: e.p.n.
November 9, 1966	Diggers and Kesey in court
(Wednesday)	Ken Kesey and several Diggers (Emmett Grogan, Peter Berg, Kent Minault, Robert La Morticello, and Brooks Buchet) met briefly in an elevator in the San Francisco Hall of Justice while they were going to separate legal appearances. Add'l Info: Ken Kesey and several Diggers (Emmett Grogan, Peter Berg, Kent Minault, Robert La Morticello, and Brooks Buchet) met briefly in an elevator in the San Francisco Hall of Justice while they were going to separate legal appearances. Kesey to enter a not guilty plea on his flight to avoid prosecution charge and the Diggers to appear in municipal court for their 31 October 1966 arrest for creating "a public nuisance" on Haight Street on 31 October 1966. As Kesey was about to get off the elevator, one of the Diggers tugged at his leather jacket and said, "Further." Kesey grinned and said simply, "Yes." Source: ("D'ye Ken Ken Kesey?" Berkeley Barb (11 November 1966) 8.) Entry by: Doyle
November 11, 1966	First Chronicle article mentioning Diggers
(Friday)	Ralph Gleason mentions the Diggers in his column on "the New Youth." Add'l Info: Ralph Gleason's column on "the New Youth": "the prevailing philosophy . . . is the belief that feeling is more important than logic." His mention of the Diggers (first published reference in the SF Chronicle --?--): "The Diggers, who feed anyone who comes by their stand at their stand at Oak and Ashbury every day at 4 p.m., may not represent a logical, rational, explicit social or political system of thought, but the feeling that their idea and their very existence inspires is exhilirating." Source: Chron, 11/11/66, p. 47 Entry by: e.p.n.
November 15, 1966	The Love Book Bust
(Tuesday)	San Francisco police arrested a store clerk for selling Lenore Kandel’s poetry book, 'The Love Book,' on obscenity charges. [cite: 428, 429] Add'l Info: This event sparked the longest-running criminal trial in San Francisco history at that time. It outraged the Haight-Ashbury community and catalyzed the organization of the 'Summer of Love.' [cite: 434, 435, 436] Source: AposOfFree Entry by:
November 15, 1966	"The Love Book" Obscenity Bust
(Tuesday)	San Francisco police arrested a clerk at the Psychedelic Shop for selling Lenore Kandel's poetry book. Add'l Info: On November 15, 1966, police arrested a store clerk for selling Lenore Kandel's "The Love Book" on obscenity charges. Two days later, City Lights Bookstore was also busted for selling the book. The event sparked a long-running criminal trial and was seen as a general attack by authorities on the psychedelic and avant-garde culture. Source: Lee:acid-dreams Entry by:
November 15, 1966	The Love Book Bust
(Tuesday)	San Francisco police arrested a clerk at the Psychedelic Shop for selling Lenore Kandel's poetry book. Add'l Info: The obscenity arrests soon extended to City Lights Bookstore, leading to the longest criminal trial in San Francisco history up to that point. The arrests outraged the counterculture community, catalyzing the formation of the 'Council for a Summer of Love' to organize against police harassment. Source: AposOfFree Entry by:
November 15, 1966	"The Love Book" Obscenity Bust
(Tuesday)	San Francisco police arrested a clerk at the Psychedelic Shop for selling Lenore Kandel's poetry book. Add'l Info: On November 15, 1966, police arrested a store clerk for selling Lenore Kandel's "The Love Book" on obscenity charges. Two days later, City Lights Bookstore was also busted for selling the book. The event sparked a long-running criminal trial and was seen as a general attack by authorities on the psychedelic and avant-garde culture. Source: Perry Entry by:
November 15, 1966	Love Book and Psych Shop Busted
(Tuesday)	Police raid the Psychedelic Shop and arrest Allen Cohen, 26, the store clerk, for selling "The Love Book" by Lenore Kandel, on grounds of obscenity. The subsequent trial of Cohen, Ron Thelin and a City Lights Bookstore clerk becomes the longest criminal trial in San Francisco history to that point. A San Francisco jury convicts all three and finds the Love Book to be obscene. Add'l Info: Two San Francisco police officers (Inspectors Maloney and Weiner) and two others raided the Psychedelic Shop and arrested Allen Cohen, 26, the store clerk, for selling "The Love Book" by Lenore Kandel, on grounds of obscenity. Several witnesses reported that the police detained ten customers for half an hour and took down their names. An hour after the bust, a demonstration took place outside with signs that read "Fascist Police", and "Cops Go Home." Lenore Kandel rushed to the scene. The next day at Cohen's preliminary hearing, police arrested Jay Thelin, 27, co-owner of the store, for displaying "The Love Book" on the grounds that "it excites lewd thoughts." A week earlier, Thelin had received an eviction notice for the store. See also 11/17/66 bust at City Lights Bookstore. Ultimately the case wound its way to the California Supreme Court but at every level of appeal, the courts refused to overturn the obscenity conviction. Finally, in Federal District Court, Judge Alphonse Zirpoli overturned the conviction of Allen Cohen, the only remaining defendant who was appealing the conviction, However, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals vacated Zirpoli's decision and remanded the case to the lower court. After the U.S. Supreme Court refused to hear Cohen's appeal, the case ended up back in Zirpoli's court, where, in 1974, he affirmed his original decision that overturned the obscenity conviction seven years prior. Source: Chron, 11/16/66, p. 1. (Photos on p. 1 and p. 15.) Chron, 11/17/66, p. 1. (Mentions arrest of Jay Thelin. Note that later accounts have Ron Thelin as the brother who stood trial.) See also Chron, 11/18/66, p. 1 (City Lights Bookstore clerk Ronald Muszalski arrested for selling The Love Book.) See Chron, 11/20/66, p. 24 (Article on the two-man Special Obscenity Squad.) See Chron, 11/22/66, p. 1 (Six SF State professors plan to defy the Love Book ban and give public readings.) See also Chron, 11/24/66, p.1 (Judge orders three-judge panel to hear the case.) See also Chron, 11/26/66, p. 1 (Mayor Shelley calls "Love Book" "hard-core pornography.") See also Chron, 11/27/66, This World, p. 15 (Commentary on the busts.) Related busts: Chron, 3/10/67, p. 10, "Cops Seize Love Posters" (3 hippies arrested yesterday on obscenity charges for selling posters in hippie retail stores.) Entry by: e.p.n.
November 15, 1966	Art Resources Development Committee makes report
(Tuesday)	The Art Resources Development Committee makes its recommendations to Mayor Shelley after eight months of investigating the arts scene in San Francisco. Add'l Info: The Art Resources Development Committee makes its recommendations to Mayor Shelley after eight months of investigating the arts scene in San Francisco. Shelley created the committee after the municipal cultural bonds proposition lost in 1964. The committee's work was financed by the Zellerbach Family Fund. This is the same group whose luncheon the Mime Troupe crashed on May 2, 1966, at which Ronnie Davis read a manifesto to the assembled committee. Source: Chron, 11/15/66, p. 1. Chron, 11/16/66, p. 2. Entry by: e.p.n.
November 17, 1966	Love Book Bust at City Lights Bookstore
(Thursday)	Police arrest a clerk at City Lights Bookstore for selling "The Love Book." Add'l Info: The same two undercover cops (Weiner and Maloney) who busted the Psychedelic Shop two days earlier arrested Ronald Muzalski, 31, a clerk at City Lights Bookstore, for selling "The Love Book." Sixteen copies of the book were seized. This is part of the Police Department's anti-obscenity campaign that started in February. Source: Chron, 11/18/66, p. 1. Entry by: e.p.n.
November 18, 1966	Digger article, Berkeley Barb
(Friday)	Third article to be published in the Berkeley Barb about the Diggers, "The Ideology of Failure" by George Metesky (Berkeley Barb, Nov. 18, 1966, p.6) presents the most articulate vision of the early Digger idea. "And so, we stay dropped-out. We won't, simply won't play the game any longer. We return to the prosperous consumer society and refuse to consume. And refuse to consume. And we do our thing for nothing. In truth, we live our protest. Everything we do is free because we are failures. We've got nothing to lose, so we've got nothing to lose." Add'l Info: Continues: "We're not foiled anymore by the romantic trappings of the marketeers of expanded consciousness. Love isn't a dance concert with a light show at $3 a head. It isn't an Artist Liberation Front "Free" Fair with concessions for food and pseudo psychedelia. It is the SF Mime Troupe performing Free Shows in the parks while it is being crushed by a furious $15,000 debt. It is Arthur Lisch standing under a blue flag in Hunters Point scraping rust off the tin-can memorial to Matthew Johnson from two to five everyday. It is free food in the Panhandle where anyone can do anything with the food they bring to each other. It is Love. And when love does its thing it does it for love and separates itself from the false-witness of the Copsuckers and the Gladly Dead. "To Show Love is to fail. To love to fail is the Ideology of Failure. Show Love. Do your thing. Do it for FREE. Do it for Love. We can't fail. And Mr. Jones will never know what's happening here, do you Mr. Jones. It is clear that this article, like the previous one that was signed "George Metevsky", is written by one of the Diggers, most likely Emmett Grogan. Note the many phrases that resonate with other Digger writings ("any fools on the street", "do your thing" etc.). Source: Berkeley Barb 3:20, 18 November 1966, p. 6. Entry by: e.p.n.
November 19, 1966	Berkeley Provos offer daily free food
(Saturday)	The Berkeley Provos, a group modeled on the San Francisco Diggers and the Provos of Amsterdam, begin daily servings of free food at 4:00 P.M. in Berkeley's Civic Center Park (soon to be known as "Provo Park"). Add'l Info: The Berkeley Provos, a group modeled on the San Francisco Diggers and the Provos of Amsterdam, begin daily servings of free food at 4:00 P.M. in Berkeley's Civic Center Park (soon to be known as "Provo Park"). Their stated purpose was "to foster community, warmth, unity, fellowship" and their sole rule (adopted without attribution from the Diggers) was their refusal to accept cash donations. They listed their headquarters as being at 2362 San Pablo Ave. in Berkeley. Source: ("For Love Not Lucre," Berkeley Barb 3:21 (25 November 1966) 3. An accompanying photo shows Provos dishing out hot stew from a ten-gallon milk can in identical fashion to the Diggers (as pictured in the Barb on 21 October 1966).) Entry by: Doyle
November 20, 1966	Article on the poster art of Wes Wilson, Mouse, et al.
(Sunday)	"These are the boys [..] that made the art that sparked the scene that turned on the cats that rocked the halls that set the beat that bugged the fuzz that keep the peace that rules in the town that Jack runs." Add'l Info: Text by R. B. Read. Calls the Fillmore the place for teenyboppers distinct from the Avalon. Helms found the slogan, "May the Baby Jesus [,,]" on the wall of a men's room. Article is sympathetic to Family Dog and Helms as opposed to Graham. Source: SF Chronicle-Examiner (Sunday), 11/20/1966, California Living, p. 12 Entry by: e.p.n.
November 21, 1966	SF State Professors Defy Love Book Ban
(Monday)	Six San Francisco State College professors, including Mark Linenthal, Leonard Wolf, Jack Gilbert, and Patrick Gleason, announce they will defy the ban against The Love Book and give public readings. Two will read from The Beard and four will read from The Love Book. Add'l Info: Source: Chron, 11/22/66, p. 1. See also Chron, 11/24/66, p. 24. (Protest poetry reading took place 11/23, no busts.) Entry by: e.p.n.
November 22, 1966	Haight Independent Proprietors Form
(Tuesday)	A press conference announces the formation of the Haight Independent Prorietors after the Haight Street Merchants association refused to let the new merchants in. Add'l Info: A press conference announces the formation of the Haight Independent Prorietors after the Haight Street Merchants association refused to let the new merchants in. Lenore Kandel was present. "A Prophecy of a Declaration of Independence" was handed out. The timing on the third anniversary of JFK's assassination is not coincidental. Source: Chron, 11/23/66, p. 2 Entry by: e.p.n.
November 24, 1966	Louis Merton Catatonic Incident
(Thursday)	A student and chess player at the AI lab suffers a catatonic breakdown in the lab's playroom. Add'l Info: Over the 1966 Thanksgiving break, Louis Merton, an MIT student and talented chess player who worked with Richard Greenblatt, suffered a catatonic episode in the eighth-floor playroom. He became completely unresponsive, sitting rigidly in a sculpture-like pose. The incident deeply unsettled the hackers and led to Richard Greenblatt personally intervening to rescue Merton from a medieval-style state hospital. Source: Levy:hackers Entry by:
November 25, 1966	Digger article, Berkeley Barb
(Friday)	Fourth appearance of a (most-likely Digger authored) article in the Berkeley Barb. "In Search of a Frame" (Berkeley Barb, Nov. 25, 1966, p. 6, signed "Zapata") throws down the most clearly stated challenge to the developing counterculture to date: "There has been talk of a psychedelic revolution (overthrow or return to source). It is yet to be seen. There is perhaps a germinal revolution, barely born, but already torn at and choked by residue from the past. We are at a loss for a frame of reference within which to operate freely, harmoniously and generously." Add'l Info: Specifically, the article asks what kind of revolution is it when undergound magazines sport full page shoe ads and fashion spreads that feature local rock 'n roll bands such as Big Brother and the Holding Company. "Big Brother had his image lifted while he wasn't looking. Whatever the revolutionary implications of his band are, none threaten Town Squire and Bally and all they stand for. By sponsoring the magazine the merchants simply attached the rock-revolution image to their product the same way they would have attached Loretta Young's in the '40s or Mickey Mantle's in the 50's." The crux of their argument: "Why is it necessary to pay two and a half dollars to go to a dance. What's revolutionary about that? Bands don't have to join the union. The unions don't care a damn about consumers, they're out for their slice of the pie. Why join except to get your slice? Why pay rent on a hall? Why not pressure the city into putting on block dances, parking lot dances, FREE dances. Would Chet Helm and Bill Graham oppose that? That would be a revolution; something joyous and free in America." "Where will Jefferson Airplane, Grateful Dead et al go but up to bigger gigs, better publicity, managers -- etc. until they are *STARS*. Where's the revolution? Long-hair? Beautiful clothes? Would our soldiers be substantially different if we dressed them mod? John Wayne in Carnaby St. clothes." "The "hip" merchants along Haight Street with notable exception (Psych shop and Phoenix) are talking about ridding the street of "loiterers" (on public streets?) and panhandlers -- the kids that made the scene they are there to capitalize on. "Money doesn't talk, it swears" so do it for free. Do it for love. That way is safety. "One more frame of reference: Man is a herd animal. Ecologically the herd is a protective device. It is also warm and comforting in the dark." Source: "In Search of a Frame", (Berkeley Barb, Nov. 25, 1966, p. 6) Entry by: e.p.n.
November 26, 1966	Tree Planting at Mathew Johnson Memorial
(Saturday)	A park is being built at the site of Mathew Johnson's slaying in Hunter's Point. Add'l Info: A park is being built at the site of Mathew Johnson's slaying in Hunter's Point. Carlo Rhodes and Robert Tyler are supervising the work. All services are being donated by major contracting firms. Connie Williams dished out gallons of baked beans yesterday. Sam Jordan, "Mayor of Butchertown", cooked barbequed beef. Thirty cedar trees, donated by an anonymous donor, were planted. Source: Chron, 11/27/66, p. 31. Entry by: e.p.n.
November 27, 1966	Berkeley Naval Recruiter Sit-in
(Sunday)	Undergraduates at UC Berkeley staged a sit-in against naval recruiters at the Student Union, sparking wider protests. Add'l Info: This event illustrated the expansiveness of youthful protest as undergraduates were joined by non-students and teaching assistants. The protest culminated in a massive rally where thousands sang the Beatles' "Yellow Submarine," showing a self-conscious solidarity among the "obstreperous population" of youth. Source: Roszak-cc Entry by:
November 29, 1966	Charges dropped against Digger puppeteers
(Tuesday)	Charges were dropped against the five Diggers arrested for the Halloween puppet show and Intersection Game. Add'l Info: Charges were dropped against the five Diggers arrested for the Halloween puppet show and Intersection Game. San Francisco Municipal Court Judge Elton C. Lawless accepted (apparently reluctantly) the recommendation of the Deputy District Attorney Arthur Schaffer, who urged, "further investigation indicates that the charges (of creating a public nuisance) should be dismissed in the interests of justice." This is the first time any of the Diggers were named publicly. The caption to the front-page photo which showed the now-famous pose listed: "Robert Morticello, the sculptor who created the nine-foot puppets; Emmett Grogan and Pierre Minnault, actors; Peter Berg, a writer; and Brooks Bucher, unemployed." Source: Chron, 11/30/66, p. 1. ("In The Clear") Entry by: e.p.n.
November 30, 1966	Diggers appear in front page Chronicle photo
(Wednesday)	First page photo in SF Chronicle of five Diggers in famous pose outside City Hall. Add'l Info: The photo and caption ("In The Clear") by Bob Campbell: "Charges were dropped yesterday against these five young men, who gave a Halloween puppet show at the corner of Haight and Ashbury streets. San Francisco Municipal Court Judge Elton C. Lawless acted reluctantly at the urging of Deputy District Attorney Arthur Schaffer, who said, "further investigation indicates that the charges (of creating a public nuisance) should be dismissed in the interests of justice." Celebrating their release were (from left): Robert Morticello, the sculptor who created the nine-foot puppets; Emmett Grogan and Pierre Minault, actors; Peter Berg, a writer, and Brooks Bucher, unemployed." Emmett Grogan, in Ringolevio, claimed that this photo gave rise to the hippie peace sign after people adopted a reverse version of the gesture he made to the photographer, the Irish version of the American middle finger. Emmett describes this event: The case went before Municipal Court Judge Elton C. Lawless within forty-eight hours--on Emmett's 22nd birthday. His honor reluctantly dismissed the case before anything got started, at the urging of Deputy District Attorney Arthur Schaffer, who said, "Further investigation indicates that the charges of creating a public nuisance should be dismissed in the interests of justice." The further investigation he mentioned was some cocktail conversation he had with the defendants before eating lunch with them. This penal code 370, which they were charged with violating, had been chosen by the park station cops as the main weapon in their declared war of harassment against the Haight Street people, and the puppet quintet was happy to be cut loose. They were in a good mood when they walked out of Lawless's courtroom, and their loudness attracted Bob Cambell, a newspaper photographer who was assigned to cover the municipal court building, which was quiet with the inactivity of a dull afternoon. He got the story from the deputy D.A. and asked the five defendants if they would stand on the outside steps for a photo. They did without thinking anything of it. The next morning, Emmett walked down his block for a newspaper and a cup of coffee. On the corner there was a sealed container that unlatched a Chronicle when it was fed a dime. He dropped his ten cents into the slot, opened the lid, and what he saw made him lift out two copies instead of one. On the front page was a five-by-seven picture of him and the others, outside the court building after their release the day before. The photo was headlined, "In the Clear" and captioned with their names and a brief synopsis of who they were and what had gone down. He was referred to as an actor, but thankfully there was no mention of the Diggers or even the Mime Troupe. The photo captured each of them striking a pose: La Mortadella was shown with his pinky and forefinger raised in the sign of the cornuto or the cuckold; Slim Minnaux was leaping with arms-stretched, fists-clenched ecstasy; the Hun had his thumb jammed up into an imaginary asshole, and his face was pinched like .someone who just smelled a load of shit; Butcher Brooks was dressed in someone else's style and leaning forward in a stiff, fraternity stance, Emmett, still wearing his army boots, with a scarf knotted around his neck, an IRA cap flopping on his head, and a cigarette loosely hanging from the corner of his smile, was one step upstage from his pals, staring out at the reader from above the middle finger and index finger of his right hand, raised in the sign of a backwards [end page 253] V which to the English and Irish means "Up Your Ass!" and is the equivalent of the American, lone, uplifted, middle finger. The photo seemed as big as life to Emmett, and he wondered if it meant any trouble. He didn't like too many people knowing about him, and now half the city was probably going to know all their names before the day was out. He finished his coffee and then thumbed a ride up Haight Street to Clayton. As he was walking up the hill to the house where the stew was being fixed and the station wagon was parked, several people called out to him by name and flashed him a V-sign. He stopped a few of them and explained that they had it all wrong. "You've got to turn your hand around 'n flash it backwards. Like giving someone the finger. See . . ." and he showed them. But there were too many to bother about and by the time he went over to the Panhandle at 4 P.M. for something to eat, everyone was waving the V-sign to him and to one another, saying things like, "Peace, brother." "When are you going to run for mayor, Emmett?" It was depressing. There he was, on the front page of the town's only morning newspaper, telling everyone to shove it all up their ass, and they thought he was just imitating Winston Churchill or something. "Fuck it!" He decided there was no way to make the hippies hip to it, and besides he had better things to do. Source: Chron, 11/30/66, p. 1. The photo is captioned "In the Clear." See Ringolevio, p. 254. Entry by: e.p.n.
December 1, 1966	Death of Money Parade
(Thursday)	The Diggers staged a mock funeral procession for money in Haight-Ashbury to promote their anarchist communal vision. Add'l Info: The Diggers staged a 'Death of Money Parade' featuring a funeral procession with a black-draped coffin. This street theater action symbolized their critique of the monetary system and their vision of a communal society. It was one of their most famous public performances aimed at subverting the prevailing capitalist economy. Source: Bradford:theater Entry by:
December 2, 1966	Judge Assails Parties in Love Book Case
(Friday)	Judge Joseph G. Kennedy assailed the Mayor, the Police, and the Defense in the Love Book case, for publicity seeking. Marshall Krause is the ACLU defense attorney. Add'l Info: Source: Chron, 12/3/66, p. 3 Entry by: e.p.n.
December 4, 1966	Provo Conference Reported
(Sunday)	Article on recent Provo conference in Maastricht, Holland. Add'l Info: Article on recent Provo conference in Maastricht, Holland. Several Euro groups boycotted the meeting, including English anarchists led by Charles Radcliff. The Provos discussed pollutionless cars, end to smoking, emancipation of sex, liberation of the Third and Fourth worlds, and white bicycle tour of the world. Named Provo spokesperson: Joop van Est. Provo philosopher: Dr. Roel van Buyn. A speaker at the conference: Carl Jasper Grootvald. Source: Chron, 12/4/66, p. 6, Punch. Entry by: e.p.n.
December 4, 1966	Los Angeles Sunset Strip Riots
(Sunday)	Background article on the Sunset Strip riots. Peter Fonda, 26, was arrested. Add'l Info: Source: Chron, 12/4/66, p. 7, This World. See also Chron, 12/11/66, p. 29 (This World), "The Battle of Sunset Strip" and the police selective enforcement of the curfew. Entry by: e.p.n.
December 7, 1966	Student Rally on Berkeley Campus
(Wednesday)	One thousand Cal students attend a rally as they go back to classes. Beginnings of the "Yellow Submarine" movement. Add'l Info: Students rally as they go back to classes. One thousand attend the rally, sponsored by "Campus Friends of the Lone Ranger". The report of the event names those involved in the planning, including Mario Savio, Frank Bardacke, and Michael Rossman. The Beatles' "Yellow Submarine" played to the crowd. A leaflet explained that the song was "an unexpected symbol of our trust in the future and our longing for a place fit for us all to live in." Source: Chron, 12/8/66, p. 1. See also 12/11/66, Chron, p.4, "Cal Rebels' Theme Song: 'Yellow Submarine'" by Lynn Ludlow. See also 12/12/66, p. 41, Ralph Gleason on the Yellow Submarine proclamation (compares it to the "Marseillaise"). Entry by: e.p.n.
December 8, 1966	Article on English Anarchists' White Bike Plan
(Thursday)	Charles McCabe's article describes an English group's White Bike Plan modelled after the Provos. Add'l Info: Charles McCabe's article, "Love is a White Bike", describes an English Anarchist group's plan to spray paint 20 bicycles white and leave them around the streets of Oxford for free use. John Birtwhistle, 20, says the idea is borrowed from the Provos of Amsterdam. "In a city full of cars, it seems sensible to encourage people to ride bikes. Secondly, we hope to wake people up. The scheme's got charm. It's gay. And, thirdly, it's attractive to anarchists because it is attractive to many other people and they may think about the bicycles and then begin to question the present idea of private property. Why lock things up and label them 'mine'?" "You can just get on and ride, leaving the bike when you have finished for someone else. I don't think people will steal the bikes. I think people are basically honest." Source: Chron, 12/8/66, p. 28. Entry by: e.p.n.
December 8, 1966	Charges against The Beard thrown out
(Thursday)	Charges against the play "The Beard" are thrown out because the law is not applicable to stage performances. Add'l Info: Source: Chron, 12/9/66, p. 1. Entry by: e.p.n.
December 11, 1966	Article on underground buttons
(Sunday)	Describes the popularity and business of underground buttons. Add'l Info: Article on the store Underground Uplift Unlimited, located on St. Marks Place in New York City, started by Randy Wicker last May. He pays 12.5 cents for each button and sells them 5 for $1.00. Ships 10,000 per month. October sales were $10,000. By May, 1967, he hopes to clear $50,000. Wicker invents 20% of the button slogans. He runs a contest that supplies 65% and he "appropriates" 15%. Source: Chron, 12/11/66, p. 2 (Sunday Punch). Entry by: e.p.n.
December 14, 1966	Denver hearing for three Mime Troupe members
(Wednesday)	Hearing in Denver for three Mime Troupe members arrested in the Minstrel Show. Add'l Info: Hearing in Denver for three Mime Troupe members arrested in the Minstrel Show. Peter Cohon, 24, William Lyndy, 32, and Earl L. Robertson, 37. The judge will rule on the request for dismissal on Jan. 4. Source: Chron, 12/15/66, p. 50. Entry by: e.p.n.
December 16, 1966	Death of Money Parade
(Friday)	The Diggers staged a theatrical street parade through the Haight representing the end of currency. Add'l Info: The parade featured a black-draped coffin, pallbearers in Egyptianesque masks, and Hell's Angels on motorcycles. It represented the Digger philosophy that money was dead and goods should be free. Two Angels, Chocolate George and Hairy Henry, were arrested during the event, prompting the parade to march to the police station in protest. Source: Lee:acid-dreams Entry by:
December 16, 1966	Death of Money Parade
(Friday)	The Diggers staged a theatrical street parade through the Haight representing the end of currency. Add'l Info: The parade featured a black-draped coffin, pallbearers in Egyptianesque masks, and Hell's Angels on motorcycles. It represented the Digger philosophy that money was dead and goods should be free. Two Angels, Chocolate George and Hairy Henry, were arrested during the event, prompting the parade to march to the police station in protest. Source: Perry Entry by:
December 16, 1966	Mime Troupe Carollers Arrested
(Friday)	Ten members of the Mime Troupe were arrested for begging while singing Christmas carols outside the Condor. Add'l Info: Ten members of the Mime Troupe were arrested for begging while singing Christmas carols outside the Condor. Article mentions Ann Willock, 24, of 222 Haight Street, and Jane Lisch, 25, of 1480 Waller. Source: Chron, 12/17/66, p. 24. Entry by: e.p.n.
December 17, 1966	"Death and Rebirth of the Haight" (aka "Death of Money") parade
(Saturday)	The Diggers held an event that celebrated the death of money and rebirth of the Haight-Ashbury. Add'l Info: The Chronicle reported the event under the headline "Haight Angels Jailed" and went on to explain that seven Hells Angels riding west on Haight met the parade of 200 hippies walking in the opposite direction at 5:00pm. The Angels were invited to join the parade. Henry Kot, 37, (1606 12th Avenue) and Charles "Chocolate George" Hendricks, 34, (1020 Davidson), took up the lead on their motorcycles. Several blocks later, two police officers stopped and arrested Kot for "allowing a girl to ride standing on his buddy seat." Hendricks was also arrested in the confusion, and a paddy wagon took them both away to the police station. The paraders made their way to Park Station and sourrounded it, with candles lit, singing Christmas carols, and chanting "We want George". The mass surged into the station house, and were repulsed by seventy-five cops. The two Angels got transported to the Hall of Justice downtown. Their bail was set at $313. Kot was charged with permitting a passenger to ride illegally and resisting arrest. Hendricks was charged with interfering with an arrest. Within an hour, the paraders raised the bail and headed to the Hall of Justice, last seen by the reporter at Octavia and Market where they stopped to re-light their candles and sing a Christmas carol. Photo included with article. Source: Chron, 12/18/66, p. 1. See also "A Hippie Plan to Foil the 'Fuzz'", Chron 1/17/67, p. 3 re disposition of the case against the Angels (Municipal Judge Lawrence S. Mana dismissed the charges against Kot and Hendricks for lack of evidence. Article mentions that the arrests took place at the Haight Street "Love Happening" last December.) Entry by: e.p.n.
December 17, 1966	Death of Money Parade
(Saturday)	A mock funeral procession through the Haight-Ashbury district symbolized the Diggers' rejection of the commodity system. Add'l Info: The Diggers organized a parade where participants carried a black-draped coffin containing play money. The procession ended with a ceremony in the Panhandle, where the 'death' of the old economic system was celebrated and the birth of a new, free community was proclaimed. Source: Doyle:HAD Entry by:
December 17, 1966	Death of Money Parade
(Saturday)	A public Digger spectacle on Haight Street featuring a coffin and dollar signs. Add'l Info: During the event, a Digger riding on the back of a Hells Angels motorcycle was arrested. The Diggers subsequently marched to the police station and successfully raised bail money, forging a strong and lasting alliance with the San Francisco chapter of the Hells Angels. Source: AposOfFree Entry by:
December 17, 1966	Death of Money Parade
(Saturday)	A Digger street spectacle on Haight Street featuring a coffin and shrouded messengers representing the end of currency. [cite: 409] Add'l Info: Two Hells Angels joined the parade, leading to their arrest alongside a Digger. This event established a lasting relationship between the Diggers and the Hells Angels. [cite: 409, 413, 168] Source: AposOfFree Entry by:
December 17, 1966	George Metesky Seeks Release
(Saturday)	George Metesky, 60 (the "Mad Bomber") seeks release from a New York State Hospital for the Criminally Insane, in order to stand trial. He has been in the hospital for ten years. Add'l Info: Source: Chron, 12/18/66, p. 12. Entry by: e.p.n.
December 19, 1966	Article on the Hobbit culture
(Monday)	The Hobbit culture abounds. People are writing in Elvish, and using the language of the book "Lord of the Rings" by J.R.R. Tolkein. Add'l Info: Source: Chron, 12/19/66, p. 44. Entry by: e.p.n.
December 20, 1966	Superspade in Court on Drug Charges
(Tuesday)	Superspade (William Thomas, 25, of 848 Clayton) and five others appeared in court on drug charges. Add'l Info: Superspade (William Thomas, 25, of 848 Clayton) and five others appeared in court on drug charges. (Includes the two Hillsborough kids). The article mentions a button that Superspade wears which reads "Superspade faster than a speeding mind." He got the nickname from "some chick" and "it just grew". Source: Chron, 12/21/66, p. 3. Entry by: e.p.n.
December 22, 1966	Article on Hip Job Co-op
(Thursday)	Herb Caen mentions that Sharon Sweeney opened the Hip Job Co-op. Add'l Info: Source: Chron, 12/22/66, p. 27. Entry by: e.p.n.
December 25, 1966	Ralph Gleason on Hippie Culture
(Sunday)	Gleason's article, "Advance Guard of U.S. Culture?" is prescient in predicting the far-flung influences that the hippies will have on American culture. Add'l Info: He traces the evolution from "hipster" (based on Negro jazz., a philosophy of life outside the law., seeing money and pleasure) to "beatnik" (rejection of social structure by dropping out into "egotistical isolation") to the "transformation of the beatnik into the hippy., the hipster into the psychedelic. From an ethic in which there was no belief except in self, the hippy of the sixties emerged with a view of life that rejected 'plastic uptight' America but opted in favor of love and truth and beauty in all its forms. The hippy didn't believe in money as the hipster did, nor in flaking out in egotistical isolation like the beatnik. The hippy is first of all positive. Productivity in art in all its aspects is a prime characteristic of the psychedelic colony." . . . "Preteristic implications aside (the continuous wild west show is really only a reflection of the TV generation) the hippy secretly is making fundamental changes in our lives. It seems only logical to say that law, language, medicine, morals, and much more will ultimately reflect the changes it has already wrought in art." Source: Chron, 12/25/66, p. 25 (Datebook). Entry by: e.p.n.
December 28, 1966	Article on The Fugs
(Wednesday)	Background story on the avant-garde musical group. Add'l Info: Article, "The Hippest of the Hip" is about The Fugs. Explains where they got the name (from Norman Mailer's "The Naked and the Dead" -- it was a euphemism.) Their audiences are 1/2 teenyboppers and 1/2 adult hippies. Ed Sanders' freak slang comes from "crooks, hustlers, queens, amphetamine heads and poets" he met working at a Times Square cigar store. They use poems of Hesiod, Eliot, Charles Olson, Blake, Sappho, etc. plus their own. Source: Chron, 12/28/66, p. 40. Entry by: e.p.n.
December 30, 1966	Diggers announce New Year's Wail
(Friday)	Ralph Gleason in his column: "A New Year's Wail, sponsored by the Diggers and the Hells Angels, will be held Sunday at 2pm in the Panhandle at Oak and Ashbury, with Big Brother and the Holding Co., Buddha and the Wildflower, the Chamber Orkustra, and others." Add'l Info: Source: Chron, 12/30/66, p. 29. Entry by: e.p.n.
Week of December 30, 1966	Closing of first Digger free store
	The Free Frame of Reference on Page Street is closed down. Add'l Info: Source: Berkeley Barb, Dec. 30, 1966, p. 9. See also Barb, Dec. 16, p. 8. Entry by: e.p.n.
January 1, 1967	The New Year's Wail
(Sunday)	The Hell's Angels threw a party in the Panhandle for the psychedelic community to show appreciation for their support. Add'l Info: Grateful for hippie support following arrests at the Death of Money parade, the Hell's Angels provided a PA system and free beer for an all-day celebration in the Panhandle. The sight of the feared outlaws drinking and dancing with hundreds of acidheads was considered mind-boggling by observers. Source: Lee:acid-dreams Entry by:
January 1, 1967	New Year's Wail
(Sunday)	An all-day party in the Panhandle thrown by the Hells Angels for the Diggers. Add'l Info: Organized by the Hells Angels to thank the Diggers for raising their bail money following the Death of Money parade arrests, this celebration inspired attendees Chester Anderson and Claude Hayward to launch the Communication Company, an instant free news service for the Haight-Ashbury. Source: AposOfFree Entry by:
January 1, 1967	Move to Menlo Park
(Sunday)	Year. Stewart and Lois Brand moved to Menlo Park, leading to Brand's work at the Portola Institute . Add'l Info: In late 1967, they moved to Menlo Park, where Brand began working at his friend Dick Raymond's nonprofit educational foundation, the Portola Institute. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1967	NASA Expedition
(Sunday)	Year. A NASA mission that captured the photograph of the earth used on the Catalog's cover . Add'l Info: A 1967 NASA expedition took the photograph of the earth from space that Brand used for the cover of the first Whole Earth Catalog. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1967	Angry Arts Week
(Sunday)	A week of protest art and street theater was organized by Lower East Side artists in 1966 . Add'l Info: Angry Arts Week featured protest art, street theater, and demonstrations. The Motherfuckers group grew out of the organizing for this event. Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
January 1, 1967	Rise of Liberation News Service
(Sunday)	1967 founding and rapid expansion of Liberation News Service as a radical wire service linking hundreds of underground papers. Add'l Info: In 1967, young editors including Marshall Bloom and Raymond Mungo founded Liberation News Service as a leftâ€‘wing alternative to mainstream wire services, initially mailing out mimeographed packets and then, by early 1968, installing teletype links among offices in New York, Chicago, and Berkeley; by midâ€‘1968 nearly two hundred underground and campus papers subscribed, relying heavily on LNS for inâ€‘depth, participantâ€‘written accounts of major confrontations such as the March on the Pentagon and the Columbia rebellion, so that, as one editor put it, LNS made it possible for "the college and underground press" to be the place "any truth and humanity" in American journalism would be found, effectively knitting scattered local struggles into a national movement discourse. [ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws](https://ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws.com/web/direct-files/attachments/56184942/a86d5e43-e7bf-43e2-8609-1529c2ff758a/MCMILLAN_2011_Smoking-Typewriters_OCR.pdf) Source: Macmillan:STp Entry by:
January 1, 1967	Liberation News Service (LNS) Founding
(Sunday)	Marshall Bloom and Ray Mungo create a radical alternative to the Associated Press. Add'l Info: Founded in 1967, LNS provided a bi-weekly packet of news, photos, and graphics to hundreds of underground and campus papers. It was the "central nervous system" of the movement, ensuring that a radical perspective on the war, civil rights, and international news reached millions of readers. Source: Macmillan:ST Entry by:
January 1, 1967	Battle of Khe Sanh
(Sunday)	Journalist Michael Herr recalled a US Marine humming a pop song during this major battle . Add'l Info: Outside a triage tent where a fellow soldier was dying, a Marine was disconcertingly humming the lyrics to "San Francisco (Be Sure to Wear Flowers in Your Hair)." This hit song from the home front became a reference point for soldiers trying to make sense of the war. Source: Kramer:rock-vietnam Entry by:
January 1, 1967	Chosen Family at Olompali
(Sunday)	Don McCoy rented Olompali Ranch and invited friends to live together as the "Chosen Family," supported by his inheritance. Add'l Info: McCoy rented the house and 690 acres at Olompali at the end of 1967. The Chosen Family lived comfortably from McCoyâ€™s checkbook, engaging in music and social activities, and baking bread for other San Francisco communes. Source: Miller:comm-hip Entry by:
January 1, 1967	Newark Riots
(Sunday)	Civil unrest and riots occurred in Newark, New Jersey. Add'l Info: The group name "Up Against the Wall Motherfuckers" was derived from an Amiri Baraka poem describing police interactions during these riots. Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
January 1, 1967	Rossetto arrives at Columbia
(Sunday)	Year. Louis Rossetto arrived at Columbia University during the height of the Vietnam War and antiwar protests . Add'l Info: After growing up in suburban Long Island, Rossetto had arrived at Columbia University in 1967. By that time, the Vietnam War was nearing its apogee, as were antiwar protests and domestic violence. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
1967	UC recommends purchase of future People's Park site
	1967 - U.C. report recommends purchase of future People's Park site, claiming area "scene of hippie concentration and rising crime." Add'l Info: Source: https://www.peoplespark.org/tmlin2.html Entry by: en
January 1, 1967	Women's Liberation Movement eruption
(Sunday)	Feminist activism erupted spontaneously among New Left activists, leading to the formation of 'consciousness-raising' groups. Add'l Info: In the fall of 1967, the movement emerged as activists sought to understand the root causes of women's oppression. Modeled on black power, it avoided collaboration with 'the system' and spread rapidly through existing antiwar and civil rights networks. Source: Gosse:world Entry by:
January 1, 1967	The Summer of Love and the Communalization Wave
(Sunday)	Year. Hippies in San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury neighborhood launched a massive wave of communes. Add'l Info: In 1967, many hippies from the 'Summer of Love' in San Francisco left the city to help launch the largest wave of communalization in American history. Between 1965 and 1972, thousands of communes were created, with an estimated 750,000 people living in them by the early 1970s. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1967	"New Year's Wail" held in Panhandle
(Sunday)	A New Year's Day event sponsored by the Hells Angels and the Diggers. The Angels were grateful for the support shown to Chocolate George and Hairy Henry after their arrests at the Diggers' Death of Money parade. Add'l Info: In the Chronicle article, Buddha made a comment on "the joyous moment." Paul Krassner made a short speech. The Chamber Orkustra performed. The gathering in the Panhandle enjoyed sunny weather on New Year's Day. The Rec and Park Department ordered the loud speakers turned off but Buddha announced the music would continue from just the amplifiers. "And on until it was dark they played their music and danced and rode their motorcycles and wore their strange clothes and tossed their long hair. And then they packed their guitars and drums and blankets and bottles of wine and rode off into 1967." Source: "Angels Join the Hippies for a Party," by David Swanston, Chron, 1/2/67, p. 1. See Ringolevio, p. 263. See also Gleason's announcement two days before the event, Chron, 12/30/66, p. 29. Entry by: e.p.n.
January 1, 1967	New Year’s Wail
(Sunday)	The Hells Angels threw a party for the Diggers in the Panhandle to show appreciation for their support. [cite: 411, 412] Add'l Info: During this all-day celebration, the founders of the Communication Company were inspired by the Digger ethos to launch an instant news service for the Haight-Ashbury community. [cite: 412, 416] Source: AposOfFree Entry by:
January 1, 1967	Alan Kay proposes the Dynabook
(Sunday)	Year. Alan Kay proposed a portable variation of an interactive desktop computer called the Dynabook. Add'l Info: The Dynabook provided a guiding vision for Xerox PARC's development of the Alto, emphasizing computers as user-friendly tools for creative expression. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1967	The New Year's Wail
(Sunday)	The Hell's Angels threw a party in the Panhandle for the psychedelic community to show appreciation for their support. Add'l Info: Grateful for hippie support following arrests at the Death of Money parade, the Hell's Angels provided a PA system and free beer for an all-day celebration in the Panhandle. The sight of the feared outlaws drinking and dancing with hundreds of acidheads was considered mind-boggling by observers. Source: Perry Entry by:
January 1, 1967	Summer of 1967 (Vietnam/Protests/Riots)
(Sunday)	Year. A period of intense social unrest in America, including the Vietnam War and urban riots . Add'l Info: By the summer of 1967, nearly half a million soldiers were in Vietnam and antiwar protests intensified. That year, 167 American cities experienced riots; in July, rioting in Detroit left 43 dead and 5,000 homeless. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1967	Jefferson Manor rent strike
(Sunday)	A rent strike against the Jefferson Manor apartment building in North Philadelphia marked a turning point in urban housing conflicts. Add'l Info: The 1967 strike was an early and prominent effort at collective bargaining in local landlord-tenant relations. It signaled a shift toward more militant housing activism in response to deindustrialization and deteriorating inner-city conditions. Source: Gosse:world Entry by:
January 8, 1967	Police Bust Digger Free Store
(Sunday)	Police bust the second Digger Free Store at 520 Frederick Street. Add'l Info: Emmett Grogan (identified as Eugene in the newspaper account) was busted along with six others. They were showing W.C. Fields movies at "the abandoned storefront." Grogan was charged with "maintaining a place where narcotics are dispensed." The police were answering a noise complaint and searched the place after Grogan "became belligerant." A small amount of grass and other drugs were found in the basement. The two police officers mentioned were Patrolman Anthony Delzono and James Bailey. The Barb reported that this was part of a continuing pattern of harassment of the Diggers. Source: "Some Pot Among The W.C. Fields," Chron, 1/9/67, p. 3. Barb, Jan. 13, 1967, p. 3, "Counter-Frame Leads To Bust For Frame 2." Barb, Jan. 20, p. 5, "Diggers Beat Bust So Building Condemned?" by Silenus. (Robert Watkins, who was in the Free Store on Frederick, was busted 1/16/67 for not having the proper ID, but the Judge dropped the charges. Then later in the week, a condemned notice was put up on 512 Frederick, the building that houses the Free Store. Mentions the Free Store has been there a month. On Monday, 1/16/67, Swami Bhaktivedanta moved next door to the Diggers. ) In Gleason, 1/23/67, p. 37, he uses the name "Free Frame of Reference" for this Free Store. Entry by: e.p.n.
January 8, 1967	First Police Crackdown on Hippie Chalkings
(Sunday)	The "hippy" custom of colorful chalk sidewalk drawings started three months ago. Add'l Info: Sergeant Frank Edgar ordered William Pounds to stop chalking a sidewalk north of Children's Playground in Golden Gate Park. This "hippy" custom started around three months ago around Alvord Lake in the Park at the end of Haight Street where it intersects Stanyan Street. Colored chalk and crayon free form artworks appeared on the sidewalks there and north of the Playground. Much of the chalking was done at night. The police officer said the park gardeners complained since they're supposed to keep the sidewalks clean. Source: Chron, 1/9/67, p. 3. Entry by: e.p.n.
January 8, 1967	Diggers Free Frame Raid
(Sunday)	Police raid Diggers' Free Frame at 520 Frederick. Add'l Info: January 8, 1967, police raided Diggers' new Free Frame at 520 Frederick St. shortly after opening, citing fire regs, found needle, arrested 4 including Grogan; charges dropped. Source: Perry Entry by:
January 12, 1967	Beat poets hold a free benefit for the Diggers
(Thursday)	Held at Gino and Carlo's Tavern, this was billed as "the first San Francisco Poets 'Thank You' to the Diggers." The Diggers, true to form, refused to accept cash donations collected at the event. Add'l Info: The pantheon of San Francisco Beat and post-Beat poets showed up to support the Diggers. Included were "Gary Snyder, Lenore Kandel, George Stanley, Ron Lowensohn, Lew Welch, Richard Brautigan, David Meltzer and William Fritchey." Emmett Grogan describes this event and how the Diggers turned down the offers of money, and gave back all the money that had been accidentally collected. In a followup article, Gleason noted, "The Diggers, the Haight-Ashbury informal group which provides free food each afternoon at 4 in the Panhandle at Oak and Ashbury, won't accept benefits from any group. 'If you want to give the Diggers a benefit,' a spokesman says, 'give a party to which everybody can come free.'" Note that Gleason reported the event to take place at Dino and Carlo's and the brief announcement the next day had it "Deno and Carlo" and had the address as 728 Vallejo. (The address of Gino and Carlo's was 548 Green St.) ALSO NOTE: "William Fritchey" undoubtedly was Bill Fritsch (a.k.a. "Sweet William"), the lover/partner of Lenore Kandel, and who would become known as the Free Banker during the Diggers' Free City period. The question is whether "Fritchey" was a typo or was that the name he was using at the time? Source: Chron, 1/11/67, p. 43 (Gleason). 1/12/67, p. 41 (brief announcement), 1/20/67 Gleason, p. 39. See Ringolevio, p. 278. Address for Gino & Carlo was 548 Green St. in the Sept. 1966 San Francisco telephone directory. Note the spelling of Carlo, not Carlo's as it was popularly spelled. Phone number was 421-0896. Polk's San Francisco City Directory for 1966 lists Teresa's Restaurant & Bar for 728 Vallejo St. Entry by: e.p.n.
January 12, 1967	Poets Thank Diggers
(Thursday)	Poets event thanking Diggers in North Beach bar. Add'l Info: January 12, 1967, poets like Ginsberg, Snyder thanked Diggers at North Beach bar; Diggers recycled donations into free drinks. Source: Perry Entry by:
January 14, 1967	The Human Be-In
(Saturday)	A massive "Gathering of the Tribes" at Golden Gate Park that brought global attention to the Haight-Ashbury. Add'l Info: Also known as "A Gathering of the Tribes," this event at the Polo Field drew an estimated 20,000 people. It featured gurus like Timothy Leary and Allen Ginsberg, and performances by top rock bands including the Grateful Dead and Jefferson Airplane. The event was a mysterious shared experience that unified hippies and political activists. Source: Lee:acid-dreams Entry by:
January 14, 1967	Human Be-In
(Saturday)	Gathering of the Tribes Human Be-In at Polo Field. Add'l Info: January 14, 1967, Human Be-In at Golden Gate Park Polo Field drew 20k+; speakers Leary, Ginsberg; bands Quicksilver, Dead, Airplane; free LSD, food; Hells Angels guarded generator; historic unity event. Source: Perry Entry by:
January 14, 1967	Human Be-In
(Saturday)	A massive gathering in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park that signaled the transition from Beat to Hippie culture. Add'l Info: Billed as a "Gathering of the Tribes," the event drew over 20,000 people to the Polo Field. It featured performances and speeches by Allen Ginsberg, Gary Snyder, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, and Timothy Leary, who famously urged the crowd to "Turn on, tune in, drop out." The event is often considered the symbolic end of the Beat Generation and the beginning of the popular Hippie movement. Source: EncyBeat Entry by:
January 14, 1967	Human Be-In
(Saturday)	A massive celebration in San Francisco co-sponsored by New Left activists and hippies to celebrate student victories. Add'l Info: Billed as a "Gathering of the Tribes," the event drew 40,000 people, including many "teeny-boppers." It was characterized as a massive "love feast" where the distinctions between political activism and bohemianism began to blur into a general ethos of disaffiliation. Source: Roszak-cc Entry by:
January 14, 1967	The Human Be-In
(Saturday)	A massive gathering at the Polo Field in Golden Gate Park that became a global model for counterculture events. [cite: 267, 540] Add'l Info: Drawing thousands of participants, the Be-In was a spiritual and cultural celebration that popularized the Haight-Ashbury scene and influenced subsequent festivals like Woodstock. [cite: 267, 540, 2156] Source: AposOfFree Entry by:
January 14, 1967	The Human Be-In
(Saturday)	A massive gathering in Golden Gate Park that signaled the peak of the San Francisco counterculture . Add'l Info: Held on January 14, 1967, at the Polo Fields in Golden Gate Park, the Human Be-In was a pivotal event for the 'Haight-Ashbury' scene. It brought together thousands of people for a day of music, poetry, and shared experience, symbolizing the 'Summer of Love' and the rise of a new, hip form of communal identity. Source: Kramer:rock-intro Entry by:
January 14, 1967	The Human Be-In
(Saturday)	A massive "Gathering of the Tribes" at Golden Gate Park that brought global attention to the Haight-Ashbury. Add'l Info: Also known as "A Gathering of the Tribes," this event at the Polo Field drew an estimated 20,000 people. It featured gurus like Timothy Leary and Allen Ginsberg, and performances by top rock bands including the Grateful Dead and Jefferson Airplane. The event was a mysterious shared experience that unified hippies and political activists. Source: Perry Entry by:
January 14, 1967	The San Francisco Human Be-In
(Saturday)	The event, aka the "Gathering of the Tribes" which took place in the Polo Field of Golden Gate Park, was the prototype of all Sixties Counterculture celebratory events. (Think "Woodstock 1969). The Diggers provided Free Food. Add'l Info: There were arrests on Haight Street afterwards. H.I.P. denounced the arrests and a community meeting to "consider the arrests" was called for Monday. Source: Chron, 1/13/67, p. 39 (Gleason). Chron, 1/15/67, p. 1. Chron, 1/16/67, p.3. Followup on the arrests: Chron, 3/1/67, p. 6. Four of the 32 arrested after the Human Be-In on Jan. 14 were found guilty on 2/28/67. Four others in the trial of nine were acquitted, and in the ninth person's case, no decision was reached by the jury. The four guilty: John Keskulla, Richard March, Gregory Oldfield, David H. Kast. The four acquitted: Harris Freeman, Alan Roukauf, Michael R. Luckie, Ethan D. Figen. The one no-decision: Nancy Day (the only woman of the nine). Possible sentence on the misdemeanor charge: six months. Brian Rohan was the defense attorney. Judge Donald B. Constine set March 2 for a new trial date for Ms. Day and March 22 for sentencing. The "32 hippies" were arrested for "failing to disperse on Haight Street between Clayton and Ashbury streets while listening to a sidewalk saxophone player." See B arb, 1/20/67, p. 7, "On Bein' at the Be-In; Saw You There!" (Mentions the Diggers feeding the multitude.) Entry by: e.p.n.
January 14, 1967	Human Be-In
(Saturday)	A 'Gathering of the Tribes' in Golden Gate Park brought national attention to the Haight, though Diggers criticized its passivity. Add'l Info: The Be-In featured poets like Allen Ginsberg and bands like the Grateful Dead. While it was a landmark event for the counterculture, the Diggers were skeptical of its 'spectacle' nature. They participated by handing out thousands of sandwiches and a 'Digger Bread' broadside, urging people to move beyond just 'being' into 'doing' and 'acting.' Source: Doyle:HAD Entry by:
January 14, 1967	Human Be-In
(Saturday)	A massive gathering in Golden Gate Park brought national media attention to the Haight-Ashbury hippie phenomenon. Add'l Info: The January 1967 'Human Be-In' in Golden Gate Park was a 'participatory event model' that drew forty thousand people. While it sought to fuse hippies and politicos, it also underscored tensions between the groups. The Diggers and other groups influenced the event's decentralized and celebratory structure. Source: Bradford:theater Entry by:
January 16, 1967	Krishna Temple Opens
(Monday)	International Society for Krishna Consciousness opens at 518 Frederick. Add'l Info: January 16, 1967, Swami Bhaktivedanta's Krishna Temple opened next to Diggers; quick converts via Ginsberg testimonial; philosophical clash with Diggers. Source: Perry Entry by:
January 23, 1967	Article on the Digger free store
(Monday)	Ralph Gleason describes the Frederick Street Free Store ("Free Frame of Reference") at 520 Frederick St. Add'l Info: Source: Chron, 1/23/67, p. 37 (Gleason). Entry by: e.p.n.
January 23, 1967	Meeting of the Artists Liberation Front
(Monday)	The meeting was to take place at Glide Memorial Church at 8pm. Mentioned in Gleason's column. Add'l Info: Most likely a planning meeting for the Invisible Circus. Source: Chron, 1/23/67, p. 37 (Gleason). Entry by: e.p.n.
January 23, 1967	Article in SF Chronicle on the Diggers
(Monday)	Describes free food, the free store, etc. (With a photo of a man and a boy sitting on a casket.) Add'l Info: "The Digger's Mystique" by David Swanston (who wrote many of the articles on the Haight at this period.) Source: "The Digger's Mystique" by David Swanston, Chron, 1/23/67, p. 6. Entry by: e.p.n.
January 31, 1967	Diggers sue police over harassment
(Tuesday)	The ACLU filed the suit in Federal Court on behalf of the Diggers (not named as such in the afticle) for several arrests. Add'l Info: Those named as plaintiffs are Peter Berg, Eugene Emmett Grogan and Brooks Bucher (for the Oct. 31, 1966 Halloween bust) and Robert L. Watkins for a New Year's Day arrest. Chief Cahill is one of the defendants, along with Sgt. Jos. E. Buckley, Officers Arthur Gerrans, Ernest Gisler and Billie Dillon. Source: "Suit Accuses Cops of Harassment," by Bill Cooney, Chron, 2/1/67, p. 3. Entry by: e.p.n.
February 12, 1967	Article on the upcoming fight over Diablo Canyon
(Sunday)	First article in the Chronicle that presages the two decades-long battle against the Diablo Canyon nuclear power site. Written by environmental reporter Harold Gilliam. Add'l Info: The Sierra Club had agreed not to protest the Diablo Canyon site in exchange for protection of Nipoma Dunes, 12 miles south. "It developed, belatedly, however, that Diablo Canyon is also part of a scenically valuable shoreline. The National Park Service had rated the area as highly as the Nipoma dunes and recommended it for public acquisition. This region is the last long stretch of the California coast -- south of Mendocino county -- unmarred by highways, railroads or any other form of development. Within Diablo Canyon are meadows, stands of laurel and tanbark oak, big-leaf maples and native rhododendrons along the stream, and groves of some of the biggest California live oaks growing anywhere including one tree that may be the largest of its species in the world." Gilliam recommends a study before further work on the project, to consider future needs including open space. Source: "Now It's The Battle of Diablo Canyon," by Harold Gilliam, SF Chon, 2/12/67, World, p. 29. Entry by: e.p.n.
February 18, 1967	Haight Street Riot
(Saturday)	On this Sunday afternoon, a riot lasting for some five hours occurred between police and hippies in the Haight-Ashbury district. Add'l Info: Source: (Eye-witness reports appear in the Berkeley Barb 6:9 (23 February 1968) 4-5. Also see the article "The Winter Before [sic] the Summer of Love," by Marvin Garson et al., San Francisco Express Times 1:5 (22 February 1968) 1.) Entry by: Doyle
24-26 February 1967	The Invisible Circus in San Francisco
	Billed as a "72 Hr. Environmental Community Happening" sponsored by the Diggers, Artists Liberation Front and Glide Foundation, the Invisible Circus was San Francisco's Digger underground answer to the Trips Festival that had taken place the previous year, and to the Human Be-In the previous month. The Diggers staged this event at Glide Church, where the Artists Liberation Front had held one of the first Free Fairs the previous fall. Add'l Info: Originally billed as a "72 hour environmental community happening," the event started Friday night and ended with the Sunday morning celebration/service. However, after the first night, and after consultation among the Church ministers and some of the organizers along with two SF Police Dept captains, the decision was to move the festivities to Ocean Beach. By midday Saturday, all the participants had left. Many returned for the Sunday celebration the next day. The stories about the Invisible Circus became legend in San Francisco's hip community for years. Chester Anderson and Claude Hayward brought the Gestetner equipment that constituted the free printing presses of the Communication Company, and set up shop in one of the church offices. From there, they issued bulletins and news flashes every few minutes. The resulting body of printed sheets comprises an instant archive of the event, of the free space created within the walls of this liberated Tenderloin neighborhood sanctuary. Chester was fond of telling about one such sheet, a story which typifies the spontaneous nature of a digger event. He had taken a breather and went for a drink to a bar across the street from Glide. There he overheard a heated discussion between two of the bar's patrons. Chester, the ever-vigilant correspondent, whipped out his notepad and jotted notes of this conversation. He then repaired to the Communication Company temporary facilities and typed up his notes, ran off a few copies of this instant news bulletin, ran back across the street and astounded these very patrons with copies of their conversation memorialized in print. There were several centers of action throughout the Church, as thousands of people arrived around 8pm on Friday. There was a rock band in the Fellowship Room in the basement, and an orgy room next door filled with shredded plastic. The elevator was also filled with plastic and revelers called "elenauts" sang "Yellow Submarine" as they rode from floor to floor. The main sanctuary on the first floor saw a variety of activities including Hindu chanting, candlelit processions, poetry readings, incense burning, a naked man roaming the room, African drumming, belly dancing, light shows and lovemaking. Meanwhile, the Fellowship Room was host to a discussion on obscenity, including a police officer from the vice squad. There was a film on satellites projected on one wall while rock music blared and a group of belly dancers suddenly burst into the room, drawing partners into a mass sensual dancing. The Diggers fed everyone at 11pm, and the events continued until the wee hours of Saturday morning. Eventually the Church leaders freaked and asked that the festivities move elsewhere. There were plans to move the happening to several locations in the City, but the group that reached Ocean Beach by Playland are confirmed by the Barb account. Meanwhile, every cubicle of Glide was happening. The elevator to the basement opened to a hallway filled with styrofoam. Wading through this fill was like a dream sequence of being stuck in place while trying mightily to move. In another room, there was a panel discussion on pornography. When it came time for the police vice squad officer to speak, one of the diggers opened up a glass display case from its hidden access panel in the next room, and laid his penis on the shelf. The audience broke apart in hilarity over the irony of these two juxtaposed images, the staid cop discussing in a quite serious tone the dangers of porn, while the anonymous flasher performed his silent interpretation of "do your own thing" behind the podium. The cop never caught on. See the Digger Web page (http://www.diggers.org/diggers/incircus.html) for more information. Source: "Hippie Show in the Tenderloin," Chron, 2/25/67, p. 2. (Claude Hayward calls the Invisible Circus "an anarcho-syndicalist thing.") "Hippie's Strange Offer to Narcotics Chief", Chron, 2/27/67, p. 5, describes a meeting on Sunday morning in the basement of Glide. Lt. Norbert Currie, head of the SF narcotics detail was present. Rev. Mamiya said 5000 people had attended the event Friday night, then the action had gone out to the beach on Saturday night. Peter Cohon (age 25) is quoted. See also "GLIDE Set for Hips and Straights," Berkeley Barb 4:8 (25 [24?] February 1967) 3], and "Hippy Happy Hour Makes Glide Glow", Berkeley Barb 4:9 (3 March 1967) 1-2: [illustrated by 5 photos]. See also Charles Perry, The Haight Ashbury: A History (New York: Random House/Rolling Stone Press, 1984), 145-147; and Cecil Williams, I'm Alive! An Autobiography (San Francisco, &c.: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1980), 83-104. Doyle notes about Williams' account, "The latter conflates this event with one called "Born Free" which the church sponsored during its regular Sunday morning service on 18 June 1967, misdating the Invisible Circus to that weekend.)" Read Williams' description of the epiphanic effect of his finding graffiti left behind in the basement restroom after the revelers departed. See also Barb, Jan. 13, 1967, p. 5, "GLIDE Set To Glow." (the idea started with the success of the Free Fair at Glide last Fall. Mentions the concept of having different rooms in the hands of various groups, such as the Diggers, the Mime Troupe, the Committee.) Entry by: e.p.n.
February 24, 1967	The Invisible Circus
(Friday)	A 72-hour environmental theater event held at Glide Memorial Church. [cite: 380] Add'l Info: This three-day spectacle was part of the Digger cycle of public events, utilizing the church as a space for radical communal expression and performance. [cite: 380, 544] Source: AposOfFree Entry by:
February 27, 1967	Police raid two Digger crash pads; hippies protest
(Monday)	The two houses that the police raided were 848 Clayton and 1775 Haight. The next day, a demonstration takes place at Park Station protesting the raids, and police harassment, especially directed toward Patrolman Arthur Gerrans. Lt. John Curran estimated that 40 people stayed at each apartment on a nightly basis. Add'l Info: The cops raided both communal apartments and arrested any juveniles without ID. Leonard Sussman is mentioned as the official tenant of 1775. Lt. Curran said the police had received complaints about both places. Rodney Fletcher, a resident of 1775 said that if it weren't for such places, "the streets would be flooded with people at all hours of the night." Signs at the demonstration on Tuesday, Feb. 28, 1967, protesting police harassment, read "Tune In Turn On Drop Art" in reference to Officer Arthur Gerrans. Source: "A Hippie Protest Over New Raids," Chron, 3/1/67, p. 1. Entry by: e.p.n.
March 1, 1967	Cold Mountain Farm Founded
(Wednesday)	A group of activists and artists from New York City established Cold Mountain Farm in Hobart, New York, following the Heathcote conference. Add'l Info: The Cold Mountain group moved into a 450-acre farm in the early spring of 1967. They were political activists and anarchists who hoped to supply free food to city friends. However, agriculture proved difficult, and a hepatitis epidemic eventually led to the commune's decline. Source: Miller:comm-hip Entry by:
March 1, 1967	Invisible Circus
(Wednesday)	The Diggers and the Artists' Liberation Front staged a 72-hour 'happening' at the Glide Memorial Church. Add'l Info: The Invisible Circus was a multi-day event involving performance art, light shows, and spontaneous activities throughout the church. It became so chaotic that the church eventually had to ask the participants to leave, but it solidified the Digger reputation for creating 'total environments' of creative anarchy. Source: Doyle:HAD Entry by:
March 1, 1967	Testimony Against Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant
(Wednesday)	Testimony against the proposed plant. Add'l Info: Source: Chron, 3/2/67, p. 50. Entry by: e.p.n.
March 3, 1967	Diggers protest "The First Annual Love Circus"
(Friday)	The Diggers picketed outside Winterland where a group calling itself The Love Conspiracy Commune puts on an event billed as "The First Annual Love Circus," an obvious rip-off of the Invisible Circus, See various Communication Company leaflets. Add'l Info: Gleason had announced that the Grateful Dead, Love, Moby Grape would perform. The Barb reported that 150 "Digger-inspired" pickets showed up at 7pm to protest the "exploitation of love." One of the Com/Co sheets announced, "The Diggers will not pay for this trip. Suckers buy what lovers get for free." Judy Berg has described how the Diggers chanted the "Banana Rantra" outside Winterland. (See reference to article on "The Banana Turn-On"). The Barb transcribes the chant as: "BA-NA-NA, NA-BA-NA, NA-NA-BA, BANANA!" Don Fredericksson, a 41-year-old ex-lawyer spokesperson for the Commune, defended their charging for the event. In a letter to the Barb, he attacks the idea of "free" and questions why the Invisible Circus couldn't "draw a band" to play. He also wonders "where the Glide Foundation money went." He also submits an income and expense sheet that lists $10,620 of expenses which came "out of backer's pockets" and 2270 tickets sold for income of $7584.50 (net loss of $3,035.50). Their "backer" was the owner of several S.F. night clubs (the Diggers had charged that the Commune was backed by a syndicate interested in the hippie scene, which seems to be true from Fredericksson's admission.) Source: Chron, 3/3/67, p. 43 (Gleason). Barb, March 10, 1967, p. 1, p. 7. Chron, 3/4/67, p. 1, "Kicks for Hippies: The Banana Turn-On" by Don Wegars. (An anonymous letter reported the banana high in the Berkeley Barb. Signs on storefronts in the Haight give a recipe for "mellow yellow." Jerry Rubin said bananas "work every time" and Berkeley City Council candidate Charlie Artmanhad a comment.) Chron, 3/6/67, p. 3, "Bananas Flunk the Hippie Test" (lack of enthusiasm for the reputed psychedelic effects. One "bearded youth" quoted as saying it's a United Fruit Company plot. Chron, 3/14/67, p. 1, "A Banana 'Smoke-In'" yesterday at UC on the steps of Sproul Hall (12 people took part, 35 minutes it lasted.) See also Berkeley Barb, 3/10/67, p. 1, "Love Community Conspiracy Clash" by Jeff Jessen. Entry by: e.p.n.
March 9, 1967	Cops Seize Love Posters
(Thursday)	SF police arrest three managers or employees at separate hippie retail stores on obscenity charges for selling posters with erotic and political content, including a David Hodges poster depicting the various positions of the Kama Sutra. Add'l Info: Those arrested were: Doyle Phillips, 27, proprietor of The Deadly Excess (2143 Powell), Daric Jerome, 26, manager of The Blushing Peony (1452 Haight), and Michael R. Morris, 20, from the House of Richard (1541 Haight). Phillips was arrested for two photos, one of a nude couple and the other of a guy holding a sign "Fuck War." Jerome and Morris were arrested for the blue and orange Hodges poster. The Hodges poster had small lettering which proclaimed, "Let's Liberate Posters." Jerome claimed the police were picking on him because he had complained earlier about inadequate police protection. One of the arresting officers was Patrolman Arthur Gerrans. The police arrested a fourth person who was in the area: Richard D. Fahrner, 29, of 555 Clayton. All those arrested were released on $550 bail. Source: Chron, 3/10/67, p. 10, "Cops Seize Love Posters". See also: Chron, 3/11/67, p.2, "Hallinan's Hippies and 'Gestapo'" (Terrence Hallinan, representing three of the people arrested on Thursday, 3/9/67, all three for selling the Kama Sutra poster, charged the arrest was a plot by the police to drive the hippies out of town. The three pled not guilty. Trial set for next Tuesday. Chron, 3/14/67, p. 6, "A Legal Hand for Hippies" in the "Obscene Poster Flap" -- ACLU will sue unless police return hundreds of confiscated posters. (Judge Kennedy ordered confiscated Love Books returned in that case). Chron, 3/15/67, p. 3, "The Erotic Poster Battle" -- the police returned Kama Sutra posters to Marshall Krause, the ACLU attorney. T.L. (Chris) Christianson, a partner in the Blessed Trinity (which published the posters at $1 each) said sales have been booming since the bust. Entry by: e.p.n.
March 10, 1967	Article on the Mime Troupe's New Show
(Friday)	The Condemned of Altona showing at the Geary Temple. Add'l Info: Source: Barb, 2/10/67, p. 6, "The Mimers Live! Dig 'Em Now!" Entry by: e.p.n.
March 11, 1967	Berkeley Provos planned event
(Saturday)	Berkeley Provos planned to hold a Be-In at Tilden Park. (Cancelled due to rain.) Add'l Info: Officially called "A Reversal of Planet Earthquake Picnic." Gleason surmised that the event might "achieve the Yellow Submarine . . . community envisioned by some who hope to see the two merge." [The political and non-political.] Gleason announces the following week that the Provos will try again on Sunday, March 19, at Constitution Park in Berkeley with six bands: The Loading Zone, Motor, New Delhi, River Band, Haymarket Riot, Soul Purpose, and Blue Cheer. Source: Chron, 3/10/67, p. 41. (Gleason). Chron, 3/17/67, p. 45. See also 3/20/67 p. 47 re: the Berkeley Provos providing Free Food at a Poor People's Concert. Entry by: e.p.n.
March 14, 1967	Three Mime Troupe Members Arrested in Calgary, Canada
(Tuesday)	The three are charged with possession of marijuana. The Troupe was subsequently banned from the campus of the University of Calgary. All three remain in jail without bond. Add'l Info: Eight members of the Troupe arrived on March 14 in Calgary for a scheduled appearance of The Minstrel Show the next day. Orlin L. Vaughn, 27, 625 Scott Street, was arrested for possession of marijuana after police searched the Troupe members the evening of the 14th. After the University banned the performance, the Troupe decided to perform off-campus, but after another police search, Ronald Guy Davis, 33, founder of the Troupe, and Ronald J. Stallings, 23, 722 Brunswick Street, Daly City, were both arrested for "twigs and seeds" found in their clothing. Vaughn was released on bail and returned to San Francisco but was re-arrested when he attempted to return to Calgary for the court hearing. A benefit will be held at the Geary Temple March 25 (the day after the SF Chron article appeared about the arrests.) Source: Chron, 3/24/67, p. 5, "Canada Jails Three of S.F. Mime Troupe." Note: this article puts the date of the arrests as 14 March. This should be verified with other sources. Entry by: e.p.n.
March 19, 1967	Panhandle Chalk-In
(Sunday)	Hundreds of people showed up to participate in this event, sponsored by the SF Recreation and Park Department. Add'l Info: The SF Recreation and Park Department held this event to counteract the new hippie trend in the past few weeks to create chalk drawings on sidewalks in the Panhandle and the Golden Gate Park. At this event, twelve gross of chalk donated by Pacific School Supply were handed out by 1:00pm. Each person got an envelope of chalk and a 4-foot square in which to work. Bill Pounds, a student teacher who complained when police made him stop drawing on pavement in Golden Gate Park recently, was enthusiastic. He thought it was an attempt to meet people halfway. (He uses special pastel sticks). Of the chalk designs created at this event, flowers, peace signs, and slogans abounded. (One such said, "Weeds are whatever grows where they're not supposed to.") Source: Chron, 3/20/67, p. 3, "Chalk-In Is Big Drawing Crowd". See also: Chron, 3/20/67, p. 2, "Where You Do It" about Police Officer Gerrans arresting three hippies for drawing "psychedelic murals" on the sidewalk in front of Tracy's Do-Nuts (1569 Haight) at the same time as "hundreds of hippies" were participating in the Rec & Park Dept chalk-in. [There are other articles to add to this reference, from earlier in the same year, about the phenomenon of the chalkings.] See also Chron, 3/26/67, World, p. 4, photo of the Chalk-In and mention that rain washed everything away the next day. Entry by: e.p.n.
March 20, 1967	Happening House Holds Low-Key Be-In
(Monday)	The event was billed as "The Haight Ashbury Easter Cosmic Egg Week Human Be-In" in the Panhandle. Add'l Info: Allen Cohen declared it a "non-happening", not a Be-In, because nothing was supposed to happen. Instead, "No electricity, no rock and roll. Just poets reading their poetry, people learning about yoga or how to work a loom." Leonard Wolf (who is from Romania) handed out hamantashes made by his wife. Various people involved in Happening House talked of their plans. Steve Levine, 29, hopes to see a class on natural childbirth. Wolf, 44, hopes Happening House will be a street college that will help define the needs of those who come to it. He said police harassment has increased since the Love Book bust. Nat Freedland, editor of the LA Free Press, showed up with a bucket of dried banana scrapings and everyone smoked joints of it. He announced plans to go into business selling envelopes of it for $5 (the Mellow Yellow Company). Hubert Lindsay ("freckled evangelist") was there, and turned down the banana joints (also eucalyptus ones), saying "Ah'm turned on already." Source: Chron, 3/21/67, p. 3, "Bananas and Beads in the Panhandle" "A Hippie Non-Happening". See also Chron, 3/18/67, p. 3, "A Panhandle Easter Be-In". Announcement of plans to hold "the Haight Ashbury Easter Cosmic Egg Week Human Be In" starting next Monday and going all week in the Panhandle. Happening House is sponsored by SF State College. This will be the second "venture" sponsored by Happening House. Leonard Wolf, the director of the program, announced that they are looking for a space where Happening House can locate. They will be conducting a series of college-level courses though not at SF State expense or credit. The aim is to act as a bridge between the "straight" and "turned-on" generations. Allen Cohen is the associate director. Their phone numbers are given to call for leads on spaces. Leonard Wolf is a professor of English at SF State. Entry by: e.p.n.
March 21, 1967	Diggers Warn About Upcoming Hippie Invasion
(Tuesday)	Arthur Lisch "of the Diggers" and Roy Ballard [founder of the Black Man's Free Store] warn about upcoming invasion of hippies to San Francisco this summer. Add'l Info: Lisch and Ballard addressed the monthly meeting of the San Francisco Deanery Clericus of the Episcopal Diocese of California. They warned that hundreds of thousands of young would be coming to San Francisco this summer and preparations must be made to clothe, house, and feed them. Lisch likened it to a "world-wide pilgrimage." He told what his group, the Diggers, do, for example housing 300 people Monday in their "informal dormitory." Rev. Leon Harris praised the Diggers as the "executive branch of the hippie movement." The clergy voted condemnation of a Recreation and Park Department ban last month on sleeping in city parks at night. The article mentions the original 17th century Diggers. Ballard warned that "if the Diggers do not receive the help they are asking for in advance, as far as the black community is concerned there will be no riot this summer -- there will be war." His comments were not reported in the Chronicle, but were in the Berkeley Barb. Lisch commented that the Diggers were getting swamped with all the "things that need to be done." Ballard said, "The black people need food and clothing and shelter just like everybody else. The Diggers are moving in the right direction. It's time for the black man to do the same, and it's time for the City of San Francisco to help." The Barb mentions his hope to open "several all-black communes in the Digger tradition" by June." "We're going back to face reality and the basic needs of people. If we can't relate to each other as human beings the whole concept of love and brotherhood is lost." Source: Chron, 3/22/67, p. 1. (See Cahill response 3/23, see Mayor’s reaction 3/24, see Gleason 3/24, see 3/10 re: B. Graham prediction of four million hippies.) See also: Berkeley Barb, 3/24/67, p. 1, "Hippies Warn SF, Police Chief Warns Hippies, Black Warns All" by Jeff Jassen. (Roy Ballard is the focus of the article, and his comments not reported in the Chronicle.) Ballard had harsh criticism for some of the Black clergy in the City, whom he called "as much embezzlers as the common criminal." "Why does a church have to look like a palace? Christ had no mansion. He showed people how to share, how to get along with each other. All that money could buy food." He mentioned that high percentage of black men fighting in the war in Vietnam (he is quoted as saying 20% of the front lines) and comments, "When they come back here they find the same war still going on at home, a battle for self-preservation in a more than affluent society." Entry by: e.p.n.
March 22, 1967	Police Chief Blasts Diggers, Warns Hippies
(Wednesday)	San Francisco' police chief, responding to the prediction by Arthur Lisch and Roy Ballard the previous week about an upcoming invasion of young people, warns the hippies and denounces the Diggers. Add'l Info: San Francisco Police Chief Thomas Cahill announced he will do whatever he can to "discourage new arrivals to the hippie colony." He also blasted the Diggers, specifically for a leaflet signed "DIA" (which Cahill said stood for "Diggers Intelligence Agency") that warned people of narcs in the area. He fully supported the ban on park sleeping, citing health hazards posed by camping in the park. "Hippies are no asset to the community," he said. Source: "Blunt Warning By Cahill on Hippie 'Pilgrims'", SF Chron, 3/23/67, p. 1. Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
March 23, 1967	Mayor Denounces Hippies
(Thursday)	The Mayor warns hippies to stay out of town. Add'l Info: "Mayor Acts", "THE WAR ON HIPPIES", "Mayor Warns Hippies to Stay Out Of Town." San Francisco's city government will actively discourage a hippie influx. Increased police patrols already are taking place in the Haight. Fire Chief Wiliam Murray will step up inspections of apartment buildings. There is discussion of increased health inspections. The Mayor sent a letter to the Board of Supervisors asking for a policy statement warning hippies to stay away from San Francisco. Muni will re-route the 43, 71, and 72 buses on the weekend because of the 30-minute waits from traffic congestion. The Public Utilities Commission will get a schedule change next week. Source: "Mayor Acts," SF Chron, 3/24/67, p. 1. See also Chron, 3/28/67, p. 10: Shelley's proposed declaration that hippies are unwelcome is referred to a committee of the Board of Supervisors. Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
March 24, 1967	Ralph Gleason Lambasts City Crackdown on Hippies
(Friday)	SF Chronicle columnist Gleason rebuts Police Chief Cahill's attack on hippies. This column appeared on Good Friday. Add'l Info: Gleason points out all the economic concerns supported by the hippie culture, including the dance ballrooms, the Family Dog, Bill Graham's business, the poster printing, the Haight Street businesses, the Oracle newspaper, and (strange enough) the "printing company, Communications Co." Also mentions the Mime Troupe benefit the next day at the Geary Temple to raise bail and defense funds for the three Mime Troupers who were arrested the previous weekend in Calgary on trumped-up marijuana charges. Ronnie Davis and two others have been held without bail. Another note: Chet Helms is quoted saying that a typical run of an Avalon poster is 200,000 copies. Cahill's comments at a press conference this past week: "Hippies are no asset to the community." Source: SF Chron, 3/24/67, p. 35, "S.F., Love, Easter And the Hippies" by Ralph Gleason. [Note: correction. This item was originally entered with the author as R.G. Davis.] Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
March 24, 1967	SF Health Department Announces Crackdown on Hippies
(Friday)	The Health Department will send a crack "12-man" team to the Haight-Ashbury starting on Monday to inspect the hippie crash pads. Add'l Info: Health Director Dr. Ellis Sox made the announcement. He cited bubonic plague and epidemic meningitis as the potential threats posed by the hippie "dormitory-like pads." San Francisco Assemblyman John Burton reported that "hippies are potentially the greatest threat facing the Nation's traditional social structure." Source: Chron, 3/25/67, p. 1, "Health Crusade To 'Clean Up' The Hippies". Entry by: e.p.n.
March 25, 1967	City Gets Heat for Anti-Hippie Stance; Officials Respond
(Saturday)	A group of five lawyers send a letter to Mayor Shelley expressing concern that the City will be violating hippies' rights. Police Chief and Health Director respond. Add'l Info: The five attorneys work for the War On Poverty (and got into trouble with the chairman of the program, Judge Joseph Kennedy.) Police Chief Cahill and Health Director Sox said they aren't going to drive away hippies, but just enforce the laws to control the situation. Sox said it was just a coincidence his announcement of the health inspections and the report of an influx of hippies. Cahill said the press conference he held helped keep away an influx of hippies over the Easter holidays. Source: Chron, 3/26/67, p. 1, "City Toning Down Its 'War' on Hippies; But Laws Will Be Enforced". Entry by: e.p.n.
March 25, 1967	ML King, Jr. Participates in Peace Demonstration
(Saturday)	This is the first time that Dr. King participated in a peace demonstration. Took place in Chicago. Dr. Spock took part as well. Add'l Info: Source: Chron, 3/26/67, p. 1. Entry by: e.p.n.
March 26, 1967	Easter Be-Ins in Los Angeles and New York
(Sunday)	4,000 people gathered at Elysian Park in Los Angeles. 10,000 gathered in Central Park's Sheep Meadow in New York. Add'l Info: In New York, James Fouratt was quoted as saying, "We wanted a celebration of being alive. It's an affirmation of not being afraid." Listed as organizers (in New York?? or L.A.??) were: Paul Williams (editor of Crawdaddy), Claudio Badal (Chilean poet-playwright) and Susan Hartnett (of Experiments in Art and Technology.) Source: Chron, 3/27/67, p. 7, "Hippies' L.A. 'Love-In'" "The Sights and Sounds of Sharing". (Includes photo.) Entry by: e.p.n.
March 26, 1967	Easter Sunday Hippie Uprising on Haight Street
(Sunday)	With Digger provocation and spontaneous group action fueling the situation, hundreds of hippies take over Haight Street and tie up traffic for three hours. Add'l Info: What the SF Chronicle termed a "mill-in" started late in the afternoon on Easter Sunday with traffic at a standstill. The Diggers took the occasion to pass out Communication Company leaflets to the tourists in their cars. A spontaneous game of football using a plastic bleach bottle created a focus for the hippies on the street who gathered in front of the Print Mint to cheer on the participants. After the size of the crowd created a traffic hazard, the police arrived and decided to close off the street to all cars. The street revelers then poured into the empty street shouting "Streets are for the people" and "Keep cars off Haight". Some of the participants sat down in the street. Others played "tie up the traffic" by criss-crossing the intersection. The police started arresting bystanders and participants. A total of between 12 and 20 were arrested over the next few hours. [An article in the Barb later surmised that the police were expecting mass arrests, on the order of 300, and were disappointed when so few managed to get arrested.] One of those arrested was the Digger named Apache, whom the police busted for directing traffic. In an outcome reminiscent of the beginning of the Free Speech Movement, the crowd surrounded the arresting officers' patrol car. Eventually, the police let him loose and he was carried away on the shoulders of friends. Allen Cohen and Father Leon Harris attempted to negotiate with the police. Allen then attempted to calm the crowd. Cohen said, "Today is Resurrection Day but that doesn't mean we have to be crucified! There are conscious ways to fight evil." In the same spirit of countering the street confrontation, some people passed out incense, flowers and cookies. Two people named as arrestees: Jimmy Van Allen and a young black man known to the crowd as Mystery, both for no apparent reason. [Note: this was likely inspired by the Digger's Intersection Game from the previous Halloween, Oct. 31, 1966. No direct evidence that the Diggers planned this event.] Source: Chron, 3/27/67, p. 1, "Hippies vs. Police At a Big 'Mill-In'". Re: no direct evidence of Digger planning. See Grogan, Ringolevio, p. 291: The street people of the Haight reacted to the police harassment with Sleep-Ins at night in Golden Gate Park to protest the city's ordinance against such activities, and with Mill-Ins at the main intersections of the district to demonstrate for the repeal of Penal Code 370 and express their belief that "the streets belong to the people!" See also: Chron, 3/28/67, p. 10, "Youth Sentenced In Hippie Mill-In." (A black Richmond teenage boy pled guilty to inciting to riot and received a 30-day suspended sentence. Four others pled not guilty. Here it says the 'mill-in' tied up traffic for an hour at the Haight-Ashbury intersection. Seven people appeared before Judge Kennedy.) See also: Chron, 3/28/67, p. 36, editorial: "The Hippies' Tie Up." (Denounces the mill-in Sunday. "If the hippies wish to be welcome here, they should behave in the spirit of their and our patron saint, St. Francis, and have nothing to do with the fomentation of group hostilities." ..."we find some difficulty in understanding how the hippies, if they mean what they say about their peaceful, love-filled attituded toward the rights of others, could go to the rather silly extreme of tieing up traffic and forcing the police to take action against them." Berkeley Barb, 3/31/67, p. 4, "Hippies, Arise!" by Sam Silver. Also: Barb, 3/31/67, p. 4, "Lovers Foil Fuzz'z Plan For 300 Busts" by Jeff Jassen. Entry by: e.p.n.
March 27, 1967	Health Department Raids Digger Crashpad
(Monday)	The Health Department sent inspectors into the Haight and issued abatement notices on 39 buildings, one of which was 848 Clayton, a Digger crashpad. Add'l Info: Eight teams of Health Department inspectors visited 691 buildings yesterday, issuing 5-day abatement notices to 39 of them, including six occupied by hippies. One of these was 848 Clayton Street, a crashpad, which the inspectors cited for 15 violations. A photo shows Big John and three women at 848 Clayton. A spokesperson named "The Digger" talked with the inspectors. The press was invited into the house for a tour. Source: Chron, 3/28/67, p. 1, "Health Dept. Raid" "INSIDE HIPPIES' PADS". Entry by: e.p.n.
March 28, 1967	Digger Arrested for Possession of Venison
(Tuesday)	John Stephens Simons was arrested for "possession of venison out of season" after a photo appeared of him and another man butchering a deer in the backyard of 848 Clayton Street. Add'l Info: There was more to this story than at first appeared. In a followup article the next day, a Humane Officer for the Bird Guardians League said it was he who gave the Diggers a yearling buck deer he found dead on the Coast Highway. This confirmed the story of John Stephen Simon, 28, aka Spider, who was arrested Tuesday. (Note different spelling of middle name.) Simon appeared in court on Thursday (3/30) and Judge Axelrod dropped the charges against him. However, the Humane Officer, Robin Taber, was by then in some hot water. Fish and Game officers (who had initially signed the warrant for Simon's arrest) wanted to question Taber. The president of the Bird Guardian League said that Taber had been kicked out by the Board of Directors on March 9 because he was too involved with other wildlife groups. Humane officers are empowered by the Superior Court to enforce laws against cruelty to animals. Source: Chron, 3/29/67, p. 4, "A Deer in Hippieland -- And Arrest." (Simons is not identified as a Digger in this first article.) See also: Chron, 3/30/67, p. 2, "How the Diggers Came By a Buck." (First explanation of how the deer got to the Diggers.) Also: Chron, 3/31/67, p. 2, "Flap Over Digger's Deer." (Re: Taber and the Fish & Game officers.) Entry by: e.p.n.
April 1, 1967	First Gentle Thursday at UT Austin
(Saturday)	Informal "Gentle Thursday" celebration on the University of Texas campus in April 1967, encouraging playful public gatherings as a subtle challenge to campus norms. Add'l Info: In April 1967 activists around the University of Texas at Austin, closely linked to the underground paper The Rag and local SDS, organized the first "Gentle Thursday," a day when students were invited via a whimsical flyer to do exactly what they wanted on campusâ€”bring dogs or babies, picnic on the West Mall, fly kites, read poetry, wade in fountains, sit on the campus Mustangs, or even bring flowers to math professors, all while wearing "brightly coloured clothing"â€”timed to counterpose an open, participatory celebration against the exclusive Greek "Eeyoreâ€™s Birthday Party" and to symbolically mark a separation from mainstream campus culture; participants later recalled that simply sitting and talking on the West Mall that day felt like the birth of an Austin oppositional community. [ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws](https://ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws.com/web/direct-files/attachments/56184942/a86d5e43-e7bf-43e2-8609-1529c2ff758a/MCMILLAN_2011_Smoking-Typewriters_OCR.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=ASIA2F3EMEYE6FNNCUL2&Signature=RBywNb9u%2B8sBFxzFi0dB%2Fxv3w88%3D&x-amz-security-token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjENL%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJIMEYCIQDwkKLmWcu0T7zIlIUC1B4dCZ15aAbig3gGWLz9tHcJGAIhAJZeEC1ey0KM2l6EvEv%2Fn1DTAPdOAvkPTiCWL%2Bos3e%2FHKvwECJr%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEQARoMNjk5NzUzMzA5NzA1IgxvA%2BF7%2BN83hTptivoq0ARR3LxsDOWpqcWznvLPUAjKYySUHfzQaFRRFQozQC8fnWh5OtHO1G9rJQksRzj%2BojdgWb2ZmPGwO%2B56vn5E5ymiqk5MYUZ2NZlx0nw7j8Zz36ui3q30WkZu7hm7HfgF3lF3bdis%2FAG40GNgyCGcsvZk4uLZes%2BRc0V%2B5kfbAcT9kygPAk%2F9020gLo2%2FKninkBLioB%2BGiTYCGAFACv7gSpYu79wF2yuwXevxiI0aouUlRJcEsgZGNiev%2BB92gAsqTmPWFVPas7DaV180tREdlf7Mr%2F3yvAiInZEOgAbdPbEiU4Yju5Osf0MyNvseqGLf4%2ByP%2F%2Bl2F5eDXGXKb7yQfaZKWOjBkred%2F%2FfMEmdaEIZP4Qej0zAgFrEISrhKOFWLznc2%2FslbhZVnH9As46kr4eOGWXtif45zcXzBjf8U%2FCvjxPy%2BlKzTKUhqxNi0HD5onB%2F9P4z%2B46Nmi3NmHnTbVjciT0Vhcq%2BrDcQ05RJP4qVyuaqYU%2BpuVSdbH%2FfbRgij9taAyODyarEWUI12Mjn3wRPKNNPOgxhBH5PgmYoG10WzrRIFJ3%2FzjKIrZhIqegGB%2BJUvx5J9ieGScGh8ptk%2F30qje3GjDN2fTvDONoK65ir9Wli1pnRBJ%2FXqahAcvfVNXoBma4gOzmUtHKSA8pB2g%2FqeC19f3Z5lnl1S91l%2FcSahj4Ddkc%2FAJxPmbZEwh1rf5gjXFMwUWe6IbxlYgzDBBuitAzLpOM0sxE%2BnkZM1lbMLu%2FY28JEQIS9hDbKrnboVTkvOhz2IJndvvKhmgAHa%2FO53MI7o0s0GOpcBpCpZhupIs%2Fw2VXn%2B8OfGiOXj49bxwhkfqYJDfgu0Lor4EkHPyt%2BZqg3GZjQSifoO%2B1yLjBRwWJzfTadywqKXbfSTH%2BAjrdxOwnUxNF%2BUK77p29x1MoCMJDSUV1uCCAUEIfh8ISM%2FwNh8ztLV8RErdo%2B2sGAk5t6WXu3wImVKzz61mjrMcC3DWAoEjsXVqFId4k%2BIMnZP%2Bw%3D%3D&Expires=1773451430) Source: Macmillan:STp Entry by:
April 1, 1967	Flipped Out Week in Austin
(Saturday)	Expanded "Flipped Out Week" in April 1967, coordinated with the Spring Mobilization Against the War to blend festival culture with antiwar protest. Add'l Info: Building on the success of Gentle Thursday, Austin radicals and The Rag helped mount "Flipped Out Week" in April 1967, a larger series of happenings aligned with the Spring Mobilization Against the War that combined rock music, street theater, and countercultural festivity with explicitly antiwar organizing, illustrating how local underground media and SDS chapters could transform a oneâ€‘day campus picnic into a broader festival framework that both deepened community bonds and linked lifestyle experimentation to opposition to the Vietnam War. [ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws](https://ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws.com/web/direct-files/attachments/56184942/a86d5e43-e7bf-43e2-8609-1529c2ff758a/MCMILLAN_2011_Smoking-Typewriters_OCR.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=ASIA2F3EMEYE6FNNCUL2&Signature=RBywNb9u%2B8sBFxzFi0dB%2Fxv3w88%3D&x-amz-security-token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjENL%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJIMEYCIQDwkKLmWcu0T7zIlIUC1B4dCZ15aAbig3gGWLz9tHcJGAIhAJZeEC1ey0KM2l6EvEv%2Fn1DTAPdOAvkPTiCWL%2Bos3e%2FHKvwECJr%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEQARoMNjk5NzUzMzA5NzA1IgxvA%2BF7%2BN83hTptivoq0ARR3LxsDOWpqcWznvLPUAjKYySUHfzQaFRRFQozQC8fnWh5OtHO1G9rJQksRzj%2BojdgWb2ZmPGwO%2B56vn5E5ymiqk5MYUZ2NZlx0nw7j8Zz36ui3q30WkZu7hm7HfgF3lF3bdis%2FAG40GNgyCGcsvZk4uLZes%2BRc0V%2B5kfbAcT9kygPAk%2F9020gLo2%2FKninkBLioB%2BGiTYCGAFACv7gSpYu79wF2yuwXevxiI0aouUlRJcEsgZGNiev%2BB92gAsqTmPWFVPas7DaV180tREdlf7Mr%2F3yvAiInZEOgAbdPbEiU4Yju5Osf0MyNvseqGLf4%2ByP%2F%2Bl2F5eDXGXKb7yQfaZKWOjBkred%2F%2FfMEmdaEIZP4Qej0zAgFrEISrhKOFWLznc2%2FslbhZVnH9As46kr4eOGWXtif45zcXzBjf8U%2FCvjxPy%2BlKzTKUhqxNi0HD5onB%2F9P4z%2B46Nmi3NmHnTbVjciT0Vhcq%2BrDcQ05RJP4qVyuaqYU%2BpuVSdbH%2FfbRgij9taAyODyarEWUI12Mjn3wRPKNNPOgxhBH5PgmYoG10WzrRIFJ3%2FzjKIrZhIqegGB%2BJUvx5J9ieGScGh8ptk%2F30qje3GjDN2fTvDONoK65ir9Wli1pnRBJ%2FXqahAcvfVNXoBma4gOzmUtHKSA8pB2g%2FqeC19f3Z5lnl1S91l%2FcSahj4Ddkc%2FAJxPmbZEwh1rf5gjXFMwUWe6IbxlYgzDBBuitAzLpOM0sxE%2BnkZM1lbMLu%2FY28JEQIS9hDbKrnboVTkvOhz2IJndvvKhmgAHa%2FO53MI7o0s0GOpcBpCpZhupIs%2Fw2VXn%2B8OfGiOXj49bxwhkfqYJDfgu0Lor4EkHPyt%2BZqg3GZjQSifoO%2B1yLjBRwWJzfTadywqKXbfSTH%2BAjrdxOwnUxNF%2BUK77p29x1MoCMJDSUV1uCCAUEIfh8ISM%2FwNh8ztLV8RErdo%2B2sGAk5t6WXu3wImVKzz61mjrMcC3DWAoEjsXVqFId4k%2BIMnZP%2Bw%3D%3D&Expires=1773451430) Source: Macmillan:STp Entry by:
April 1, 1967	Morning Star Ranch Drug Raid
(Saturday)	The first major police raid occurred at Morning Star Ranch; though no drugs were found, it signaled the start of a long legal battle. Add'l Info: On April 1, 1967, the inevitable drug raid occurred at Morning Star Ranch. No illegal substances were found because residents had been warned, but encounters with law enforcement and public health officials became a major feature of life at the Ranch. Source: Miller:comm-hip Entry by:
April 2, 1967	Gentleness in the Pursuit of Extremity
(Sunday)	A public Digger event held in San Francisco as part of their 1967 action cycle. [cite: 381] Add'l Info: This event continued the Digger mission of creating public spaces for acting out autonomy and collective identity. [cite: 381] Source: AposOfFree Entry by:
April 4, 1967	"Beyond Vietnam" Speech
(Tuesday)	Martin Luther King, Jr. publicly broke with President Johnson by denouncing the Vietnam War at Riverside Church. Add'l Info: King argued that the war was destroying the "Great Society" by diverting funds from anti-poverty programs and that it was a moral atrocity to send black and white soldiers to burn the huts of the poor abroad while they could not live together at home. The speech alienated many of his liberal allies and the Johnson administration but solidified his role as a leader of the broader peace and justice movement. Source: Anderson:move Entry by:
April 15, 1967	Spring Mobilization to End the War
(Saturday)	Over a quarter of a million people participated in antiwar marches and rallies in San Francisco and New York City . Add'l Info: The planners sought to demonstrate the scale of opposition to the war to both policymakers and the public. By this time, mainstream participants were joining the pacifists and radicals who had been protesting since 1964. Source: Farber:age-of-great-dreams Entry by:
May 1, 1967	Committee of Concerned Honkies Flyer
(Monday)	A flyer was distributed in Harlem offering support for black rebellions and the jamming of National Guard sessions. Add'l Info: This flyer represented an attempt by radical white youth to form alliances with Black Power movements. However, Roszak notes that such alliances were often strained by the different cultural values and goals of the two groups. Source: Roszak-cc Entry by:
May 30, 1967	Memorial Day Solstice
(Tuesday)	The Diggers organized a 'Celebrate the Solstice' event to mark the beginning of the Summer of Love and the influx of runaways. Add'l Info: As thousands of young people flooded into San Francisco, the Diggers attempted to manage the social crisis by providing 'Free' infrastructure. The Solstice celebration was a way to welcome the newcomers and integrate them into the Digger vision of a self-sustaining, non-commercial community. Source: Doyle:HAD Entry by:
June 1, 1967	New Buffalo Founded
(Thursday)	A group fascinated by Indian culture founded New Buffalo near Taos, New Mexico, attempting to build a self-sufficient tribal community. Add'l Info: New Buffalo was founded in June 1967 by a group who moved to a hundred acres north of Taos. They built adobe buildings and aimed to be a provider for their "tribe" like the buffalo was to the Indians. It survived with communal elements for nearly three decades. Source: Miller:comm-hip Entry by:
June 1, 1967	Twin Oaks Purchase
(Thursday)	Founders purchased a tobacco farm in Louisa, Virginia, to establish Twin Oaks, a commune based on egalitarian and behavioral principles. Add'l Info: In June 1967, the first members moved into a 123-acre tobacco farm in Virginia. They named it Twin Oaks and began implementing a modified version of the government outlined in Walden Two. It became a prominent and long-lived egalitarian community. Source: Miller:comm-hip Entry by:
June 1, 1967	The Summer of Love
(Thursday)	A mass migration of youth to San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury district, fueled by media coverage. Add'l Info: In 1967, tens of thousands of young people flocked to San Francisco. While the mainstream media sensationalized the "hippie" phenomenon, underground papers like the San Francisco Oracle provided a mystical, psychedelic, and communal vision of the event, though they also warned of the overcrowding and lack of resources. Source: Macmillan:ST Entry by:
June 1, 1967	Summer of Love Begins
(Thursday)	The summer when thousands of young people migrated to San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury district . Add'l Info: Starting around June 1967, the Summer of Love saw an influx of young people attracted to the promises of the San Francisco counterculture. Rock music was at the center of this movement, providing a soundtrack for the experimentation with drugs, communal living, and alternative lifestyles. Source: Kramer:rock-intro Entry by:
June 1, 1967	Andrei Codrescu's First Trip
(Thursday)	Andrei Codrescu samples "Czech acid" brought by the "Candyman" in New York's Lower East Side. [cite: 5, 6] Add'l Info: In June 1967, the Candyman visited Andrei Codrescu's pad on Avenue C. He brought "Czech acid," which Codrescu found different from other varieties like Window Pane or Sunshine. The experience revealed a universe composed of tiny sickles and hammers, which Codrescu initially attributed to his upbringing in Communist Romania. He later discovered that the LSD had likely been procured from Czech government laboratories in Prague by Michael Hollingshead in 1965. [cite: 5, 6] Source: Lee:acid-dreams Entry by:
June 6, 1967	Tierra Amarilla courthouse raid
(Tuesday)	Reies Tijerina and his men stormed a courthouse in New Mexico. Add'l Info: On June 6, 1967, Reies Tijerina and members of the Alianza movement stormed the courthouse in Tierra Amarilla, New Mexico, to reclaim old land grants. The raid resulted in the shooting of a policeman and a jailer, followed by a National Guard occupation of the town of CanjilÃ³n. Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
June 7, 1967	Haight-Ashbury Free Medical Clinic Opens
(Wednesday)	The Haight-Ashbury Free Medical Clinic opens at 588 Clayton St. It is the first volunteer-run, 24-hour, free clinic in the country. Founded by David Smith, M.D. Some 250 patients showed up seeking treatment on its first day. Add'l Info: Source: (Julie Bourland, "Health Care is Your Right," The City, San Francisco's Magazine 2:7 (August 1991) 11.) Entry by: Doyle
June 12, 1967	Supreme Court nullifies ban on interracial marriage
(Monday)	In Loving v. Virginia, the Supreme Court rules that prohibiting interracial marriage is unconstitutional. Sixteen states that still banned interracial marriage at the time are forced to revise their laws. Add'l Info: Source: infoplease.com Entry by:
June 16, 1967	Monterey International Pop Festival
(Friday)	The Monterey International Pop Festival held at the Monterey, CA, Fairgrounds. It is attended by between 50,000-90,000 people. Add'l Info: Source: (The most comprehensive description and analysis of the festival is Robert Christgau, "Anatomy of a Love Festival," originally written for and published in Esquire magazine (January 1968), and reprinted in his anthology, Any Old Way You Choose It: Rock and Other Pop Music, 1967-1973 (Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, INC., 1973), 12-34. See also Ralph J. Gleason's "On the Town" column, "The Beautiful Pops Festival," San Francisco Chronicle (21 June 1967) 47.) Entry by: Doyle
June 16, 1967	Monterey Pop Festival
(Friday)	Monterey International Pop Festival begins. Add'l Info: June 16-18, 1967, Monterey Pop: 50k+ attended; SF bands debuted nationally; Jimi Hendrix, Who, Otis Redding; Owsley Purple Haze LSD; pivotal for psychedelic rock. Source: Perry Entry by:
June 18, 1967	Digger event
(Sunday)	The Digger-sponsored event called "Born Free" takes place at the Glide Memorial United Methodist Church on the edge of San Francisco's Tenderloin district. It features Lenore Kandel and Ann Weldon reading their poetry during the regular Sunday morning service. Add'l Info: Source: (Cecil Williams, I'm Alive! An Autobiography (San Francisco, &c.: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1980), 101-103; Digger broadside distributed ca. mid-June 1967 with the first line of "Middle Class Brothers," announcing free upcoming events between 18-22 June 1967, around the time of the Summer Solstice.) Entry by: Doyle
June 21, 1967	Summer of Love Solstice
(Wednesday)	A Digger-organized event celebrating the solstice and the height of the Summer of Love. [cite: 381] Add'l Info: This celebration marked the seasonal midpoint of the massive influx of young people into the Haight-Ashbury neighborhood. [cite: 381] Source: AposOfFree Entry by:
Summer 1967	Summer of Love in San Francisco
	The impulse for this Archive Add'l Info: Source: [One of the events on the LSD Timeline at Erowid.org] Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
June 21, 1967	Summer Solstice Celebration
(Wednesday)	Summer Solstice do-in at Speedway Meadow, Twin Peaks dawn watch. Add'l Info: June 21, 1967, solstice: dawn at Twin Peaks, then Speedway Meadow with bands Dead, Big Brother; decentralized, free food, no speeches; marked Summer of Love start. Source: Perry Entry by:
July 1, 1967	Congress on the Dialectics of Liberation
(Saturday)	A gathering in London that brought together New Left revolutionaries, existential psychiatrists, and poets like Allen Ginsberg. Add'l Info: The congress was an effort to prioritize psychic and social liberation. It featured figures like R.D. Laing and Stokely Carmichael, highlighting the common cause of revolutionary change while exposing the tensions between non-violent and militant approaches. Source: Roszak-cc Entry by:
July 1, 1967	Paradise Now Premiere
(Saturday)	The Living Theatre premiered its signature participatory production in Avignon, France, which was subsequently banned. Add'l Info: Paradise Now premiered at the Avignon Festival in July 1968. The production consisted of eight 'rungs' on a ladder toward paradise and required active audience participation. After only a few performances, the mayor banned the play due to the actors and audience members chanting for revolution in the streets. Source: Bradford:theater Entry by:
July 7, 1967	Time Magazine Hippie Cover
(Friday)	Time published a cover story on hippies featuring communes like Drop City and Morning Star, bringing massive national attention and new seekers. Add'l Info: The Time cover story for July 7, 1967, was a feature on "Youth: The Hippies." Drop City and Morning Star Ranch were described and illustrated, bringing an avalanche of publicity that often overwhelmed the communities with new legions of seekers. Source: Miller:comm-hip Entry by:
July 12-17, 1967	Newark Racial Uprising
	Newark, New Jersey, explodes in racial strife after police arrest a taxi driver. These are the most violent riots since Watts two years earlier. Twenty-six people die in the rioting. 1500 injured, 1400 arrests, 300 fires. Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: e.p.n.
July 15-30, 1967	Dialectics of Liberation Conference, London
	The conference which Emmett Grogan attended and where he gave a speech that was received with rousing applause until Emmett mentioned that it was one which Hitler had given. Add'l Info: From the website, dialecticsofliberation.com: The Congress on the Dialectics of Liberation (for the Demystification of Violence) took place in London’s Roundhouse between the 15th and 30th July 1967. Organised by the American radical educationalist and anti-psychiatrist Joe Berke and his colleagues in the Institute of Phenomenological Studies, it was a bold attempt to ‘demystify human violence in all its forms, and the social systems from which it emanates, and to explore new forms of action.’ The congress emerged out of Joe Berke’s involvement with the free universities movement in the United States and out of Alexander Trocchi’s idea for a ‘spontaneous university’ as a ‘detonator’ for revolutionising contemporary existence. The event drew together the bohemian culture of New York’s Lower East Side with Europe’s own rebel groups in art, literature, politics and psychiatry, producing what has been justly described as the ‘numero uno seminal event of [London] 67’, a sometimes joyous but often angry anti-coalition of ‘politicos’ and ‘culture wizards.’ ‘All men are in chains’, runs a flyer for the congress. ‘There is the bondage of poverty and starvation: the bondage of lust for power, status, possessions. A reign of terror is now perpetrated and perpetuated on a global scale. In the affluent societies, it is masked. There, children are conditioned by violence called love to assume their position as the would-be inheritors of the fruits of the earth. But, in the process, they are reduced to little more than hypothetical points on a dehumanized co-ordinate system. …We shall meet in London on the basis of a wide range of expert knowledge. The dialectics of liberation begin with the clarification of our present condition.’ The congress opened on the morning of the 15th with a lecture by the anti-psychiatrist R.D. Laing and closed on the 30th with a lecture by the digger Emmett Grogan, following an happening by Carolee Schneemann and a performance by the British pop group The Social Deviants the previous evening. Gregory Bateson, Stokely Carmichael, Paul Goodman and the German philosopher, Herbert Marcuse were amongst other public figures who spoke. There were seminars in the afternoons and films and poetry readings in the evenings. ‘The Provos were there from Amsterdam. There were students from West Berlin, political activists from Norway and Sweden as well as a large contingent from the New Experimental College, Thy, Denmark. There were representatives from the West Indies, Africa, France, Canada, America, Holland, India, Nigeria and Cuba,’ remarks the poet Susan Sherman, one of Berke’s friends, who covered the congress for Ikon magazine. The congress radicalised many black (and white) people in the audience and acted as an (ironic) influence on the Women’s Liberation movement. It also led to the foundation of the anti-university of London in Shoreditch in 1968, a further important experiment in radical education. Source: Ringolevio, p. 416. Also: www.dialecticsofliberation.com. Entry by:
July 18, 1967	Morning Star Arrest
(Tuesday)	Lou Gottlieb was arrested for running an "organized camp" without proper sanitation, leading to a series of legal battles with Sonoma County. Add'l Info: In July 1967, Gottlieb was arrested and charged with running an "organized camp" in violation of state sanitation regulations. This was the first in a series of legal actions by county officials intended to shut down the commune. Source: Miller:comm-hip Entry by:
July 23, 1967	Detroit Riot
(Sunday)	A police raid on an unlicensed bar sparked the most devastating urban riot of the decade in Detroit . Add'l Info: The violence left 43 people dead and three square miles of city streets set ablaze. Most of the victims were killed by police or National Guardsmen shooting wildly. The riot further alienated white supporters of the civil rights movement and fueled calls for 'Law and Order'. Source: Farber:age-of-great-dreams Entry by:
July 23, 1967	Black Power conference in Newark, N.J.
(Sunday)	The national conference calls for partitioning the United States into independent Black and White nations. Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: e.p.n.
July 23-30, 1967	Detroit racial uprising
	Riots start after a police raid on an after-hours drinking club. The riots are the most deadly and costly in U.S. history to this point. Federal troops and National Guard are called in to help stop the widespread arson, looting and sniping. 40 people are killed, 2000 are injured, and 5000 left homeless. Damage estimated at $2 billion. Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: e.p.n.
July 27, 1967	Kerner Commission to study race uprisings
(Thursday)	President Johnson appoints Illinois Gov. Otto Kerner to head a commission on civil disorders to study the causes of the riots. Add'l Info: The commission warns the next year that the nation is "moving toward two societies, one black, one white - separate and unequal." The report names white racism as chief cause of the explosive conditions that sparked the riots. But it also warns that black separatism advocated by militants "can only relegate Negroes to a permanently inferior economic state." Source: Entry by: e.p.n.
July 30, 1967	Emmett Grogan Speech at Dialectics of Liberation Conference
(Sunday)	(See note for July 15, 1967) Add'l Info: From Ringolevio, p. 426+: The giant main event of the week-long "Dialectics of Liberation" conference was to occur that night, beginning at 8:00 P.M., and a few short hours before that, Emmett made a mistake. He went with some of the men, whom he considered his elders because of their "beat experience," across town to a communal house where many of the old-timers and founding fathers of white hipsterism lived (426) together as expatriates from their various countries or simply as British artists who felt outcast in their own land. It was a spectacular place full of singular originals - the men and women artists and their work. There was also plenty of dope, but unfortunately only two varieties of it, Lebanese hashish and pure London, drugstore heroin which was, of course, legal there for any registered addict. The group sat in a quick cluster on the thick, Persian-rugged floor of what appeared to be the living room, - all the rooms looked so much alike it was hard to tell any difference between them with the exception of the kitchen and W.C. There was a tray on the floor, and Emmett helped himself to the papers, cigarette tobacco and hash, using about six or seven papers and mixing the loose tobacco with lots of hash to roll a "splif" which is a joint about as fat as a cigar and just as long. It took him nearly half an hour to smoke it with no help from anyone, because they all had their own or were not interested in anything else but the high-grade pharmacy scag. So was Emmett, and by the time he was loaded on smoke, he started getting a real yen to get off behind some of that fine A-1 stuff, and he did, doing himself up as if he had his last fix the day before, instead of a decade ago. The moment the rush hit and the dope ran through his veins, every cell in Emmett's body snapped with remembrance of the sensation they had never really forgotten during the ten, long, clean, past years. He nodded out right after what was only a cellular memory became again a real feeling enveloping his body in its own erotic warmth. He didn't even have time for any regrets- if he had any - just enough time to nod his head plop! Down on his chest which wasn't heaving with its asthmatic wheeze any longer. Emmett's nod became a deep sleep with him propped up in the corner of the room, leaning against the interesting walls undisturbed by anything or body. One of the poet elders in the house woke him up after three or four hours, because night was rapidly falling, and Emmett had to get to the "Dialectics of Liberation" conference being held in a gigantic, fantastic, huge dome of a building appropriately called the Roundhouse. It had once been the warehouse, storage depot and garage for the numerous vehicles of London's Metropolitan Transport system. When Emmett arrived there a little before eight o'clock that Saturday night, he liked the industrial, working-class smell and leftover accoutrements of the brilliantly designed, hollow-mammoth Roundhouse, but he didn't particularly like the look of the weekend crowd (427) of four or five thousand sitting in row after row of collapsible wooden chairs and drinking beer from large gallon cans which was the only way to juice that Saturday night, because all the pubs would be shut down by the time this main session of the conference ended. Emmett was still loaded with the sleepiness of heroin and very much on the nod, his eyes pinned and glassy and all the love taken from them by a heavy look of coldness. He kept himself together, though, knowing that he had to, because in a few minutes he'd be sitting on the stage with all the left-wing superstars and would make a ten-minute speech. A speech he planned and even researched, but now was too fucked up to deliver properly. He had even forgotten his notes back at the house, but it was no big thing, really, because he'd have another chance the following day when the only speaker billed for the afternoon was him, and he had been assured that the response to hear him rap was well worth his having traveled there. So, tonight he figured he would relax and tomorrow do what he came to do. They were all standing backstage, and Allen Ginsberg fulfilled his usual sincere diplomatic role by introducing him to everybody, one at a time. Suddenly she was standing in front of him, an elegant, gracefully tall black woman with a coiffeured Afro and dressed in a West African robe. She said her name was Angela Davis and that she had been hearing about Emmett and the Diggers in San Diego where she was a student and teacher in the philosophy department at the University of California. She invited him to look her up whenever he was in that part of the state and then let him go as Allen pulled him away towards the cluster of black people surrounding the man in whose entourage Angela Davis was traveling at the time- Stokely Carmichael. Allen excused and pardon me'd his way through the group, holding onto Emmett and dragging him toward the center and the man who was all decked out in a bright orange shirt. When they reached him, Allen treated the introduction with the decorum he thought appropriate for a historic meeting. The two men were standing face to face only a few feet apart, and the backstage crowd quieted down to maybe hear what was going to be said as Stokely Carmichael stuck out his hand, his face broadening into a smile, intending to say something like "Glad to meet you, brother." But he didn't, because Emmett didn't raise his hand in greeting or change the cold, hard expression on his face or even give any sign that he intended to. He (428) just stood there, deadpanning Carmichael and his outstretched hand and the smile on Carmichael's face quickly dropped into a frown as he began to realize that this longhaired Digger dude, Emmett Grogan, was making him look like a goddamn fool in front of everybody. Stokely Carmichael was obviously outraged by this stone affront to his dignity as one of the proclaimed leaders of American radicalism, and he did an abrupt about-face, stomping away and huffin' 'n puffin' thunder and smoke about "Who's that longhaired, motherfuckin' hippie punk think he is … I" He walked away fast and furious with his bodyguards and fellow Black Power advocates following him and glaring back at Emmett, mumbling to one another that they should've guarded their leader better and not have permitted that "white motherfucker!" to insult him. The rest of the backstage groupies were whispering hard and heavy about what they just witnessed, and reporters were asking around about Emmett, like who he really was and why he didn't shake Carmichael's hand. A few even concluded that he was a racist and didn't want to touch black skin. Someone finally asked Emmett himself, and he told them he didn't like Stokely Carmichael and hadn't wanted to meet him, but somebody unwittingly brought them together, and he felt he would've been lying the way all politicians, be they radical or conservative, lie, and so he simply refused to smile back at and shake the hand of a man he disliked extremely. "But it was nothing personal, you understand. In fact, very few things I'll do here or ever do anywhere are personal - they're political." Shortly afterwards, Emmett was led onto the stage where he sat on the same kind of a wooden folding chair in which the five thousand or so persons in the audience were also seated, facing him with their ten thousand eyes, and he was suddenly very glad that he'd worn his wire-rimmed sunglasses to shade the pinning of his eyes. The speeches were routine and predictable and were all sponsored by token honorariums from the London Institute of Phenomenological Studies, except Emmett's which was free. Psychiatrist R. D. Laing said everyone was crazy, including himself; John Gerassi had recently returned from Cuba and spoke about the necessity for a violent revolution; Gregory Bateson talked about the scientifical apocalyptic aspect of the anxiety syndrome from which everyone was suffering; Allen Ginsberg insisted that the best tactic of psychopolitical action was to "make public all the private hallucinations (429) and fantasies of our priest-hero-politician-military-police leaders, like those of John Edgar Hoover, for instance"; the keynote speaker, Stokely Carmichael, still very upset with Emmett, lashed out at the longhaired hippies who, he claimed, were advocating peace in time of revolutionary warfare and were traitors to the radical movement, because their upper-middle-class affluence afforded them the choice of nonviolence and the means with which to drop out of the fight for liberation which he quoted as "only coming through the barrel of a gun!"; Paul Goodman suggested that governments might begin applying immediate social welfare ideals and principles by paying, for example, people on New York's welfare rolls to live in the country, instead of in the city. "Give them the same money, and say, 'You don't have to live in New York, you can live out of New York!' "; Herbert Marcuse didn't say anything because he wasn't there, having hopefully found something more important to do with the time; Emmett spoke last. He had been sitting on the stage for over an hour, wavering in and out of the focus of his consciousness behind his tinted, pennybun glasses and every once in a while listening to what someone had to say. The only one he was hardly able to hear was Stokely Carmichael who yelled so goddamn loud that the tone finally became the point of his speech rather than the words. The crowd had given him an enthusiastic round of applause which they directed at the singer and not his song. Then, all of a sudden, Emmett found himself standing stage-center in front of the microphone and removing his shades for want of something to do and because none of the other speakers who were wearing them had taken them off to address the audience. It took him a moment to adjust his eyes to the startling lights, and, when he cleared them of the brilliance he focused on one individual out of that whole crowd of five thousand - William Burroughs, seated in the fourth or fifth row way over to the left of everyone with his tortoiseshell glasses, and his thinning hair combed flat to one side of his head, and his black, porkpie hat of ten years resting on his lap with his bony hands holding on to it so it wouldn't be snatched by one of his old-time pals and sold or exchanged for a nicer cap. He looked like an aging Hitler youth, sitting there erect and waiting with his thin lips pressed together and all dressed in black, waiting to be impressed, his narrow, Missouri face turned upwards, looking dead at Emmett with the wry knowledge of its own evil presence. They locked eyes together for the longest moment as Emmett (430) remembered that this was the writer-poet-genius man who got his wife to place an apple or avocado on her head at a stoned-tequila-drunken party in Mexico, because his marksmanship was challenged by one of his pals or somebody. Then he carefully aimed the .45 pistol or whatever it was, firing a slug point-blank into the center of his wife's forehead which made her cerebrum hemorrhage and the police gasp. But they quickly called it an "accidental homicide," and everybody else said, "Wow!" except Bill Burroughs, who just sat there, like he was sitting there now, knowing full well that no one was ever going to know the secret that lies hidden in his brain. Bill Burroughs and the rest of the audience were going to have to wait until the following evening to be impressed by Emmett, because he was too tiredly stoned to say what he wanted. What he did do, therefore, was to open his speech with "Today is the first day of the rest of your life!" which was a line he either made up or picked up somewhere during the last year. Shortly after he said it that night, it began appearing on posters and postcards and everywhere, not as a quote attributed to anyone, but just as a simple, declarative sentence to be sold by persons who never had an original thought in their dollar-billed lives. He kept his speech short and to the point, which was to say, he refuted all of Carmichael's screamed remarks, not by giving away any secrets about himself or the people with whom he worked, but by simply explaining that the work they did together wasn't any Salvation Army trip, and concluding that neither he nor any of his people were so-called flower children, because they'd known ever since they were little boys and girls that " … flowers die too easy, even when they have thorns!" Then he left. He walked off the stage and down into the audience where he sat and spoke with Michael X, a London black man whom he'd known when he was in London the first time around. Michael X was also the West Indian black leader who was going to end up paying for Stokely Carmichael's bottomless rabble-rousing against "whitey." Michael X was going to pay by being arrested for Carmichael's inciting the residents to riot in the streets of London's black ghetto of Brixton after the conference, creating hysteria and then immediately splitting the country with the promise that he'd be right back, knowing that he'd never return and thereby leaving Michael X to hold the bag which he was to do, for over a year in prison. Emmett talked solely and briefly with Michael X about money (431) and how and whether he was getting enough to sustain the political-education operation that he and his brothers and sisters had organized and were attempting to maintain for the black people of Brixton. When he heard that money was very scarce and particularly hard for them to come by, Emmett gave Michael X an angle which eventually financially supported the work he and his comrades were doing for at least the following twelve or thirteen months. It had nothing to do with stealing or hurting anyone, and still has nothing to do with you, no matter who you are. Early the next evening, Emmett found himself standing in front of the same microphone before about one thousand of the younger, heavier members of the same audience. This time, however, he was alone with no one else on the stage. He also felt a lot younger than the previous night, when his chippy shot of drugstore scag made him feel as old as the hills and as numb-dumb-cold-dry as a dead dog. He still couldn't figure out why he hit himself in the vein with the poison of his youth. Had it just been for old time's sake or had he been trying to impress his Beat elders with his own down hipster style? He gave up attempting to answer himself with a vow that he'd never chip again. The rows of radicals who came to hear what he had to say were anxious but attentive, and Emmett was ready for them. He had memorized his speech the day before and had thoroughly gone over it that afternoon, blocking out its dramatic pauses and polishing up his delivery. When the moderator of the day's symposium of "Liberation," or whatever it was supposed to be, finished introducing Emmett as a "Digger, a hippie, an acidhead and a living mythical legend in his own time," he stepped forward to the applause and waited for it to subside, feeling " … righteously righteous and stone justly just," as his good friend and family doctor once said in a song. The handclapping died down, and Emmett spoke strong and clearly into the microphone like an actor delivering a soliloquy, and the finger-popping revolutionaries listened to what they wanted to hear: "Our revolution will do more to effect a real, inner transformation than all of modern history's revolts taken together! … In no stage of our advance, in no stage of our fighting must we let chaos rule! … Nobody can doubt the fact that during the last year, a revolution of the most momentous character has been swelling like a storm among the youth of the West. Look at the strength of awareness (432) of the young people today! Look at our inner unity of will, our unity of spirit and our growing community of thought! Who could compare us with the youth of yesterday? We are unanimously convinced that strength finds its expression not in an army, in tanks and heavy guns, but rather ultimately expresses itself in the common working of a people's will! The will that is uniting our groups with the conviction that men and women must be taught the feeling of community to safeguard against the spirit of class warfare, of class hatred and of class division! … We are approaching a life in common, a common life of revolution! A common life to work for the revolutionary advancement of peace, spiritual prosperity and socialism! Toward a victorious renewal of life itselfl … Our job is to wake everyone up and do away with illusions! So that when the people are finally awakened, never again will they plunge into sleep! "The revolution will never endl It must ·be allowed to develop into streams of revolutions and be guided into the channel of evolution . . . History will judge the movement not according to the number of swine we have removed or imprisoned, but according to whether the revolution has succeeded in returning the power to the people and in the bridling of that power to enforce the will of the people everywhere I … Power to the people!" The entire speech lasted for over ten minutes, and Emmett was satisfied with his convincing delivery that now had the whole audience up on its feet giving him an enthusiastic, standing ovation. He stood motionless by the microphone, where seconds before he was gesticulating like mad, dramatizing every word. He stood still, not bowing, or waving, or moving his lips to say, "Thank youl Thank youl" He just stood there and waited for the crowd to settle back down, so he could finally tell them what he really came there to say. It was a couple of minutes before it was quiet enough for him to again place his mouth near the microphone and say, "I can sincerely appreciate your enthusiasm and honestly understand your excited applause, but, to be perfectly truthful, I can accept neither. You see, I neither wrote nor was I the first person to have ever given this speech. I really don't know who wrote it. I have an idea, but I really don't know. However, I do know who was the first man to make this speech. His name was Adolf Hitler, and he made his delivery of these same words at the Reichstag in, I believe, 1937. Thank you, 'n be seein' you." (433) …. There wasn't a sound in the huge main hall of the Roundhouse for a full thirty seconds or more. Nobody even moved. Then, all at once, it exploded with the fury of one thousand persons who thought they'd been had, been messed over, come out on the short ~nd of a dirty deal I They directed their rage at Emmett who got his ass out of there real quick, and then they completely flipped, breaking things up, setting stuff on fire, and spilling their anger outside onto the street where they began fighting with those few who thought that Emmett Grogan had showed them just how jive rhetoric really was by putting them all on, beautifully. Emmett was still laughing the next day when he returned to the Roundhouse for a discussion workshop that was arranged by those few hundred radicals who dug what he taught them about themselves and revolution. They wanted to learn anything else he could teach them before he left later that afternoon on his week-long return trip to the United States through more than a dozen cities in six or seven countries. So he opened up his bag of experience, showing them everything he knew that wasn't supposed to be kept secret, and closed the bag by advising them that some of Adolf Hitler's early speeches weren't bad or wrong at all. It was just another case of people " … picking up on the singer and not the song, which, of course, usually blows the singer's mind, like it did Schicklgruber's who began to take seriously the lunacy of his own fantasies and proceeded to actualize them, using the people as his pawns. I mean, the cat knew they were digging him and the way he said things, rather than what he had to say. He was all he had to say, as far as they were concerned! You can see that in any old newsreel film clip of him standin' up at some podium in the middle of a few hundred thousand screamers and all he's sayin' is numbers! EINS! ZWEll DREI! You know what I mean?'' What Emmett did best was advise communes or collectives of black or white or yellow or brown or pink radical street people on how to get whatever they needed, how to get themselves economically together to continue their work. After the conference, he spent a rush-hour week, flying around to all the different countries· of Europe on the same tourist class ticket for his return flight to New York. He visited every city where he knew something heavy was happening to meet the people responsible, like the Provos in Amsterdam; Joe the Fever in Prague; Communes #1 and #2 and the Free University in Berlin; the Mistral Bookshop and Post Office and (434) a whole lot of young heavies in Paris; everyone from the Exploding Galaxy to Peggy Duff to the Co-op Printing Society to Bromley by Bow's Kingsley Hall in London; and ten more cities on the continent in which there were groups of sincere, serious people at work, trying to lay the foundation for an intercommunal planet where there would be no boundaries dividing up the world, just different tribes of people free to live their lives the way they want, instead of have to - which is the only way to keep it all from dying. Source: Ringolevio, p. 416. Also: www.dialecticsofliberation.com. Entry by:
August 3, 1967	Grizzly Haight Murder
(Thursday)	Add'l Info: Source: SF Chron, 8/4/67, p. 1. Entry by: e.p.n.
August 3, 1967	Caen mention of David Simpson trial
(Thursday)	Caen quotes Mime Trouper Lynn Brown at David Simpson's trial. When the prosecutor warned jurors not to trust Simpson's sincerity, after all he's an actor, Brown blurted out, "What about Ronnie [Reagan], George [?] and Shirley [Temple]?" Add'l Info: Source: SF Chron, 8/3/67, p. 29 Entry by: e.p.n.
August 15, 1967	Communication Company take-over
(Tuesday)	Diggers Take Control of Communication Company: "Chester Anderson published a six-page bulletin to the underground press, 'Hippie Siamese Twins Split,' announcing the final break between him and the Diggers at com/co. His last street rap had been published on June 8 [1967]. After that date the Gesteteners were taken to the basement of the Trip Without a Ticket, and he was permanently barred." Add'l Info: Source: (Charles Perry, The Haight-Ashbury: A History (New York: Random House/Rolling Stone Books, 1984), 230.) Entry by: Doyle
August 24, 1967	NYSE Money Throwing
(Thursday)	Activists (later known as Yippies) throw dollar bills onto the floor of the New York Stock Exchange. Add'l Info: Led by Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin, the event was intended to signify "the death of money." It was a pivotal example of "media-freaking" guerrilla theater designed to manipulate mass media coverage [cite: 479-480]. Source: Doyle-IN Entry by:
August 24, 1967	Yippies Throw Money Onto Stock Exchange
(Thursday)	The future Yippies disrupt the New York Stock Exchange. Add'l Info: A band of hippies throw dollar bills onto the floor of the New York Stock Exchange. James Fouratt along with Abbie Hoffman led the demonstration. "It's the death of money." About a dozen in the group participated in the action around 11am. Reporters who were told about the event beforehand showed up and were waiting when the group arrived. The group was escorted to the visitors gallery by the guards. Outside they chanted "Free Free". Abbie Hoffman set fire to a $5 dollar bill in the circle. The account gave an estimate of 30 or 40 $1 dollar bills thrown onto the exchange floor, but one hippie said $1000 had been thrown. Source: NY Times, August 25, 1967, p. 23. Entry by: e.p.n.
September 22, 1967	Governor Romney Visits Diggers
(Friday)	Emmett Grogan takes the Governor and his wife to the Panhandle to meet the real hippies up close. Add'l Info: Michigan Governor George Romney visited San Francisco on his 17-city tour. He started the day at Glide Church then visited the Fillmore. He stopped by the Black Man's Free Store, and later went to Roy Ballard's home for a half-hour at the end of the day. After leaving the Fillmore, he and his wife went to Huckleberry's where Emmett Grogan, "a founder and leader of the Diggers" suggested that they go join the feed-in at the park. Romney and wife Lenore rode in the cab of Grogan's green pickup with a busload of newsmen following behind. At the Panhandle, Romney was accosted by people demanding an end to the war and troops out of Detroit. Romney pleaded that he had come to find out what the hippies had to say, not to make speeches. One hippie jumped up and denounced those who were yelling at Romney. "He came to learn." Romney stayed twenty minutes. Photo p. 6 by Christopher Springmann at the feed-in. Emmett recounts the incident in Ringolevio, p. 448-454: One day a strange thing happened which afforded Emmett a golden opportunity to scare the living shit out of a man who might have been and still may be elected President of the United States. It was late in the afternoon, and he had just finished delivering most of the Free Food with only a few more stops to make before he completed his rounds, when he turned south of Buena Vista Park and drove down to Broderick Street, where there was a giant crowd gathered in front of Huckleberry House, the referral center for runaways. The street being blocked by the throng, he pulled over to have a look at what was taking place. As soon as he stepped from the pickup, he heard someone calling to him from atop the front stairs of Huckleberry House, insisting, "Emmett! Emmett Grogan! Come on up here! Come on!" It was one of the ministers and leading officials of Glide Church which administered the referral center, and Emmett did what he was told and went up the stairs and inside where he was introduced, with the usual reference to his being a "legendary myth," to none other than the then Governor of Michigan, George Romney, and his pert, little wife Lenore, both of whom were touring the country to test the water for his upcoming campaign as a candidate in the Republican primary elections for President of the whole goddamn country~ Emmett was impressed when George Romney told him that he'd been hearing about his fine charitable work among the poor and misguided youth who found themselves alone and hungry and away from home on the streets of Haight-Ashbury, and he had the utmost [end page 448] respect for the alms-giving services that Emmett and his fellow "What do you call them? Oh, yes, Diggers!" were doing for the young people of the nation who strayed to San Francisco. A coincidence popped into Emmett's mind, and he couldn't pass up the chance to see if he could pull off a fabulous score--the kidnapping of the governor and his wife. In the most sincere and charming tone of voice he could muster, Emmett informed George and Lenore Romney that coincidentally, at that very moment, there were more than one hundred Indians from his home state of Michigan eating in the park with the "hippies," and it would be wonderful and extremely thoughtful of the governor and first lady to stop by and visit with the people from home. He didn't have to say anything about what good publicity it would be for the folks back in the Midwest. The good governor had already weighed its value, and Emmett watched as it registered with a click of his eyes and a cluck of his tongue. What happened next, Emmett didn't exactly expect, but immediately picked up on it. The governor threw his arms around him and said with a smile, "Emmett, suppose you take me and my wife over there to meet with your people and the Indians from our state. What about it?" "My truck's right out front, Governor, and I'd be more than happy to oblige. In fact, sir, it'd be an honor." The three of them moved quickly outside, and George Romney helped his wife, Lenore, into the cab of Emmett's Free Food pickup, just like a midwestern farmer would've helped his wife into a pickup truck, all dressed up for Sunday and on their way to church. Maybe that's when Emmett decided not to do what he didn't, and then again, maybe not. Besides the three of them, everybody else was confused; the state troopers, the city cops, the FBI, the reporters, the Methodist ministers, everyone, and the only thing they all could think of doing was to go along with the three, in the flatbed open back of the pickup truck. They all started climbing onto the rear of the truck at once. There were over a hundred of them, all fighting for a place to stand, with the reporters pushing and shoving each other but remaining very careful to avoid nudging any of the FBI men, who were already standing up straight in each of the four corners of the truck's rear. They had everything covered. The half-ton pickup was just about to collapse under the weight of the maddening crowd, when Emmett yelled to the governor to [end page 449] "please tell all them suckers to get off o' the truck, Governor, sir, 'cause it's the only one still running good 'nough to deliver the Free Food, 'n they're gonna break it down for keeps!" George Romney didn't hesitate for a moment. He stood right out up there on the running board and told all them guys to "get down out of this man's truck, immediately! Can't you see what you're doing to it? He needs this pickup more than any of you need a ride, so get off, 'n get off now! You hear me?" Then he waited until every last one of them got out of the vehicle, including the heat, before he sat back down in the front seat, slammed the door closed, and put his arm 'round his wife, Lenore. And maybe that was when Emmett decided not to do it. A man in a blue suit and sunglasses popped his face into the window on the driver's side and asked where they were going. Emmett looked at the governor, and the governor looked back at him, asking, "Where are we going?" Emmett answered, 'Golden Gate Park. We'll meet them there!" Emmett must have been at least two or three blocks away when the security man realized that Golden Gate Park was a very, very big place and turned back to ask "Where in Golden Gate Park?" only to find that they had already gone with no one following them or anyone knowing where they went except him, and all he knew was that they were going to Golden Gate Park which is thousands and thousands of acres square and extremely easy to get lost in, and practically impossible to find someone in if you have no idea in what direction they're headed. The guy got sick, and hysterically hurried the Greyhound coach carrying the governor's entourage of reporters to Golden Gate Park where he dispersed the cops on motorcycles and in squadrols throughout the huge area, ordering them to search every goddamn inch, "But find the governor!'~ Emmett had purposely not specified where in Golden Gate Park, because they didn't drive to Golden Gate Park. At least, not what was considered by most to be the Park proper, but was known as its Panhandle. It was to that long strip of green ground that extends about a dozen blocks from the park's entrance between the two main avenues in and out of town, that Emmett brought George Romney and his wife to meet not a hundred Indians from Michigan, but one Indian, who was or claimed to be a hundred years old, and about five hundred stone-street-freaks and crazies who didn't like the governor very much. It was only a short, ten-block drive from Huckleberry House to [end page 450] that place in the Panhandle where the Free Food had been eaten every day at 4:oo P.M. for over a year by then. But Emmett didn't go directly there. Instead, he swung around in the opposite direction to make sure none of the cops or the Greyhound would find or catch up to his '~6 green Chevy pickup truck, because he wanted to be alone with Governor George Romney and his petite wife for a while or maybe even longer than that, but definitely for as long as it took him to display what he knew about power. It only took Emmett a couple of sentences to stop the governor's enthusiastic attempt to appear sincerely concerned about the plague he considered Haight-Ashbury to be and to halt the stream of hollow questions that were sure to follow. "Governor, do you always take these kinds of risks?" "What do you mean?" "I mean, you don't know me. Nobody knows me. And yet here you are with your wife, being driven in a pickup truck by me without even knowin' where you're goin' and with no one following us to make sure we ever get there. You see what I mean?" The governor abruptly turned his head around to look through the cab's rear window back along Oak Street to see if what he just heard was true. And it was. There was no Greyhound bus and no cops anywhere behind them or even within sight. "Technically speaking, Governor 'n Mrs. Romney, I've just kidnapped both of you. Don't worry about it, though. I ain't gonna do nothin' but talk to you for a minute 'n try to explain something that I think I ought to. Then we'll go eat some corn on the cob with your home folks, okay? Good. Now listen careful, 'cause we only got a minute or two, 'n don't interrupt me until I finish, because I want to say it to you." Emmett shot a look at the two of them and saw that they were no longer smiling, and the way both of their faces were set told him that they knew whatever happened next was entirely up to him-- which was the thing Emmett wanted to show the governor about power. He talked plain and clear for two solid minutes and one red light about how there will sooner or later no longer be any need for politicians like Governor Romney, because the people, meaning those people who didn't already know and needed to know more than anyone, were going to realize, understand, be educated to the truth, the fact that politics wasn't supposed to be the business of just a few who claimed to be representing the many. It wasn't supposed [end page 451] to be a business! "Politics is life! All our lives, 'n not no profession like you guys make it out to be, 'n want to keep it, so you won't lose your jobs!" And he went on to explain how and why the professional politicians' days were numbered and the games they played in every country in the world, except maybe one, were going to be phased into extinction. "You see, what you got sitting next to you here ain't just a man, a plain old homo sapiens; he's a political animal. And a political animal is anyone who knows whatever the score is and still refuses to submit to someone else's rule. Anyone who wants to live his own life, and be the only one to control the way he wants to live without messin' over anyone else's right to live the way they damn well want, and vice versa. Now in order to become a political animal, you gotta understand that politics isn't just everyone's business, it's every one of our lives, and it's never been anyone's vote! "After learnin' that, then you have to figure out how you can get hold of enough power to live your life the way you want. And you can't get that kind of power by making a whole lotta money, or by stealing a whole lotta money, or by joining a club that allows you to transcend your blues once a week, or by getting yourself into public office where you can exercise control over the way others live their lives. No, that's all make-believe. It does satisfy quite a few people, but it's never gonna be able to satisfy a whole lotta young people who are just now growing up, and a whole bunch more whose fathers and mothers haven't even met yet. And that goes for all the races, all over the world. "We're gonna get the power to live our lives the way we want through revolution. And not the same kind of revolution like it's always been, where the few rich people are killed and their property taken away and redistributed among the ones who get there first. Ours is going to be a revolt against power and against leaders and against property. We want it to be free, autonomous, and classlessly equal! All of it! And how we achieve that will be entirely up to you and those like you, because we only believe in defending ourselves when attacked, and we don't want anything from you, except to be left alone! We meaning those people sitting on the grass out your window, over there." Emmett pulled the truck into a space alongside the Panhandle and told Governor George Romney and his wife, Lenore, that they were now where they should be, and he had nothing more to say, except "Let's go 'n eat some corn!" The man and his wife stepped [end page 452] out onto the grass and began walking towards the seated crowd, but before Emmett himself got out of the truck, he tugged his revolver from its brackets and called for the governor to return to the pickup for a second. When he did, Emmett pointed to the .38 Iying on the seat inside the cab and asked Governor Romney if he'd forgotten something. "No . . . "Well someone did, and it sure looks like they're not fooling," Emmett said, as he led the governor back to his wife and toward the hundred-year-old Indian from Michigan and the five hundred or so people who were going to keep the governor and his wife in the state of near panic that Emmett had induced. He decided, however, not to exaggerate their panic by holding them, say, for the exchange of unquestionably political prisoners like John Sinclair, a Detroit poet sentenced to ten years for one marijuana cigarette and his radical, political leadership, and many, many others, too numerous to list. Emmett didn't feel like it. As soon as Emmett moved the governor and his wife into the center of the still-seated circle of a thousand faces, he introduced them, got someone to get each of them a cob of hot, buttered corn, and left them standing there, all alone, to be terrified by the intense sincerity of the contempt that each of those young, surrounding faces had for him, Governor George Romney, and for her, his wife Lenore. The two of them were forced to stand there for twenty minutes heavy with abuse and accusations regarding "his" and "her" roles in the continuing Vietnam genocidal war, and in the police riot in Detroit, and in the Algiers Motel executions, and everything else that the political animality of those young people told them the governor and his first lady were responsible for, or had participated in. A squad car noticed the scene and radioed to the others that they'd found Governor Romney. The Michigan state police with their siren blaring led the Greyhound bus down Oak Street to the spot in the Panhandle where the shouting and waving of clenched fists had reached the point where it looked like there was going to be a hanging with somebody having already gone to get the rope. The governor's aides arrived none too soon and whisked him away without so much as a goodbye, but with about a dozen joints that kids shoved in his coat pockets, hoping for god-knows-what to happen. Emmett hadn't seen any of that go down, but heard about it later from Slim Minnaux whose photo was in all the papers during that [end page 453] week, standing tall above the seated crowd pointing his long outstretched arm and a stern finger at Governor George Romney, his face all on fire and his mouth shouting, "J'accuse! J'accuse!" Emmett hadn't seen any of that because he drove away after leading the good governor and his first lady into the eye of the storm. He left them there alone because he felt he did all he could by delivering them to the Panhandle and, more important, because he had to complete the rest of his rounds to the customers of the Free Food Home Delivery Service. Source: "Romney Joins The Hippies In The Park", by Larry Houghteling, Chron, 9/23/67, p. 1. Entry by: e.p.n.
October 1, 1967	Levitating of the Pentagon
(Sunday)	Activists participated in a massive protest at the Pentagon. Add'l Info: In 1967, members of the Motherfuckers attended the "levitating of the Pentagon," where they charged inside the building and were beaten back by guards. Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
October 1, 1967	March on the Pentagon
(Sunday)	Mass October 1967 antiwar mobilization in Washington, D.C., culminating in a march to and confrontation at the Pentagon, widely seen as a turning point for the white antiwar movement. Add'l Info: In midâ€‘October 1967, roughly 100,000 people gathered in Washington, D.C., for an antiwar weekend that culminated on October 21 in a march from the Lincoln Memorial to the Pentagon, where thousands crossed a bridge into the Pentagon parking lots and confronted lines of federal marshals and soldiers; as night fell, demonstrators burned draft cards, chanted, and staged sitâ€‘ins while troops advanced, clubbing and arresting hundredsâ€”including prominent figures like David Dellinger, Benjamin Spock, and Norman Mailerâ€”and shipping arrestees by van to federal lockups in Virginia; Liberation News Service framed the event as the moment when the white Left "got its shit together," emphasizing both the brutality of state response and the solidarity forged in jail as a key escalation in mass antiwar resistance. [ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws](https://ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws.com/web/direct-files/attachments/56184942/a86d5e43-e7bf-43e2-8609-1529c2ff758a/MCMILLAN_2011_Smoking-Typewriters_OCR.pdf) Source: Macmillan:STp Entry by:
October 1, 1967	The Stop the Draft Week
(Sunday)	Activists in Oakland and Berkeley attempt to shut down an induction center, heavily covered by the underground press. Add'l Info: In October 1967, thousands of activists participated in Stop the Draft Week. Unlike previous peaceful marches, this event involved militant street tactics and direct confrontation with police. The underground press played a crucial role in mobilizing participants and documenting the ensuing police violence. Source: Macmillan:ST Entry by:
October 1967	Founding Member of Kaliflower Commune Arrives in SF
	Irving Rosenthal moves to San Francisco from New York City. / Born ca. 1937, Allen Ginsberg convinces him he should move there. Rosenthal had formerly edited the Chicago Review and Big Table magazines and published poetry books in New York. Add'l Info: Source: ([Irving Rosenthal], Deep Tried Frees, a special issue of Kaliflower n.s. No. 3 (30 April 1978).) Entry by: Doyle
October 6, 1967	Death of Hippie / Birth of Free
(Friday)	A mock funeral staged by the Diggers to discard the media-invented term 'hippie.' Add'l Info: The Diggers protested the mass media's co-optation and commercialization of the counterculture. This event marked their ideological transition into the 'Free City' phase, broadening their scope beyond the Haight-Ashbury neighborhood to encompass a city-wide intercommunal network. Source: AposOfFree Entry by:
October 6, 1967	Death of Hippie / Birth of Free
(Friday)	A funeral-style event staged by the Diggers to symbolicially discard the media-created term 'hippie.' [cite: 382, 470] Add'l Info: The Diggers organized a funeral procession to signal the transition from being media-defined 'hippies' to becoming 'free' individuals. They used this event to criticize the mass media for commodifying their lifestyle. [cite: 470, 447, 656] Source: AposOfFree Entry by:
October 6, 1967	"Death of Hippie" Ceremony
(Friday)	A theatrical funeral ceremony staged to mark the end of the media-created "hippie" phenomenon. Add'l Info: Participating groups included Free City, the Switchboard, and the Flame. The ceremony was intended to cleanse the movement of the negative elements that had accumulated during the summer deluge. It took place on the first anniversary of the anti-LSD law, symbolizing a transition from "hippie" to "Free Man". Source: Lee:acid-dreams Entry by:
October 6, 1967	Death of Hippie (Event and Parade)
(Friday)	Another in the series of Digger pageants that played out on the streets of the Haight Ashbury and the City. This one occurred one year to the day from that of the Love Pageant Rally. Add'l Info: Source: Chron, 10/7/67, p. 2 Entry by: e.p.n.
October 6, 1967	Death of Hippie Parade
(Friday)	The Diggers staged a parade to symbolically bury the media-generated 'hippie' image and reclaim countercultural authenticity. Add'l Info: In October 1967, the Diggers staged a 'Death of Hippie' parade through Haight-Ashbury. They carried a coffin filled with hippie artifacts to signify that the media had poisoned the counterculture's ideals. The event was an attempt to rescue the movement's spirit of personal freedom from its commodification as a stereotype. Source: Bradford:theater Entry by:
October 6, 1967	Death of Hippie Ceremony
(Friday)	On the first anniversary of LSD's criminalization, the Diggers staged a funeral to announce that the 'Hippie' was dead. Add'l Info: By late 1967, the Diggers felt that the media had turned the 'Hippie' into a marketable commodity. They staged a 'Death of Hippie' ceremony to encourage people to drop the label and become 'Free Men.' This marked the end of the Diggers' public phase in the Haight-Ashbury and their move toward more clandestine, rural communal experiments. Source: Doyle:HAD Entry by:
October 6, 1967	"Death of Hippie" Ceremony
(Friday)	A theatrical funeral ceremony staged to mark the end of the media-created "hippie" phenomenon. Add'l Info: Participating groups included Free City, the Switchboard, and the Flame. The ceremony was intended to cleanse the movement of the negative elements that had accumulated during the summer deluge. It took place on the first anniversary of the anti-LSD law, symbolizing a transition from "hippie" to "Free Man". Source: Perry Entry by:
October 15, 1967	Stop the Draft Week
(Sunday)	A week of militant anti-draft actions culminating in the siege of the Pentagon. Add'l Info: In October 1967, SDS and other groups moved from 'protest to resistance.' Actions included blocking induction centers and burning draft cards. The week culminated in the massive march on the Pentagon on October 21, where thousands of protesters confronted military lines, leading to hundreds of arrests and a new sense of insurgent power. [cite: 18] Source: Sale:SDS Entry by:
October 16, 1967	Mobilization Against the War in Vietnam
(Monday)	National "Stop the Draft Week" sponsored by SNCC, SDS, and the National Mobilization Against the War in Vietnam, among other organiztions. Protests were scheduled to be held in Berkeley, Washington, D.C., Portland, Seattle, Boston, New York, Los Angeles, and Madison. Add'l Info: Source: ("Stop Draft Week set to Foil Fuzz," Berkeley Barb 5:10 (8 September 1967) 5.) Entry by: Doyle
October 18, 1967	Straight Theater Conference
(Wednesday)	The "Runaway Emergency Conference" was held at the Straight Theater in the Haight-Ashbury district. Add'l Info: Sponsored by Huckleberry's, which provides temporary housing and referral services to runaway minors, and Happening House, the symposium, according to its press release, hoped to bring together "[c]lergy, police, juvenile authorities, young people parents, professionals, and certain elements of the free community." The audience of 500 were startled when the Digger/Free City Collective (operating under the code name of agit-free) staged a kind of testimony happening. "[L]ights in the theater began to flash menacingly and runaways, wearing black hoods, came in to testify and some loud-mouth puppets joined the panel, and voices began to come out of the wall. The voices were yung, taped in the street, and they spoke in revealing cliches. Their words were punctuated by the sounds of surf, heartbeats, and a baby crying." The substance of their remarks were how they were (mal)treated at home and why they ran away, and how they have found life on the streets of the H-A. / "And while the panelists talked to the puppets and the voices spoke from the walls, 'instant newspaper' handbills were distributed in the audience. Some were about wildlfe: 'On leaving home, the young woodrat either takes up residence in a nearby abandoned home erected by another woodrat or starts building one of its own.' Another read: 'You are the information.' There were a dozen more. /"The climax of the symposium was a series of nude dances, accompanied by a rock group. Six members of the Jane Lapiner dance group -- three men and three women -- danced completely nude before the audience of five hundred. (The dances had been performed at the Straight Theatre for several weeks.) Suddenly someone shouted that the police were entering. The audience rose as one and rushed to the dance floor to cover the dancers while they dressed. The police were foiled. / "But not entirely. Dr. Leonard Wolf, forty-four, a San Francisco State College professor and director of Happening House, allegedly approached the police and claimed responsibility for the event. Police charged him with contributing to the delinquency of minors." Source: (The fullest account of this event is by Don McNeill, "Parents and Runaways: Writing a New Contract," Village Voice (14 December 1967) 1, 21-27. It was reprinted in his posthumously published anthology, Moving Through Here (New York: Citadel Press, 1990 [1970]), 150-165 (see especially pp. 156-158).) Entry by: Doyle
October 21, 1967	Battle of the Pentagon
(Saturday)	Mass October 1967 confrontation at the Pentagon that radicalized the antiwar movement and showcased LNSâ€™s riptide media strategy. Add'l Info: On October 21, 1967, the March on the Pentagon climaxed with thousands of demonstrators surrounding the building and confronting troops, leading to 647 arrests and scenes of soldiers clubbing protesters that contradicted mainstream reports of "restraint"; Liberation News Service answered the establishment narrative with Gary Raderâ€™s full antiwar speech, anonymous GIsâ€™ testimonies about brutality and sympathy, satirical exposes of Pentagon claims that protesters gassed themselves, and vivid jailhouse accounts of camaraderie and political discussion in federal lockups, illustrating LNSâ€™s "riptide" strategy of admitting its own subjectivity while insisting it told the truth about state violence and the moral logic of resistance more honestly than the big dailies. [ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws](https://ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws.com/web/direct-files/attachments/56184942/a86d5e43-e7bf-43e2-8609-1529c2ff758a/MCMILLAN_2011_Smoking-Typewriters_OCR.pdf) Source: Macmillan:STp Entry by:
October 21, 1967	Anti-war protest at Pentagon
(Saturday)	Anti-war demonstrators in Washington, D.C., organized by the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam, stage a siege of the Pentagon. Some protesters, including Berkeley Vietnam Day Committee founder Jerry Rubin, attempt to levitate the building. Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: Doyle
October 21, 1967	March on the Pentagon
(Saturday)	October 21, 1967 antiwar march from the Lincoln Memorial to the Pentagon, where demonstrators confronted federal troops and staged an overnight sitâ€‘in. Add'l Info: On October 21, 1967, tens of thousands of antiwar demonstrators gathered in Washington, D.C., for a day that began with speeches at the Lincoln Memorial and culminated in a march across the Memorial Bridge to the Pentagon, where crowds met lines of federal troops and marshals; into the night activists chanted, burned hundreds of draft cards in a display Mailer likened to fireflies, placed flowers in soldiersâ€™ rifle barrels, and at about 2 a.m. faced a coordinated push by battleâ€‘hardened 82nd Airborne troops who advanced in Vâ€‘formation, using rifle butts and batons to club demonstrators as military vans hauled arrestees to Lorton Prison, a confrontation that Liberation News Service covered through firstâ€‘person underground dispatches such as Thorne Dreyerâ€™s exuberant report proclaiming that "on October 21, 1967, the white left got its shit together." [ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws](https://ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws.com/web/direct-files/attachments/56184942/a86d5e43-e7bf-43e2-8609-1529c2ff758a/MCMILLAN_2011_Smoking-Typewriters_OCR.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=ASIA2F3EMEYE6FNNCUL2&Signature=RBywNb9u%2B8sBFxzFi0dB%2Fxv3w88%3D&x-amz-security-token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjENL%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJIMEYCIQDwkKLmWcu0T7zIlIUC1B4dCZ15aAbig3gGWLz9tHcJGAIhAJZeEC1ey0KM2l6EvEv%2Fn1DTAPdOAvkPTiCWL%2Bos3e%2FHKvwECJr%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEQARoMNjk5NzUzMzA5NzA1IgxvA%2BF7%2BN83hTptivoq0ARR3LxsDOWpqcWznvLPUAjKYySUHfzQaFRRFQozQC8fnWh5OtHO1G9rJQksRzj%2BojdgWb2ZmPGwO%2B56vn5E5ymiqk5MYUZ2NZlx0nw7j8Zz36ui3q30WkZu7hm7HfgF3lF3bdis%2FAG40GNgyCGcsvZk4uLZes%2BRc0V%2B5kfbAcT9kygPAk%2F9020gLo2%2FKninkBLioB%2BGiTYCGAFACv7gSpYu79wF2yuwXevxiI0aouUlRJcEsgZGNiev%2BB92gAsqTmPWFVPas7DaV180tREdlf7Mr%2F3yvAiInZEOgAbdPbEiU4Yju5Osf0MyNvseqGLf4%2ByP%2F%2Bl2F5eDXGXKb7yQfaZKWOjBkred%2F%2FfMEmdaEIZP4Qej0zAgFrEISrhKOFWLznc2%2FslbhZVnH9As46kr4eOGWXtif45zcXzBjf8U%2FCvjxPy%2BlKzTKUhqxNi0HD5onB%2F9P4z%2B46Nmi3NmHnTbVjciT0Vhcq%2BrDcQ05RJP4qVyuaqYU%2BpuVSdbH%2FfbRgij9taAyODyarEWUI12Mjn3wRPKNNPOgxhBH5PgmYoG10WzrRIFJ3%2FzjKIrZhIqegGB%2BJUvx5J9ieGScGh8ptk%2F30qje3GjDN2fTvDONoK65ir9Wli1pnRBJ%2FXqahAcvfVNXoBma4gOzmUtHKSA8pB2g%2FqeC19f3Z5lnl1S91l%2FcSahj4Ddkc%2FAJxPmbZEwh1rf5gjXFMwUWe6IbxlYgzDBBuitAzLpOM0sxE%2BnkZM1lbMLu%2FY28JEQIS9hDbKrnboVTkvOhz2IJndvvKhmgAHa%2FO53MI7o0s0GOpcBpCpZhupIs%2Fw2VXn%2B8OfGiOXj49bxwhkfqYJDfgu0Lor4EkHPyt%2BZqg3GZjQSifoO%2B1yLjBRwWJzfTadywqKXbfSTH%2BAjrdxOwnUxNF%2BUK77p29x1MoCMJDSUV1uCCAUEIfh8ISM%2FwNh8ztLV8RErdo%2B2sGAk5t6WXu3wImVKzz61mjrMcC3DWAoEjsXVqFId4k%2BIMnZP%2Bw%3D%3D&Expires=1773451430) Source: Macmillan:STp Entry by:
October 21, 1967	Exorcism of the Pentagon
(Saturday)	Anti-war demonstrators attempted to "levitate" the Pentagon during a massive protest in Washington, D.C. Add'l Info: While 50,000 people participated in traditional protest, a contingent of "witches, warlocks, and holymen" performed an exorcism to achieve a "mystic revolution." Roszak cites this as an example of the counter culture's unique blend of politics and the occult. Source: Roszak-cc Entry by:
October 21, 1967	March on the Pentagon
(Saturday)	A massive anti-war demonstration where protesters attempted to "levitate" the Pentagon. Add'l Info: On October 21, 1967, over 50,000 protesters gathered in Washington, D.C. The event was a turning point for the New Left, combining traditional protest with countercultural theater. Underground journalists covered the event with a sense of participation that mainstream reporters lacked. Source: Macmillan:ST Entry by:
November 1, 1967	November 1967 Issue
(Wednesday)	The publication of the November 1967 issue of Quixote magazine. Add'l Info: Quixote magazine offers reprints for libraries of its first four issues, which include Volume I, Numbers 1-3 and the November 1967 issue. The editor notes these reprints are "a little smudgy but indicative of we, we're at." Source: Quixote-v4-n1 Entry by:
November 1, 1967	Paul Williams's Fillmore Experience
(Wednesday)	Rock critic Paul Williams visited the Fillmore Auditorium and experienced a sense of new citizenship . Add'l Info: In late 1967, Crawdaddy! magazine founder Paul Williams visited the Fillmore Auditorium. He described the experience as more than just a concert; it was an 'induction center' for a new kind of society. Williams felt that the music and the environment created a space where people could practice a different form of being American. Source: Kramer:rock-intro Entry by:
November 1, 1967	Ken Kesey Released
(Wednesday)	Ken Kesey released after serving a five-month sentence at the San Mateo County Jail and SMC Sheriff's Honor Camp. Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: Doyle
November 5, 1967	End of the War
(Sunday)	A Digger-led event held in San Francisco during the autumn of 1967. [cite: 382] Add'l Info: Part of the larger cycle of Digger activities, this event coincided with the time Irving Rosenthal arrived in San Francisco to establish his commune. [cite: 382, 244] Source: AposOfFree Entry by:
November 30, 1967	Kaliflower Commune Startup
(Thursday)	Irving Rosenthal helps to organize Kaliflower commune in a rented house on Sutter Street (near Buchanan Street). Add'l Info: Source: ([Irving Rosenthal], Deep Tried Frees, a special issue of Kaliflower n.s. No. 3 (30 April 1978).) Entry by: Doyle
January 1, 1968	Publication of The Population Bomb
(Monday)	Year. Paul Ehrlich became famous for this book, which predicted that population growth would lead to ecological disaster. Add'l Info: By the end of the 1960s, Ehrlich gained fame for his predictions regarding ecological catastrophe caused by overpopulation, though in the late 1950s he had focused on butterfly ecology. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1968	Founding of the Whole Earth Catalog
(Monday)	Year. The creation of a publication that turned industrial goods into tools for individual and collective reformation. Add'l Info: The Whole Earth Catalog served as a network forum that made visible the underlying structure of the New Communalists' social world. It bridged the gap between the military research world's celebration of technology and the counterculture's quest for alternative communities. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1968	Free City Collective Formed
(Monday)	The Diggers reorganized as the Free City Collective, shifting their focus toward creating a permanent 'free' infrastructure across San Francisco. Add'l Info: Recognizing that the 'Summer of Love' had collapsed, the core Diggers transitioned into the Free City Collective. They began operating a fleet of 'Free City' trucks and expanded their distribution of free food to various neighborhood 'switches,' attempting to create a revolutionary society within the shell of the old one. Source: Doyle:HAD Entry by:
January 1, 1968	Whole Earth Catalog Phase One begins
(Monday)	Year. A period between 1968 and 1972 where the engineering community and the countercultural community began to mingle in Menlo Park. Add'l Info: During this first phase, Stewart Brand positioned himself between the Stanford Research Institute engineers (focused on human-computer integration) and the New Communalist communities (focused on collective transformation), brokering encounters between the two worlds. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1968	Chicago DNC protests
(Monday)	The Motherfuckers participated in protests during the 1968 Democratic National Convention. Add'l Info: Members of the Motherfucker activist group were present during the volatile protests in Chicago in 1968. Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
January 1, 1968	Gentle Thursday diffusion
(Monday)	Spread of the Gentle Thursday ritual from Austin to other campuses by 1968, often via coverage in "The Rag" and Liberation News Service. Add'l Info: By 1968 the Gentle Thursday concept incubated in Austinâ€”part lowâ€‘key picnic, part assertion of communal use of public spaceâ€”had diffused to campuses in states such as Colorado, Iowa, Kentucky, Missouri, New Mexico, and Michigan, a process the book attributes in part to favorable narrative and photographic coverage in The Rag and the reâ€‘circulation of those reports through Liberation News Service packets, which allowed distant underground papers to adopt and adapt the format as a recognizable, semiâ€‘ritualized expression of youthâ€‘culture solidarity and soft defiance of campus administrators. [ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws](https://ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws.com/web/direct-files/attachments/56184942/a86d5e43-e7bf-43e2-8609-1529c2ff758a/MCMILLAN_2011_Smoking-Typewriters_OCR.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=ASIA2F3EMEYE6FNNCUL2&Signature=RBywNb9u%2B8sBFxzFi0dB%2Fxv3w88%3D&x-amz-security-token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjENL%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJIMEYCIQDwkKLmWcu0T7zIlIUC1B4dCZ15aAbig3gGWLz9tHcJGAIhAJZeEC1ey0KM2l6EvEv%2Fn1DTAPdOAvkPTiCWL%2Bos3e%2FHKvwECJr%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEQARoMNjk5NzUzMzA5NzA1IgxvA%2BF7%2BN83hTptivoq0ARR3LxsDOWpqcWznvLPUAjKYySUHfzQaFRRFQozQC8fnWh5OtHO1G9rJQksRzj%2BojdgWb2ZmPGwO%2B56vn5E5ymiqk5MYUZ2NZlx0nw7j8Zz36ui3q30WkZu7hm7HfgF3lF3bdis%2FAG40GNgyCGcsvZk4uLZes%2BRc0V%2B5kfbAcT9kygPAk%2F9020gLo2%2FKninkBLioB%2BGiTYCGAFACv7gSpYu79wF2yuwXevxiI0aouUlRJcEsgZGNiev%2BB92gAsqTmPWFVPas7DaV180tREdlf7Mr%2F3yvAiInZEOgAbdPbEiU4Yju5Osf0MyNvseqGLf4%2ByP%2F%2Bl2F5eDXGXKb7yQfaZKWOjBkred%2F%2FfMEmdaEIZP4Qej0zAgFrEISrhKOFWLznc2%2FslbhZVnH9As46kr4eOGWXtif45zcXzBjf8U%2FCvjxPy%2BlKzTKUhqxNi0HD5onB%2F9P4z%2B46Nmi3NmHnTbVjciT0Vhcq%2BrDcQ05RJP4qVyuaqYU%2BpuVSdbH%2FfbRgij9taAyODyarEWUI12Mjn3wRPKNNPOgxhBH5PgmYoG10WzrRIFJ3%2FzjKIrZhIqegGB%2BJUvx5J9ieGScGh8ptk%2F30qje3GjDN2fTvDONoK65ir9Wli1pnRBJ%2FXqahAcvfVNXoBma4gOzmUtHKSA8pB2g%2FqeC19f3Z5lnl1S91l%2FcSahj4Ddkc%2FAJxPmbZEwh1rf5gjXFMwUWe6IbxlYgzDBBuitAzLpOM0sxE%2BnkZM1lbMLu%2FY28JEQIS9hDbKrnboVTkvOhz2IJndvvKhmgAHa%2FO53MI7o0s0GOpcBpCpZhupIs%2Fw2VXn%2B8OfGiOXj49bxwhkfqYJDfgu0Lor4EkHPyt%2BZqg3GZjQSifoO%2B1yLjBRwWJzfTadywqKXbfSTH%2BAjrdxOwnUxNF%2BUK77p29x1MoCMJDSUV1uCCAUEIfh8ISM%2FwNh8ztLV8RErdo%2B2sGAk5t6WXu3wImVKzz61mjrMcC3DWAoEjsXVqFId4k%2BIMnZP%2Bw%3D%3D&Expires=1773451430) Source: Macmillan:STp Entry by:
January 1, 1968	Dodge Revolutionary Union Movement founded
(Monday)	Black autoworkers founded DRUM to attack racial discrimination within both management and the UAW. Add'l Info: Established in 1968, the movement advocated for black nationalism and workplace democracy. It challenged the racial hierarchy on the shop floor and criticized the UAW leadership for its perceived failure to address the concerns of African American workers. Source: Gosse:world Entry by:
January 1, 1968	Fantasizing about the "Access Mobile"
(Monday)	Year. During a flight home, Brand conceived of a mobile road show and catalog for communal living . Add'l Info: On the flight home from Illinois, Brand thought about friends moving to rural areas to live communally. He imagined them 'starting their own civilization... in the sticks' and fantasized about an 'Access Mobile'â€”a catalog and road show offering access materials, advice, books, and gear for sale. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1968	Founding of MCC
(Monday)	Year. Troy Perry founded the Metropolitan Community Church in Los Angeles after being excommunicated for being gay. Add'l Info: The church grew into a large international denomination, providing a spiritual home for LGBT people who were often rejected by traditional religious institutions. Source: Stein:ency-of-lgbtq Entry by:
January 1, 1968	Global Insurrections of 1968
(Monday)	Global insurrections with libertarian character provided new footings for the anarchist movement. Add'l Info: The international anarchist movement found new strength following the global insurrections of 1968, which were largely libertarian in character[cite: 4807]. Source: Cornell-MNS Entry by:
1968	UC sends eviction notices (future People's Park site)
	1968 - University sends eviction notices to residents; bulldozes their houses; creates muddy lot. Add'l Info: Source: https://www.peoplespark.org/tmlin2.html Entry by: en
January 1, 1968	Columbia University uprising
(Monday)	Motherfuckers participated in the student uprising at Columbia University. Add'l Info: The Motherfuckers were involved in the 1968 Columbia University uprising, fighting with groups that attempted to blockade occupied buildings to stop food deliveries. Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
January 1, 1968	USCO Whitney Museum Presentation
(Monday)	Year. USCO presented their work at New York's Whitney Museum of Art. Add'l Info: A promotional brochure for this event described USCO as uniting mysticism and technology as a basis for introspection and communication. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1968	Establishment of the Lama Foundation
(Monday)	Year. The founding of a spiritually-oriented commune near Taos . Add'l Info: In early 1968, Steve and Barbara Durkee (formerly of USCO) established the Lama Foundation near Taos, New Mexico, to facilitate personal spiritual transformation. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1968	Lincoln Center garbage action
(Monday)	The Motherfuckers deposited bags of garbage on the steps of Lincoln Center. Add'l Info: During a garbage strike in 1968, the Motherfuckers collected refuse from the Lower East Side and deposited it at the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts to protest the disparity between the ghetto and "palaces of culture". Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
January 26, 1968	Free distribution of Brautigan poem
(Friday)	A group of "fifteen public-spirited citizens" distributed 2500 copies of Richard Brautigan's poem "The San Francisco Weather Report" in the financial district of San Francisco at noon. Add'l Info: The San Francisco Weather Report Gee, You're so Beautiful That It's Starting to Rain Oh, Marcia, I Want your long blonde beauty to be taught in high school, so kids will learn that God lives like music in the skin and sounds like a sunshine harpsichord. I want high school report cards to look like this: Playing with Gentle Glass Things A Computer Magic A Writing Letters to Those You Love A Finding out about Fish A Marcia's Long Blond Beauty A+! Source: San Francisco Express Times, Vol. 1, No. 2, 2/1/68, p. 11. Entry by: e.p.n.
January 30, 1968	Tet Offensive
(Tuesday)	A major military turning point in the Vietnam War that radicalized many GIs . Add'l Info: The Tet Offensive in early 1968 was a massive campaign by North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces. It shattered the official U.S. narrative that the war was being won and led to a surge in dissent within the military. This shift in morale made GIs more receptive to countercultural rock music and its messages of questioning authority. Source: Kramer:rock-intro Entry by:
January 30, 1968	Tet Offensive
(Tuesday)	A major military campaign during the Vietnam War mentioned in an eyewitness report. Add'l Info: The magazine includes a report titled "The Siege of Saigon," which is an eyewitness account of the Tet Offensive provided by Sp-4 Roger Steffens. Source: Quixote-v4-n1 Entry by:
January 30, 1968	Tet Offensive
(Tuesday)	A major North Vietnamese and Vietcong military offensive that shocked U.S. public opinion. Add'l Info: In late January and early February 1968, the communists snatched a huge political and psychological victory from the jaws of military defeat in their Tet Offensive. The scale of the offensive and initial gains shocked policymakers, signaling that the war was far from over and the "light at the end of the tunnel" was dim. Source: Farber:60s-from-memory Entry by:
January 30, 1968	Tet Offensive
(Tuesday)	A major North Vietnamese offensive that significantly impacted military operations and troop morale . Add'l Info: Vietnam veteran Roger Steffens described the mortars and flares of the offensive as the "wickedest light show west of the Fillmore." In its aftermath, the military's Command Military Touring Shows (CMTS) program continued to expand to help bolster sagging troop morale. Source: Kramer:rock-vietnam Entry by:
January 30, 1968	Tet Offensive
(Tuesday)	A massive surprise attack by North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces that shattered American claims that the war was nearly won. Add'l Info: While militarily a defeat for the communists, the offensive was a massive psychological victory. It showed that the enemy was far from defeated and created a profound "credibility gap" between the U.S. government and the public. In the aftermath, support for the war plummeted, and President Johnson announced he would not seek reelection. Source: Anderson:move Entry by:
February 8, 1968	Death of Neal Cassady
(Thursday)	The central muse and hero of the Beat Generation died in San Miguel de Allende, Mexico. Add'l Info: Neal Cassady, who inspired Jack Kerouac's character Dean Moriarty in "On the Road," was found unconscious near a railroad track and died shortly after. He had become a bridge between the 1950s Beats and the 1960s counterculture through his association with Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters. His death marked the passing of one of the movement's most iconic and influential figures. Source: EncyBeat Entry by:
February 15, 1968	Free City Gathering at City Hall
(Thursday)	The Free City Collective holds an event in City Hall to create solidarity with prisoners at San Quentin. Add'l Info: The event started at 10:30am with two flute players circling the rotunda and businessmen and officials in suits watching on. A balloon tied to a rock has written on it, "Honor the Spirit of Francis of Assissi [sic]" and a sign reads, "Soon this balloon shall be free." At noon, thirty "Free City" people march into City Hall and, in typical Digger fashion, a multi-level event proceeds to unfold. While flutes and drums played, the balloon was released. A man sat on a toilet in the middle of the rotunda. A woman holds a palm leaf standing at the top of main stairway. A banner is unfurled that reads, "Prisoners of San Francisco \| Unite With Prisoners \| Of San Quentin". Later that afternoon, a gathering of hundreds outside San Quentin enjoyed the Grateful Dead and The Phoenix. The event was in solidarity with prisoners who had been reported to be planning a strike as reported in the Berkeley Barb. The strike did not materialize according to the Warden. One Free City spokesperson said, "People aren't going to know what prison is until they see a lot of freedom." The reporter asked one of the participants what Free City was. The woman, dressed in a prison outfit, replied, "Free City is a lot of things. For one, it's a newspaper that comes out irregulary. It's distributed in different parts of San Francisco. I live in the mountains." Source: "The Magic Flute" by Jan Garden, San Francisco Express Times, Vol. 1, No. 5, Feb. 22, 1968, p. 4. Entry by: e.p.n.
February 18, 1968	Police Riot on Haight Street
(Sunday)	Police sweep Haight Street after a spontaneous gathering blocks traffic in the afternoon. The police action lasts several hours. Add'l Info: Several injuries were reported as result of the police hitting people with clubs. Emmett Grogan is quoted in the article. "Even Emmett Grogan, reknowned for the coolness of his head, said Sunday night that 'San Franciso is a free city, and no matter what the police do, we're going to maintain the status of San Francisco as a free city -- and will defend the free city with our lives and with our deaths.'" Source: "The Winter Before the Summer of Love" by Marvin Garson, San Francisco Express Times, Vol. 1, No. 5, Feb. 22, 1968, p. 1. Entry by: e.p.n.
March 1, 1968	Death of Brand's Father
(Friday)	The death of Stewart Brand's father, which provided the inheritance used to fund the Whole Earth Catalog . Add'l Info: In March 1968, Brand's father died, leaving him an inheritance of about one hundred thousand dollars in stock. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
March 1, 1968	Roszak Articles in The Nation
(Friday)	Theodore Roszak published portions of his counterculture analysis in The Nation during March and April 1968. Add'l Info: These articles formed the basis for several chapters of "The Making of a Counter Culture," outlining the struggle between "Technocracy's Children" and the established order. Source: Roszak-cc Entry by:
March 12, 1968	New Hampshire Primary
(Tuesday)	Senator Eugene McCarthy's strong showing in the Democratic primary signaled a major challenge to President Johnson's war policy. Add'l Info: Supported by an army of "Clean for Gene" student volunteers, McCarthy won an astonishing 42 percent of the vote against incumbent Lyndon Johnson. The result was interpreted as a defeat for the president and prompted Robert Kennedy to enter the race. It demonstrated that the antiwar movement had moved into the mainstream of American politics. Source: Anderson:move Entry by:
March 15, 1968	London Gold Market Shutdown
(Friday)	Closing of the London gold market to avert a financial collapse following massive speculation. Add'l Info: Between 11 and 14 March, the London gold pool lost about $1 billion. The London gold market was promptly shut down on Friday, 15 March, and financial leaders gathered in Washington to avert a crisis. They staved off disaster by creating a two-tiered gold system separating official and private transactions. Source: Farber:60s-from-memory Entry by:
March 31, 1968	Founding of the Republic of New Afrika (RNA)
(Sunday)	Black nationalists met in Detroit to declare independence and claim five Southern states as a national territory. Add'l Info: Formed at the Black Government Conference, the RNA sought to establish an independent socialist nation for 'New Afrikans' in Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and South Carolina. The group demanded reparations for slavery and organized around the principle of self-determination via plebiscite. Source: Berger-hidden Entry by:
March 31, 1968	Johnson's Escalation Cap
(Sunday)	President Johnson announces a limit on additional troops to Vietnam and a shift toward South Vietnamese self-defense. Add'l Info: On 31 March Johnson announced that the new troop commitment would be limited to 13,500 additional support troops. He placed new emphasis on expanding South Vietnam's role in its own defense. The decision to halt the long escalation was as much economic, due to pressure on the dollar, as it was political or military. Source: Farber:60s-from-memory Entry by:
April 1968	Diggers inspire Free Print Shop
	Diggers convince Irving Rosenthal to bring his offset press to San Francisco and set up a free print shop. Add'l Info: At a Free City event on the steps of City Hall, David Simpson and Vinnie Rinaldi engage in conversation with Irving and suggest he bring his print shop out from New York. Iriving later described this in Deep Tried Frees: The commune [which Irving had helped organize after he arrived from New York in October, 1967] grew rapidly, and early in 1968 the Diggers started delivering free produce to our door. In April, following a Digger rally on City Hall steps, Dave Simpson and Vinnie Rinaldi convinced me to send for my New York print shop and set it up in San Francisco as a free operation. The conversation ran something like this: "I hear you have a print shop in New York." "Yeah." "We could sure use a free print shop in San Francisco. " "How could I get it here?" (Vinnie:) "I'm willing to go to New York and bring it back." It seemed like a hyperbolic offer, and I doubted whether someone would actually go to that much trouble, but Vinnie did. Source: Deep Tried Frees, Kaliflower, N.S. 3, April 30, 1978, p. 3. Entry by: Doyle
April 1, 1968	Columbia SDSâ€“SAS alliance and split
(Monday)	Spring 1968 alliance and tension between Columbia SDS and the Student Afroâ€‘American Society during the campus uprising, emblematic of interracial movement dynamics. Add'l Info: In spring 1968 Columbiaâ€™s Columbia SDS chapter, led by Mark Rudd, and the Student Afroâ€‘American Society jointly called for an end to the Morningside Park gym project, severing of Institute for Defense Analyses ties, and amnesty for protesters, forging a brief Blackâ€“white radical alliance that helped ignite the April 23 occupations; yet as the Hamilton Hall sitâ€‘in developed, SAS leaders challenged Ruddâ€™s domineering style, asked most whites to leave the building, and then held Hamilton as a Blackâ€‘only base while white students seized other buildings, a sequence that exposed both the power and fragility of interracial coordination and was later smoothed over or spun differently in underground and mainstream narratives. [ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws](https://ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws.com/web/direct-files/attachments/56184942/a86d5e43-e7bf-43e2-8609-1529c2ff758a/MCMILLAN_2011_Smoking-Typewriters_OCR.pdf) Source: Macmillan:STp Entry by:
April 1, 1968	Columbia University Occupation
(Monday)	Students occupied buildings at Columbia to protest military research and local community relations, leading to a massive police crackdown. Add'l Info: In April 1968, less than three weeks after the assassination of Martin Luther King, a group of students occupied buildings on Columbia's main quad to protest the university's involvement in military research and its mismanagement of relations with the local African American community. Columbia's president responded by calling in more than one thousand police, who arrested 692 strikers. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
April 4, 1968	Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.
(Thursday)	The murder of Dr. King in Memphis, Tennessee, triggered riots in over 100 cities across the United States. Add'l Info: King was in Memphis to support a strike by sanitation workers. His death caused a massive outpouring of grief and rage, leading to some of the worst urban unrest in American history. For many activists, his assassination marked the end of the nonviolent era of the civil rights movement and accelerated the shift toward more militant and separatist ideologies. Source: Anderson:move Entry by:
April 4, 1968	Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.
(Thursday)	There are widespread demonstrations of rage and anger throughout the country in response. Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: e.p.n.
April 4, 1968	Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.
(Thursday)	Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee . Add'l Info: The killing sparked an orgy of destruction in over 130 towns and cities. In Chicago, whole commercial thoroughfares were looted and torched, leading many whites to call out for 'Law and Order' and effectively ending the Great Society era. Source: Farber:age-of-great-dreams Entry by:
April 11, 1968	Civil Rights Act of 1968 signed into law
(Thursday)	President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1968, prohibiting discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing. Add'l Info: Source: infoplease.com Entry by:
April 23, 1968	Columbia University Rebellion
(Tuesday)	Weekâ€‘long April 1968 student rebellion at Columbia University, with building occupations and a brutal police bust, that became a national template for campus insurgency. Add'l Info: Beginning April 23, 1968, Columbia University studentsâ€”galvanized by a segregated gym project in Morningside Park and covert ties to the Institute for Defense Analysesâ€”moved from a noon rally into occupying Hamilton Hall, then, after Black students of the Student Afroâ€‘American Society asked most whites to leave, fanned out to seize Low Library, Avery Hall, Fayerweather Hall, and the Mathematics Building, holding them for nearly a week as sites of mass meetings, press work, and improvised communal living; in the preâ€‘dawn hours of April 30, approximately one thousand New York City police stormed campus, clubbing faculty and students, sending nearly a hundred to hospitals, and arresting over seven hundred, while Liberation News Service and the underground press offered "inside the barricades" narratives that circulated nationally and helped normalize building seizures as a repertoire of contention in the student movement. [ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws](https://ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws.com/web/direct-files/attachments/56184942/a86d5e43-e7bf-43e2-8609-1529c2ff758a/MCMILLAN_2011_Smoking-Typewriters_OCR.pdf) Source: Macmillan:STp Entry by:
April 23, 1968	Columbia University building occupations
(Tuesday)	Student occupations of multiple buildings at Columbia University beginning April 23, 1968, protesting a gym in Morningside Park and ties to the IDA. Add'l Info: On April 23, 1968, Columbia University students, galvanized by opposition to a planned gymnasium in Harlemâ€™s Morningside Park and to the universityâ€™s ties to the Pentagonâ€‘connected Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA), left a campus rally organized by SDS and the Student Afroâ€‘American Society (SAS) and moved to occupy Hamilton Hall, after which Black students asked most white activists to leave and whites in turn took over Low Library, Avery Hall, Fayerweather Hall, and the Mathematics Building, holding them as centers of deliberation, press work, and symbolic resistance for nearly a week until New York City police stormed the campus in a preâ€‘dawn raid that cleared the buildings with mass arrests and clubbings that sent close to a hundred students to the hospital; Liberation News Serviceâ€™s Steve Diamond coordinated a collective, sixâ€‘thousandâ€‘word internal narrative based on notes from reporters inside, providing an "inside the barricades" account that underground papers syndicated nationwide. [ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws](https://ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws.com/web/direct-files/attachments/56184942/a86d5e43-e7bf-43e2-8609-1529c2ff758a/MCMILLAN_2011_Smoking-Typewriters_OCR.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=ASIA2F3EMEYE6FNNCUL2&Signature=RBywNb9u%2B8sBFxzFi0dB%2Fxv3w88%3D&x-amz-security-token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjENL%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJIMEYCIQDwkKLmWcu0T7zIlIUC1B4dCZ15aAbig3gGWLz9tHcJGAIhAJZeEC1ey0KM2l6EvEv%2Fn1DTAPdOAvkPTiCWL%2Bos3e%2FHKvwECJr%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEQARoMNjk5NzUzMzA5NzA1IgxvA%2BF7%2BN83hTptivoq0ARR3LxsDOWpqcWznvLPUAjKYySUHfzQaFRRFQozQC8fnWh5OtHO1G9rJQksRzj%2BojdgWb2ZmPGwO%2B56vn5E5ymiqk5MYUZ2NZlx0nw7j8Zz36ui3q30WkZu7hm7HfgF3lF3bdis%2FAG40GNgyCGcsvZk4uLZes%2BRc0V%2B5kfbAcT9kygPAk%2F9020gLo2%2FKninkBLioB%2BGiTYCGAFACv7gSpYu79wF2yuwXevxiI0aouUlRJcEsgZGNiev%2BB92gAsqTmPWFVPas7DaV180tREdlf7Mr%2F3yvAiInZEOgAbdPbEiU4Yju5Osf0MyNvseqGLf4%2ByP%2F%2Bl2F5eDXGXKb7yQfaZKWOjBkred%2F%2FfMEmdaEIZP4Qej0zAgFrEISrhKOFWLznc2%2FslbhZVnH9As46kr4eOGWXtif45zcXzBjf8U%2FCvjxPy%2BlKzTKUhqxNi0HD5onB%2F9P4z%2B46Nmi3NmHnTbVjciT0Vhcq%2BrDcQ05RJP4qVyuaqYU%2BpuVSdbH%2FfbRgij9taAyODyarEWUI12Mjn3wRPKNNPOgxhBH5PgmYoG10WzrRIFJ3%2FzjKIrZhIqegGB%2BJUvx5J9ieGScGh8ptk%2F30qje3GjDN2fTvDONoK65ir9Wli1pnRBJ%2FXqahAcvfVNXoBma4gOzmUtHKSA8pB2g%2FqeC19f3Z5lnl1S91l%2FcSahj4Ddkc%2FAJxPmbZEwh1rf5gjXFMwUWe6IbxlYgzDBBuitAzLpOM0sxE%2BnkZM1lbMLu%2FY28JEQIS9hDbKrnboVTkvOhz2IJndvvKhmgAHa%2FO53MI7o0s0GOpcBpCpZhupIs%2Fw2VXn%2B8OfGiOXj49bxwhkfqYJDfgu0Lor4EkHPyt%2BZqg3GZjQSifoO%2B1yLjBRwWJzfTadywqKXbfSTH%2BAjrdxOwnUxNF%2BUK77p29x1MoCMJDSUV1uCCAUEIfh8ISM%2FwNh8ztLV8RErdo%2B2sGAk5t6WXu3wImVKzz61mjrMcC3DWAoEjsXVqFId4k%2BIMnZP%2Bw%3D%3D&Expires=1773451430) Source: Macmillan:STp Entry by:
April 23, 1968	Columbia University Uprising
(Tuesday)	Students at Columbia occupy buildings to protest the university's ties to military research and local expansion. Add'l Info: Triggered by the discovery of Columbiaâ€™s affiliation with the Institute for Defense Analysis (IDA) and plans for a gym in Morningside Park, students (led by SDS and the Student Afro-American Society) occupied five buildings for nearly a week. The uprising ended in a violent police bust but radicalized students across the country and provided the model for 'two, three, many Columbias.' [cite: 37] Source: Sale:SDS Entry by:
May 1, 1968	Free City Convention
(Wednesday)	The Diggers/Free City Collective hold the Free City Convention in San Francisco. Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: Doyle
May 1, 1968	Free City Convention
(Wednesday)	A rowdy anarchist event hosted at the Carousel Ballroom by the Free City Collective. Add'l Info: On May 1, 1968, the Carousel Ballroom hosted a Free City Convention. It was a rowdy event characterized by an anarchist spirit. Police pressure and a drop in attendance after the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. eventually forced the ballroom to shut down, leading Bill Graham to lease it as Fillmore West. Source: Lee:acid-dreams Entry by:
May 1, 1968	Catonsville Nine Action
(Wednesday)	Catholic activists destroy draft files in Catonsville, Maryland, using homemade napalm. Add'l Info: In May 1968, Daniel and Philip Berrigan and seven others destroyed draft records to protest the Vietnam War. This act of civil disobedience strengthened the community of Catholic peace activists who later transitioned to antinuclear weapons protest. Source: Epstein-cult-rev Entry by:
May 1, 1968	Free City Convention
(Wednesday)	A rowdy anarchist event hosted at the Carousel Ballroom by the Free City Collective. Add'l Info: On May 1, 1968, the Carousel Ballroom hosted a Free City Convention. It was a rowdy event characterized by an anarchist spirit. Police pressure and a drop in attendance after the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. eventually forced the ballroom to shut down, leading Bill Graham to lease it as Fillmore West. Source: Perry Entry by:
May 1, 1968	Black Bear Ranch Founded
(Wednesday)	Political activists and hippies occupied a remote ghost town in California, establishing Black Bear Ranch as a secluded communal outpost. Add'l Info: In 1968, a group purchased the eighty-acre Black Bear property, a former mining town. While originally intended as a revolutionary mountain fortress, it was occupied by hippies from the Haight and became a durable self-sufficient commune. Source: Miller:comm-hip Entry by:
May 1, 1968	May 1968 Rebellion in France
(Wednesday)	Students and workers in France launched a general strike and street battles that nearly overturned the government. Add'l Info: The rebellion questioned not only capitalism but industrial society itself. Students used slogans like "Imagination is seizing power" and challenged the "daddy's revolutions" of the traditional Left. Roszak uses it to illustrate how the young had become the only effective radical opposition in the West. Source: Roszak-cc Entry by:
May 1, 1968	Free City Convention
(Wednesday)	The Collective held a 'convention' to challenge the legitimacy of the local government and promote self-rule. Add'l Info: The Free City Convention was a series of public meetings and performances designed to propose an alternative to the city's political structure. It emphasized local autonomy and the 'Free' philosophy, but it also signaled the increasing exhaustion and fragmentation of the original Digger core. Source: Doyle:HAD Entry by:
May 1, 1968	Free City Convention
(Wednesday)	A gathering organized by the Free City Collective to propose a utopian vision for San Francisco. [cite: 383, 466] Add'l Info: The convention was part of the transition from the 'Free Street' vision of the Diggers to the broader 'Free City' network that encompassed multiple San Francisco neighborhoods. [cite: 465, 466] Source: AposOfFree Entry by:
May 7, 1968	SF Diggers/Free City Poetry Bust
(Tuesday)	After a month of noontime poetry readings on the steps of City Hall, the San Francisco police arrested five of the participlants. [This is the event that was captured in the film Nowsreal.] Add'l Info: The Free City Collective held a press conference and presented a "Modest Proposal" contaning five requests of The City administration, including refurbishment of empty city-owned buildings for free housing, distribution of surplus food and materials through a network of ten neighborhood free stores, setting up presses and trucks for free news distribution throughout the city, providing resources for neighborhood celebrations, and the opening of the parks for free life acts "all permit authority to be rescinded." After the proposal was read, one of the Diggers began reading a poem on America while wearing an American flag shirt. The police arrested him for violating a law against defiling the flag. A second man was arrested for profanity after shouting "Fuck" (the newspaper account described it as "a four-letter word meaning to make love." Ron Thelin (not named, but captioned in a photo) was arrested for wearing a mask after Judge Albert Axelrod informed that it was a violation of the Penal Code. A fourth man was arrested while trying to prevent Ron's arrest. A woman was also arrested, but no reason indicated. Terrence Hallinan, the Diggers' lawyer, charged that talks with the Mayor's Office had produced no results except for pressure from The City on produce market vendors to discontinue supplying free fruits and vegetables to the Diggers. He also said that the police had ordered the noon poetry events off the Polk street steps of City Hall. The SF Chron article quotes "Peter" aka "William Bonney" as saying that "San Francisco can 'burn or turn into a model for the rest of the cities to follow, with radical alternatives to riots and all those corny numbers.'" The Diggers provided free apples to the crowds. Other days they had provided free oranges and strawberries. Subsequently, all charges were dropped on all five defendants at a court hearing on May 22 at the request of the assistant district attorney who declared that "there was a lot of confusion as to what went on at that poetry bust." Those who had been arrested included: Ronald Thelin, 30, 1324 Willard St. (arrested for "intent to conceal his identity," Section 650a of the Penal Code); Thomas Baker III, 26 (arrested for wearing an American flag); Charles Perkel, 21, 1360 Fell St. (arrested for profanity); Phyllis Wilner, 19, 110 Pierce St.; Israel Jacton, 1324 Willard St. The article mentions that the Asst. D.A. (Granklin Gentes) at one point "began to fidget nervously with a sheaf of papers" and that after the end of the proceeding, he "walked hurriedly out of court." Ralph Gleason, writing three weeks later, commented: "The cop caper on the City Hall steps, in which they busted the Diggers for wearing part of a flag, and sundry other things, was dismissed (as any rational human being knew it would be) last week. All it did was weaken the authority of the police. How can they participate in such foolishness? When they go down Haight street three by three and arbitrarily stop and question people, it is cut from the same cloth. Bob Dylan wrote vividly of the effect upon people when they had to obey "authority that they do not respect by any degree." (SF Chron, Mar 27, 1968, p 46) Source: "Police Crush Diggers' Read-In at City Hall" by Jerry Burns, SF Chronicle, May 8, 1968, p. 1; "Poetry Read-In Charges Dismissed," S.F. Chronicle, May 23, 1968, p. 2. See also the May 8 event. Entry by: e.p.n.
May 8, 1968	Diggers/Free City "Masked Lunch" at S.F. City Hall
(Wednesday)	The Diggers/Free City event was in response to the arrest of five at the noontime poetry event the previous day (see May 7, 1968 Poetry Bust). Add'l Info: Several hundred onlookers were in attendance as "a couple of dozen hippies staged an inevitable 'mask-in' at noon on the steps of City Hall." A large assemblage of masked apparel was in evidence, including "masks, handkerchiefs, veils and even brown paper bags." Terence Hallinan expressed outrage over the previous day's arrests: "If the police treat white middle class hippies reading poetry like this, how will they treat militant young blacks and Chinese this summer?" The article quotes a Digger "spokesman": "We're going to keep doing our thing all over the city, including at City Hall. It would be boss if all men in the city started doing their thing." The names and charges of those arrested yesterday were as follows: Thomas C. Baker III, 26, painter, 1324 Willard St. (arrested for "defiling the United States flag"); Israel Jacton, 1324 Willard St. (arrested for interfering with a police officer); Phyllis Wilner, 19, 110 Pierce St. (arrested for interfering with a police officer); Charles E. Perkel, 21, poet, 1360 Fell (arrested for profanity). Source: "Hippies Make Faces at City Hall" by Dick Hallgren, S.F. Chronicle, May 9, 1968, p. 3 Entry by:
May 15, 1968	Affinity Groups Manifesto
(Wednesday)	The date associated with the UAWMF manifesto regarding the organization of affinity groups. Add'l Info: The document contains the "Manifesto of the Up Against the Wall Motherfucker chapter" of SDS, which outlines the "Brown Paper Bag Theory of Affinity Group." This theory advocates for small, cohesive groups as the essential core for revolutionary struggle and a new cultural whole. Source: Quixote-v4-n1 Entry by:
June 1, 1968	SDS Convention
(Saturday)	A national convention of the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) held in East Lansing. Add'l Info: The convention took place in early June in East Lansing. The editor's report describes it as "dramatically democratic," featuring art workshops, film screenings like "Inside North Viet Nam," and intense debates between various factions, including the Progressive Labor (PL) group and anarchists. Source: Quixote-v4-n1 Entry by:
June 1, 1968	Uprising Group Action
(Saturday)	A guerrilla theater action on Bascom Hill involving the planting of white crosses. Add'l Info: The "Uprising group" performed guerrilla theater by planting 300 white crosses on Bascom Hill with a sign reading "Class of 1968." The administration allowed the display to remain for one day. Source: Quixote-v4-n1 Entry by:
June 1, 1968	Chase Manhattan-South Africa Issue
(Saturday)	A student protest and debate regarding university ties to Chase Manhattan and South Africa. Add'l Info: This event involved students debating inconclusively for one night in the Administration Building before leaving voluntarily. It is described as the only "brief big one" since the Dow experience. Source: Quixote-v4-n1 Entry by:
June 1, 1968	Bascom Hill Paint Day
(Saturday)	An event where sorority members decorated a pedestrian walkway with psychedelic designs. Add'l Info: Following a series of arrests and repainting of a pedestrian walkway near the Union, the Union Crafts Committee organized a "paint day." During this event, sorority members decorated the structure with what the editor calls a "putrid imitation of a psychedelic design." Source: Quixote-v4-n1 Entry by:
June 1, 1968	University of Utah Conference
(Saturday)	A meeting to determine a standard time-sharing system for the PDP-10, where the hackers' ITS system was rejected. Add'l Info: In 1968, computer institutions met at the University of Utah to choose an operating system for the new PDP-10. Richard Greenblatt and Tom Knight represented MIT, proposing the Incompatible Time-sharing System (ITS). They faced the more traditional TENEX system from BBN. Due to ITS's radical lack of security and passwords, the conservative bureaucracies rejected it in favor of TENEX, a decision the hackers attributed to political naivetÃ©. Source: Levy:hackers Entry by:
June 1, 1968	Dow Experience Demonstration
(Saturday)	A major student protest related to Dow Chemical, noted as a benchmark for subsequent activism. Add'l Info: The text mentions that the demonstration pattern seemed "checked by the Dow experience." It notes that following this event, there had been fewer large-scale protests, with one exception being a debate over the Chase Manhattan-South Africa issue. Source: Quixote-v4-n1 Entry by:
June 8, 1968	First free distribution The Digger Papers at The Incredible Poetry Reading
(Saturday)	At the kickoff event for a week-long series of poetry readings, the Diggers distributed the Free edition of the Realist publication of the Digger Papers. Add'l Info: The event took place at Nourse Auditorium in the Civic Center neighborhood of San Francisco. The June 23, 1968 article that mentions this event reported that 40,000 copies had been "donated" by The Realist for "free distribution." Lew Welch read his essay/poem "Final City Tap City" which the Chronicle article reported was printed "unsigned" in The Digger Papers. Source: SF Chronicle, May 23, 1968, p. 45 ("'Renaissance Readings'" in William Hogan's column); SF Chronicle, This World, Sunday, June 23, 1968, p. 35, "Encounters With the Modern Poets" by Genevieve Stuttaford. Entry by: e.p.n.
June 8, 1968	San Francisco Rolling Renaissance
(Saturday)	A week-long series of poetry readings to commemorate the SF Poetry Renaissance of the 1950s. At the kickoff event, the Diggers distributed the free edition of The Digger Papers. At another of the readings, the Free Print Shop distributed Philip Whalen's book "The Invention of the Letter." Add'l Info: See the other dates associated with this series. Source: Entry by:
June 14, 1968	Free Print Shop Distributes Whalen Book
(Friday)	The Free Print Shop hands out free copies of Philip Whalen's Invention of the Letter at the Rolling Renaissance free poetry reading at Glide Church. Add'l Info: The Diggers convinced Irving Rosenthal to bring his offset press from New York and set up a Free Print Shop. Richard Brautigan had then suggested in May that Irving distribute for free the two books he had printed in New York. This poetry reading was one of the month-long Rolling Renaissance events in San Francisco. In Deep Tried Frees, Irving describes the event: In May Richard Brautigan pointed out to me that free was just as good a way to distribute a book as any other, and in reflecting on it, I realized that a book could be given away to its rightful audience in one fell swoop. On June 14, and with the author's blessings, commune members handed out 900 copies of the Whalen book into the audience of a big free poetry reading at Glide Church, just as Philip Whalen came to the podium. Free Wheelin' Frank's book 666 was handed out by the Diggers at the same reading. The Marshall book was given out later at a couple of early gay liberation events. Source: Deep Tried Frees, Kaliflower, N.S. 3, April 30, 1978, p. 4. Entry by: e.p.n.
June 21, 1968	1968 Summer Solstice celebration
(Friday)	The Diggers/Free City Collective hold their final event in San Francisco before dispersing: a summer solstice celebration. Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: Doyle
June 21, 1968	Summer Solstice 1968
(Friday)	The final event in the Free City cycle, marked by a massive poetry reading and the distribution of 'The Digger Papers.' [cite: 383, 480] Add'l Info: At this solstice celebration, 40,000 free copies of 'The Digger Papers' (published in collaboration with 'The Realist') were handed out to the community as a final summary of Digger idealism. [cite: 480, 762] Source: AposOfFree Entry by:
June 25, 1968	Founding of the American Indian Movement (AIM)
(Tuesday)	AIM was founded in Minneapolis to address police brutality and the sovereign rights of Native Americans. Add'l Info: Starting as an urban advocacy group, AIM quickly expanded into a national movement focused on land retrieval, treaty rights, and self-determination. It became one of the most prominent organizations of the Red Power movement, leading high-profile actions like the Trail of Broken Treaties and the occupation of Wounded Knee. Source: Berger-hidden Entry by:
June 27, 1968	BBC "Something for Nothing" Documentary
(Thursday)	The BBC aired a documentary study of the British National Health Service (NHS) regarding its future responsibilities. Add'l Info: The program featured experts proposing that the NHS become a "Ministry of Well-Being," including suggestions for "voluntary euthanasia" and compulsory contraception. Roszak uses this to demonstrate the "technician-paternalism" that exists even in non-capitalist institutions. Source: Roszak-cc Entry by:
June 28, 1968	Revenue and Expenditure Control Act
(Friday)	Johnson signs legislation implementing a 10 percent tax surcharge tied to massive spending cuts. Add'l Info: Two and a half years after initial warnings of overheating, Johnson signed the act on 28 June 1968. The administration won a retroactive 10 percent surcharge on taxes but had to agree to $6 billion in immediate spending cuts and an additional $8 billion reduction in appropriations authority to appease Wilbur Mills. Source: Farber:60s-from-memory Entry by:
July 1, 1968	SF Mime Troupe Moves to Mission District
(Monday)	The San Francisco Mime Troupe moves to 450 Alabama St., an industrial district situated between Portrero Hill and the Mission district. Add'l Info: The new facility offered space for a library, kitchen, office, and access to the rooftop. San Francisco Newsreel took an office there too, beginning in August 1968. This group consisted of radical filmmakers and distributors with Maoist leanings who were also influenced by the Up Against the Wall Motherfuckers. Source: Entry by: Doyle
July 1, 1968	Printing of First Mimeographed List
(Monday)	Brand printed a six-page list of items for sale, the precursor to the Whole Earth Catalog . Add'l Info: In July, he printed a six-page, mimeographed list of approximately 120 items. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
July 1, 1968	UPS and underground press consolidation
(Monday)	Lateâ€‘1960s consolidation of hundreds of underground papers through the Underground Press Syndicate (UPS), enabling national movement messaging. Add'l Info: By the late 1960s, scores of local underground papers had affiliated with the Underground Press Syndicate, a loose confederation that enabled member publications to freely reprint one anotherâ€™s material and share ad revenue; under coordinators like Thomas King Forcade, UPS helped systematize distribution of radical content, negotiated with national advertisers, convened contentious but movementâ€‘wide conferences, and gave the New Left a more coherent media "apparatus," even as factional fights over militancy, sexism, and commercialization foreshadowed the fracturing of the broader movement. [ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws](https://ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws.com/web/direct-files/attachments/56184942/a86d5e43-e7bf-43e2-8609-1529c2ff758a/MCMILLAN_2011_Smoking-Typewriters_OCR.pdf) Source: Macmillan:STp Entry by:
July 12, 1968	Julian Beck's "Paradise Now" Excerpt
(Friday)	An excerpt from Julian Beck's work was published in the International Times of London. Add'l Info: Beck, a magic realist, called for "zapping" opponents with holiness and joy rather than violence. This reflected the "no-politics" strategy of the counter culture, seeking to change the demonic character of opponents through "productive glory." Source: Roszak-cc Entry by:
July 15, 1968	Road Trip to Communes
(Monday)	Stewart and Lois Brand drove a pickup truck to visit communes in New Mexico and Colorado to sell goods . Add'l Info: Brand put samples of items in a Dodge pickup and, with his wife Lois, drove to New Mexico and Colorado to visit communes appearing in the plains and hills. In one month, they sold about two hundred dollars' worth of goods. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
August 1, 1968	The LNS Split
(Thursday)	A factional dispute leads to a dramatic split within the Liberation News Service. Add'l Info: In August 1968, the LNS split into two factions: a "political" faction that stayed in New York and a "cultural" faction led by Marshall Bloom that fled to a farm in Massachusetts. This split mirrored the broader divisions in the New Left between those who favored hardline Marxist organizing and those who favored communalism and lifestyle revolution. Source: Macmillan:ST Entry by:
August 25, 1968	Democratic National Convention Protests
(Sunday)	Protesters and police clash in the streets of Chicago, resulting in a "police riot." Add'l Info: In August 1968, the underground press mobilized thousands of youth to Chicago. The violent clashes between the Chicago Police and demonstrators were portrayed by the underground press as a clear example of state fascism. The reporting from Chicago helped solidify the "movement" identity across the country. Source: Macmillan:ST Entry by:
August 25, 1968	Chicago Convention Riots
(Sunday)	Police and National Guard clash with antiwar protesters during the Democratic National Convention [cite: 975, 976]. Add'l Info: The 'police riot' in Grant and Lincoln Parks was televised to a national audience. It represented the disintegration of the Democratic Party and the move toward more militant 'streetfighting' tactics by radicals[cite: 976, 978, 985, 996]. Source: Gitlin-60s Entry by:
August 26, 1968	Democratic National Convention Riots
(Monday)	Police clashed violently with antiwar protesters in the streets of Chicago during the Democratic National Convention. Add'l Info: Inside the hall, the party was divided over the war; outside, Mayor Richard Daley's police force used tear gas and clubs against thousands of young demonstrators. A later federal study called it a "police riot." The televised chaos contributed to a public perception of the Democrats as the party of disorder, helping Richard Nixon win the presidency. Source: Anderson:move Entry by:
August 28, 1968	Democratic National Convention protests
(Wednesday)	Mass protests and police riot around the August 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago, a defining confrontation between the New Left and the state. Add'l Info: In late August 1968, thousands of antiwar activists, youthâ€‘culture radicals, and New Left organizers converged on Chicago to protest the Democratic National Convention, facing Mayor Richard J. Daleyâ€™s hostile security apparatus; denied permits for their full plans, demonstrators staged rallies, marches, and street theater in parks and downtown streets near the convention hotels and hall, only to be met by tear gas, mass arrests, and widely televised batonâ€‘wielding assaults that the Walker Report would famously label a "police riot," while the underground press and Liberation News Service framed the week as both evidence of escalating repression and a crucible in which local and national movement networks forged a shared sense of embattled identity. [ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws](https://ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws.com/web/direct-files/attachments/56184942/a86d5e43-e7bf-43e2-8609-1529c2ff758a/MCMILLAN_2011_Smoking-Typewriters_OCR.pdf) Source: Macmillan:STp Entry by:
August 28, 1968	1968 Democratic Convention Riots
(Wednesday)	Police clashed violently with antiwar demonstrators on the streets of Chicago during the Democratic National Convention . Add'l Info: Under Mayor Daley's orders, police clubbed and tear-gassed protesters and bystanders while millions watched the 'Gestapo tactics' on television. The events left the Democratic Party deeply divided and the nation polarized. Source: Farber:age-of-great-dreams Entry by:
September 1, 1968	Bobby Seale at UC Berkeley
(Sunday)	Black Panther leader Bobby Seale addressed a meeting at the Center for Participative Education. Add'l Info: Seale spoke about the deeper cultural implications of administrative censorship, linking issues of academic freedom to personal identity and sexual freedom. His speech resonated with students who were prepared to discard the dominant culture "root and branch." Source: Roszak-cc Entry by:
September 1, 1968	Living Theatre 1968-69 U.S. Tour
(Sunday)	The Living Theatre returned to the U.S. for a controversial tour that encouraged audiences to begin a nonviolent revolution. Add'l Info: The 1968-69 tour featured Paradise Now as its centerpiece. Nightly, performers led audiences into the streets to begin the 'Beautiful Non-violent Anarchist Revolution.' The tour resulted in mass arrests for public nudity and indecent exposure, particularly in New Haven, but also faced criticism from the radical Left for its pacifist stance. Source: Bradford:theater Entry by:
September 7, 1968	Miss America Pageant Protest
(Saturday)	One hundred women's liberationists protest the pageant in Atlantic City to challenge beauty standards. Add'l Info: On 7 September 1968, women's liberationists descended upon Atlantic City to protest the promotion of physical attractiveness as the primary measure of women's worth. They paraded a live sheep to parody contestants being judged like animals and performed guerrilla theater. It was the first major demonstration of the fledgling women's liberation movement. Source: Farber:60s-from-memory Entry by:
September 7, 1968	Miss America Protest
(Saturday)	New York Radical Women protest the Miss America Pageant in Atlantic City. Add'l Info: Protesters threw symbols of "sexist oppression" (like girdles and bras) into a "freedom trash can." This event introduced the radical women's liberation movement to the nation and popularized the concept of consciousness raising [cite: 406-410]. Source: Doyle-IN Entry by:
September 7, 1968	Miss America Pageant protest
(Saturday)	Women's liberation activists demonstrated at the Miss America Pageant in Atlantic City, bringing the movement into public consciousness. Add'l Info: Protesters inside the hall unfurled a 'Women's Liberation' banner while those outside crowned a live sheep and tossed symbols of 'female torture' into a 'freedom trashcan.' The event used the slogan 'the personal is political' to challenge cultural definitions of gender. Source: Gosse:world Entry by:
October 1, 1968	Stateside Top Thirty Broadcast
(Tuesday)	AFVN broadcast a pop countdown that included disconcerting rock songs like Jimi Hendrix's "All Along the Watchtower". Add'l Info: The broadcast featured a mix of sugary pop hits and heavier rock tracks. Hendrix's version of Dylan's song became a "national anthem" for many GIs, who felt its sonic intensity captured the experience of technological warfare better than any other music. Source: Kramer:rock-vietnam Entry by:
October 24, 1968	Federal law criminalizing possession of LSD takes effect
(Thursday)	Possession of LSD is banned federally in the U.S. after the passage of the Staggers-Dodd Bill (Public Law 90-639) which amended the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
November 1, 1968	Shiloh Youth Founded
(Friday)	John Higgins founds the first Shiloh Youth Revival Center in Costa Mesa, California. Add'l Info: This was the start of the largest network of Jesus Movement communes, eventually expanding to 175 residences and a communal headquarters in Oregon before declining in the late 1970s[cite: 338]. Source: Doyle-IN Entry by:
6 November 1968 [- April 1969]	SF State College Student Strike
	The student strike at San Francisco State College began. [End date also indicated]. Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: Doyle
December 9, 1968	The "Mother of All Demos"
(Monday)	Douglas Engelbart and the ARC team demonstrated the NLS system to 3,000 computer engineers in San Francisco. Add'l Info: Stewart Brand served as a videographer for this public debut of the mouse, keyboard, and screen interface. The demo showed that computers could be used for group communication and collective learning, electrifying the audience. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1969	Publication of the first "Supplement"
(Wednesday)	Year. Brand published the first quarterly update to the Whole Earth Catalog . Add'l Info: In January 1969, Brand published the first quarterly update called the 'Supplement,' which offered product news, articles, and letters from various communities. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1969	SDS and YAF national conventions
(Wednesday)	Both the Students for a Democratic Society and Young Americans for Freedom held explosive national conventions. Add'l Info: In 1969, both the New Left group SDS and the New Right group YAF held national conventions that were described as explosive. Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
January 1, 1969	Economic offensive on underground press
(Wednesday)	1969â€“70 coordinated economic and legal pressuresâ€”FBI, local elites, vigilantesâ€”aimed at crippling underground papers as movement organs. Add'l Info: In January 1969 an FBI agent in San Francisco urged headquarters to pressure Columbia Records to stop advertising in underground newspapers, arguing the label was giving "aid and comfort" to enemies, and within months recordâ€‘company ad buys that had been lifelines for papers like Atlantaâ€™s "Great Speckled Bird" and "Berkeley Tribe" vanished; simultaneously, rightâ€‘wing businessmen organized boycotts against printers such as Wisconsin publisher William Schanen for printing "Kaleidoscope," driving ad revenue at his mainstream "Ozaukee Press" down by 77 percent, while local police and vigilantes bombed offices, slashed vendorsâ€™ tires, harassed GI papers, and targeted editors like Roger Priest and James Retherford with dubious prosecutionsâ€”all of which, taken together, constituted a multiâ€‘front attempt to throttle the media infrastructure of the broader movements. [ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws](https://ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws.com/web/direct-files/attachments/56184942/a86d5e43-e7bf-43e2-8609-1529c2ff758a/MCMILLAN_2011_Smoking-Typewriters_OCR.pdf) Source: Macmillan:STp Entry by:
January 1, 1969	Publication of The Making of a Counterculture
(Wednesday)	Year. Theodore Roszak published the book that popularized the term 'counterculture'. Add'l Info: In 1969, Theodore Roszak argued that the central problem of the cold war was the 'myth of objective consciousness'. He proposed a counterculture focused on visionary imagination and transcendence to challenge the technical expertise and bureaucracy of the era. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1969	Peradam event
(Wednesday)	Year. In the fall of 1969, ARC member Dave Evans staged a three-day event in the woods near Santa Barbara. Add'l Info: Peradam brought together technologists from SRI and the Ecology Center with members of the New Communalist movement, including representatives from Zomeworks and the Hog Farm commune. Stewart Brand attended and featured it in the Whole Earth Catalog supplement. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1969	Easy Rider release
(Wednesday)	The unexpected success of the film Easy Rider marked the beginning of a transformation in Hollywood towards countercultural themes. Add'l Info: Released in 1969, the film was a massive cost-to-profit blockbuster. Produced by the BBS company, it fused a rock-and-roll soundtrack with underground styles, proving that countercultural margins could be successfully marketed to the mainstream. Source: Gosse:world Entry by:
January 1, 1969	Spanish Anarchists Manuscript
(Wednesday)	Bookchin spends 1968 and 1969 writing his book on the Spanish anarchist movement to provide an alternative organizational model for the New Left. Add'l Info: To rebut New Left criticisms that anarchists were disorganized, Bookchin spent late 1968 and 1969 working on his history of the Spanish anarchists. He aimed to illustrate an alternative, enlightened, and non-hierarchical way for the New Left and counterculture to organize. He detailed how the Spanish anarchists used the affinity group as their basic unit of organizationâ€”a group of brothers and sisters who knew each other intimately and functioned as a "family" as well as a political group. [cite_start]This work laid the theoretical foundation for introducing affinity groups to the American Left. [cite: 10, 15] Source: Biehl:bookchin Entry by:
January 1, 1969	End of Motherfuckers New York operations
(Wednesday)	The Motherfuckers group ceased its primary operations on the Lower East Side. Add'l Info: The group operated in the Puerto Rican ghetto of the Lower East Side between 1966 and 1969 before the core members moved to New Mexico. Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
January 1, 1969	Disintegration of SDS
(Wednesday)	1969, the year the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) fell apart due to internal factionalism. Add'l Info: Once the totemic organization of the white New Left, SDS disintegrated into dogmatic and squabbling factions in 1969. This collapse led many in the movement to feel disillusioned with national political structures, eventually contributing to the decentralized "affinity group" model used in the Mayday action. Source: Kauffman:direct-action Entry by:
January 1, 1969	SRI becomes ARPANET node
(Wednesday)	Year. The Stanford Research Institute became one of the first four nodes on the ARPANET. Add'l Info: The ARC group at SRI also hosted the ARPANET's Network Information Center, hoping to spark widespread adoption of their NLS system. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1969	Black Panther Party announces Free Breakfast Program
	The Black Panthers organize a new program to feed Oakland school children free breakfasts every morning before school at two locations. Add'l Info: The announcement of the program calls on the community to support this service. "The schools and the Board of Education should have had this program instituted a long time ago. How can our children learn anything when most of their stomachs are empty? Black people in the Black Community-mothers, welfare recipients, grandmothers, guardians, and others who are trying to raise children in the black community where racists oppress us - are asked to come forth to work and support this needed program. Soul food: grits, eggs, bread, and meat for the stomachs is where it's at when it comes to properly preparing our children for education. LET'S DO IT NOW. Support this community program." The two locations where the program is happening in Oakland are St. Augustine's Church, 27th and West, and the Black Community Center, at 42nd and Grove Streets in West Oakland. David Hilliard, Chief of Staff of the Black Panther Party, in his autobiography, attributes the inspiration for the Free Breakfast Program to the Diggers free food delivery service. 'Bobby's [Bobby Seale, Chairman of the Black Panther Party] gifts for inspiration are invaluable to the Party. A practical visionary, he convinces crowds they can make a revolution, and has the same effect on the cadre. One day, he enters the office after Emmett has left off bags of beans and rice. "Damn, this is a good idea," he says. "We should do this." "We are doing it," the officer of the day says. "No, we should establish it. Every day. A Free Food Program. Get contributions from the local businessmen and put together packages. Help people survive." And the Free Food Program starts.' (This Side of Glory: The Autobiography of David Hilliard and the Story of the Black Panther Party, page 181.) Source: "Breakfast for School Children", Black Panther Party Ministry of Information Bulletin, No. 9, January 6, 1969, p. 2. Entry by: e.p.n.
January 6, 1969	Ghydirotti Listening Event
(Monday)	An American GI was photographed listening to the Armed Forces Vietnam Network (AFVN) . Add'l Info: The photograph by Kenneth L. Powell captured GI Francisco Ghydirotti, Jr., with his transistor radio in South Vietnam. Source: Kramer:rock-vietnam Entry by:
January 28, 1969	Santa Barbara Oil Spill
(Tuesday)	A massive oil spill off the coast of California befouled beaches and killed thousands of seabirds . Add'l Info: The event turned national attention to the environmental costs of energy-intensive consumer lifestyles. In response, and over business objections, the Nixon administration created the Environmental Protection Agency in 1970. Source: Farber:age-of-great-dreams Entry by:
February 1, 1969	Boycott of printer William Schanen
(Saturday)	1969 boycott campaign against Wisconsin printer William Schanen for printing underground papers, spotlighting backlash against movement media. Add'l Info: In early 1969 Ozaukee County district attorney and conservative businessman Ben Grob orchestrated a boycott of Port Washington printer William Schanen because his shop printed Milwaukeeâ€™s underground paper "Kaleidoscope," which mixed antiwar, antiâ€‘establishment reporting with profanity and occasional nudity; Grob circulated letters to about five hundred local advertisers and organizations pledging to pull his ads from Schanenâ€™s mainstream weeklies and to shun any business that continued to advertise, a pressure campaign that quickly gutted Schanenâ€™s ad base and eventually forced him to sell two of his three papers, despite his public insistenceâ€”echoing eighteenthâ€‘century printer idealsâ€”that printers must defend the right to publish even material they personally dislike, a stance widely defended by civilâ€‘liberties and pressâ€‘freedom organizations as essential to democratic debate. [ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws](https://ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws.com/web/direct-files/attachments/56184942/a86d5e43-e7bf-43e2-8609-1529c2ff758a/MCMILLAN_2011_Smoking-Typewriters_OCR.pdf) Source: Macmillan:STp Entry by:
March 1, 1969	Alloy Conference
(Saturday)	A gathering of 150 thinkers and "drop outs" in New Mexico to discuss systems and communal life . Add'l Info: In March 1969, Steve Baer and Berry Hickman brought together 150 'World thinkers' and 'drop outs from specialization' at an abandoned tile factory in New Mexico. Conferees gathered in a large white dome to converse on themes like materials, energy, man, and consciousness. Brand stated that 'if I had to point at one thing that contains what the Catalog is about, it was Alloy'. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
April 1, 1969	CHF First Protest
(Tuesday)	The first militant picket line by the newly formed Committee for Homosexual Freedom (CHF). Add'l Info: After Gale Whittington was fired from States Steamship Company because a photo of him appeared in the Berkeley Barb, he and Leo Laurence formed the CHF. They launched a daily picket line at the company's financial district headquarters, marking the start of the 1969 homosexual revolution in San Francisco. Source: AposOfFree Entry by:
April 1, 1969	SF State College Student Strike
(Tuesday)	The student strike at San Francisco State College ended. (It began on 6 November 1968.) Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: Doyle
April 13, 1969	Proposals for alternative uses of future People's Park site
(Sunday)	April 13, 1969 - Local merchants and residents meet and propose alternative uses for the vacant site, which has now become an eyesore (childcare clinic, crafts commune, baseball, rock concerts). Mike Delacour proposes a user-developed community park. Add'l Info: Source: https://www.peoplespark.org/tmlin2.html Entry by: en
April 20, 1969	People's Park Created
(Sunday)	April 20, 1969 - People's Park is created. Hundreds of people clear ground, plant trees, grass, flowers, set up playground equipment. Free food is distributed. Add'l Info: Source: https://www.peoplespark.org/tmlin2.html Entry by: en
April 24, 1969	First Issue of Kaliflower
(Thursday)	The debut of the weekly intercommunal newspaper published by the Sutter Street Commune. Add'l Info: Founded by Steven Dworkin as a commune work project, the publication initially connected seven communes. Over three years, it grew into a network of over 300 communes, strictly enforcing a gift economy (refusing all commercial ads) and acting as the central nervous system for the Free City vision. Source: AposOfFree Entry by:
April 24, 1969	First issue of Kaliflower
(Thursday)	Kaliflower commune's Free Print Shop publishes its premier issue (vol.1, no.1) of the intercommunal newsletter Kaliflower. Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: Doyle
April 24, 1969	First Issue of Kaliflower
(Thursday)	The Sutter Street Commune published the first issue of its intercommunal newspaper, initially delivered to seven households. [cite: 592, 919] Add'l Info: Named as a pun on 'Kali Yuga,' the newspaper was hand-delivered and served as the primary communication medium for a growing network that eventually included over 300 communes. [cite: 589, 590, 592, 198] Source: AposOfFree Entry by:
May 1, 1969	Deeding Land to God
(Thursday)	In an attempt to save Morning Star Ranch from legal closure, Lou Gottlieb deeded the property to God, sparking a unique legal controversy. Add'l Info: In May 1969, Gottlieb deeded the land to God, volunteering to pay the taxes for the deity. A judge eventually ruled that God was not a legal person capable of taking title, but the act remains a legendary example of the "open land" philosophy. Source: Miller:comm-hip Entry by:
May 6, 1969	UC gives ultimatum on People's Park
(Tuesday)	May 6, 1969 - Chancellor Heyns meets with members of the People's Park Committee, student politicians, and members of the College of Environmental Design. Gives them three weeks to come up with a plan for the park. Promises no construction will begin without prior warning. Add'l Info: Source: https://www.peoplespark.org/tmlin2.html Entry by:
May 15, 1969	People's Park Conflict
(Thursday)	A violent confrontation occurs over a community-built park in Berkeley, California [cite: 148, 1048]. Add'l Info: Students and residents transformed a vacant lot owned by the University of California into a park. The university's attempt to reclaim the land led to weeks of protest, police violence, and the death of one bystander[cite: 148, 1016, 1048]. Source: Gitlin-60s Entry by:
May 15, 1969	Bloody Thursday at People's Park
(Thursday)	May 15, 1969 - "Bloody Thursday" -- 250 Highway Patrol and Berkeley police offers invade the park at 4:45 a.m. and clear an 8-block area around the site. Construction of perimeter fence begins. After a noontime rally on Sproul Plaza, a crowd of 6000 moves towards the park. Police fire tear gas. Protestors throw rocks and bottles. Sheriff Deputies retaliate with double-0 buckshot, blinding one man (Alan Blanshard), mortally wounding another (James Rector). At least 128 injuries, but no policemen hospitalized. Towards evening, Governor Reagan calls out the National Guard and bans public assembly. Add'l Info: Source: https://www.peoplespark.org/tmlin2.html Entry by: en
Friday, May 16 - Wed. May 28, 1969	People's Park protests
	May 16-28, 1969. Protests continue on a daily basis. National Guardsmen block Sather Gate. A helicopter sprays the campus with CS tear gas. Campus referendum massively endorses the Park. People's Park annexes spring up all over Berkeley. 9000 students protest in Sacramento. Add'l Info: Source: https://www.peoplespark.org/tmlin2.html Entry by: en
May 29, 1969	People's Park announcement
(Thursday)	May 29, 1969. Chancellor Heyns announces his support for leasing part of the Park to the City. Add'l Info: Source: https://www.peoplespark.org/tmlin2.html Entry by: en
May 30, 1969	People's Park march
(Friday)	May 30, 1969. 30,000 people march peacefully past the Park. Add'l Info: Source: https://www.peoplespark.org/tmlin2.html Entry by: en
June 18, 1969	Chicago SDS Convention (The Split)
(Wednesday)	The final national convention where SDS dissolves into warring factions, including the Weathermen. Add'l Info: In June 1969, at a convention in Chicago, the long-standing tensions between the 'Revolutionary Youth Movement' (RYM) and the Progressive Labor Party (PLP) reached a breaking point. The RYM faction, led by Mark Rudd and Bernardine Dohrn, marched out of the convention to form their own organization, effectively ending SDS as a unified national entity. [cite: 44] Source: Sale:SDS Entry by:
June 20, 1969	UC Regents vote to develop the site of People's Park
(Friday)	June 20, 1969. U.C. Regents vote to turn the Park into a soccer field and parking lot. The Park is surrounded by a chain-link fence and kept under 24-hour guard. Add'l Info: Source: https://www.peoplespark.org/tmlin2.html Entry by: en
June 28, 1969	Stonewall Uprising
(Saturday)	A watershed rebellion in New York City's Greenwich Village that catalyzed the modern gay liberation movement. Add'l Info: Occurring nearly three months after militant protests began in San Francisco under the Committee for Homosexual Freedom, the Stonewall Uprising led to the formation of the Gay Liberation Front. Some New York activists later credited San Francisco's prior militant actions as an inspiration. Source: AposOfFree Entry by:
June 28, 1969	Stonewall Riots
(Saturday)	A routine police raid on the Stonewall Inn in New York City sparked several nights of rioting, marking the symbolic beginning of the modern LGBT rights movement. Add'l Info: The riots inspired the creation of LGBT organizations throughout the country. In the aftermath, New York City activists formed the first Gay Liberation Front, linking LGBT rights to larger movements for social transformation like Black Power and feminism. Source: Stein:ency-of-lgbtq Entry by:
June 28, 1969	Stonewall Uprising
(Saturday)	Patrons of the Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village riot when police officers attempt to raid the popular gay bar around 1am. Add'l Info: Since its establishment in 1967, the bar had been frequently raided by police officers trying to clean up the neighborhood of "sexual deviants." Angry gay youth clash with aggressive police officers in the streets, leading to a three-day riot during which thousands of protestors receive only minimal local news coverage. Nonetheless, the event will be credited with reigniting the fire behind America's modern LGBT rights movement. Source: PBS timeline Entry by:
June 28, 1969	Stonewall Riot
(Saturday)	A police raid on a gay bar in New York City sparked several nights of protests, launching the modern gay rights movement. Add'l Info: When police raided the Stonewall Inn, patrons fought back for the first time in memory. The confrontation led to the formation of the Gay Liberation Front and the first pride marches. It marked the moment when gay and lesbian activists moved from the "closet" to public demands for sexual liberation and equal rights. Source: Anderson:move Entry by:
June 28, 1969	Stonewall Riots
(Saturday)	A routine police raid on the Stonewall Inn in New York City sparked several nights of rioting, marking the symbolic beginning of the modern LGBT rights movement. Add'l Info: The riots inspired the creation of LGBT organizations throughout the country. In the aftermath, New York City activists formed the first Gay Liberation Front, linking LGBT rights to larger movements for social transformation like Black Power and feminism. Source: Stein:ency-of-lgbtq Entry by:
June 28, 1969	Stonewall Riots
(Saturday)	A police raid on the Stonewall Inn in New York City triggered several days of rioting and became a catalyst for modern gay liberation. Add'l Info: The raid on the Stonewall Inn, a popular gay bar in Greenwich Village, was initially a routine police operation against an unlicensed club. However, patrons and neighborsâ€”including gay men, drag queens, street queens, and lesbiansâ€”fought back with bricks and weapons. The resulting riots lasted for several days and are widely credited with launching a more radical, visible phase of the movement, though they built upon decades of prior homophile and community resistance. Source: Stein-reth Entry by:
July 1, 1969	Formation of the Gay Liberation Front (GLF)
(Tuesday)	Radical activists in New York formed the GLF to pursue a revolutionary agenda beyond the legal reforms of homophile groups. Add'l Info: Following the Stonewall riots, activists who viewed existing groups like Mattachine as too conservative formed the GLF. The group's name signaled an alignment with global anticolonial struggles and a rejection of medicalized definitions of homosexuality. GLF emphasized 'coming out' publicly and linked gay liberation to other radical struggles, including the Black Panthers and antiwar movements. Though organizationally short-lived, GLF inspired dozens of similar groups worldwide. Source: Stein-reth Entry by:
Summer 1969	Orange sunshine LSD first appears
	Orange sunshine acid first appears. Add'l Info: Source: Lee MA, Shlain B. Acid Dreams: The CIA, LSD and the Sixties Rebellion. Grove, 1985. Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
July 1, 1969	Attacks on Space City! and Southern underground
(Tuesday)	1969â€“70 wave of bombings, threats, and police harassment against southern underground papers like Houstonâ€™s "Space City!" and San Diegoâ€™s "Street Journal." Add'l Info: Beginning in July 1969 vigilantes and hostile authorities repeatedly targeted staff of Houstonâ€™s "Space City!"â€”pipeâ€‘bombing their combined officeâ€‘house while a worker was inside, breaking in to steal materials, firing crossbow bolts and bullets through doors, slashing tires, and issuing Ku Klux Klanâ€“branded death threatsâ€”forcing the collective to install floodlights and armed night guards; similar campaigns hit papers like San Diegoâ€™s "Street Journal," whose windows were shot out, offices ransacked, vending machines seized, and advertisers threatened by callers claiming they would be "bombed" for supporting the paper, a pattern that culminated in a Minutemenâ€‘linked vigilante later boasting that his group, in concert with local police and the FBI, had carried out many of the attacks, underlining how local repression of underground media functioned as a localized front in a national struggle over the movementsâ€™ right to public speech. [ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws](https://ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws.com/web/direct-files/attachments/56184942/a86d5e43-e7bf-43e2-8609-1529c2ff758a/MCMILLAN_2011_Smoking-Typewriters_OCR.pdf) Source: Macmillan:STp Entry by:
August 1, 1969	Fixed Water First Tour
(Friday)	The military-sponsored Command Military Touring Show band Fixed Water began their first tour . Add'l Info: The band was presented as offering "mind-bending psychedelic sounds." They were so successful with GI audiences that they were sent out for a second tour later that fall with a slightly different lineup. Source: Kramer:rock-vietnam Entry by:
August 1, 1969	Manson Murders
(Friday)	Charles Manson and his followers murder pregnant actress Sharon Tate (wife of director Roman Polanski) and six of her friends. Add'l Info: Source: (David Stout, "True Crime Stories That Sell Themselves," New York Times (14 November 1993) sec. 4, p. 2.) Entry by: Doyle
August 15, 1969	Woodstock Music & Art Fair
(Friday)	The iconic rock festival that came to represent the peak of the counterculture. Add'l Info: In August 1969, nearly half a million people gathered in Bethel, New York. While underground papers were often critical of the commercial aspects of the festival, they celebrated the "Woodstock Nation" as a proof-of-concept for a peaceful, self-governing youth society. Source: Macmillan:ST Entry by:
August 15, 1969	Woodstock Festival
(Friday)	The iconic music festival in upstate New York that became a major countercultural touchstone in Vietnam. Add'l Info: Though occurring in the U.S., Woodstock's influence reached Vietnam through films and recordings. It inspired Abbie Hoffman's concept of "Woodstock Nation" and motivated Vietnamese bands like CBC to seek out a similar transnational community of peace and music. Source: Kramer:rock-vietnam Entry by:
August 15, 1969	Woodstock Festival
(Friday)	The Hog Farm commune provided food and medical support at the Woodstock festival, an event that directly inspired many new communes. Add'l Info: Woodstock was a defining moment where sharing became the order of the day. The presence of the Hog Farm commune, running a free kitchen and tending to drug-related medical needs, was inspiring and directly led to the founding of new communes like Earth People's Park. Source: Miller:comm-hip Entry by:
August 15, 1969	Woodstock Music and Art Fair
(Friday)	A landmark festival in upstate New York that defined the 'Woodstock Nation' . Add'l Info: The Woodstock festival in August 1969 became a global symbol of the counterculture's power and unity. It inspired the concept of 'Woodstock Nation,' an imagined community of rock fans that transcended traditional national borders. The event's impact was felt even in Vietnam, where GIs and Vietnamese locals sought to recreate its spirit of peace and fellowship. Source: Kramer:rock-intro Entry by:
October 1, 1969	National vendorâ€‘harassment campaigns
(Wednesday)	Lateâ€‘1960s campaigns of arresting and fining undergroundâ€‘paper street vendors to choke distribution of movement media. Add'l Info: From roughly 1967 through 1970, police departments across the country used minor ordinancesâ€”jaywalking in Washington, D.C., loitering in Spokane, sidewalk obstruction in San Francisco, disturbing the peace in Berkeley, traffic interference in Oregon, vagrancy in Mississippi, and permit technicalities in Dallasâ€”to arrest or detain vendors of underground papers like "Washington Free Press," "Spokane Natural," "Good Times," "Berkeley Barb," "Willamette Bridge," "Kudzu," and "NOLA Express," often holding them for hours or days without charges and forcing papers and the ACLU into constant legal defense; although many cases were eventually dismissed and some injunctions won, the cumulative effect was to make streetâ€‘corner sellingâ€”a primary movement channel for reaching peopleâ€”risky and expensive, effectively shrinking the public presence of movement media in downtowns and near campuses. [ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws](https://ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws.com/web/direct-files/attachments/56184942/a86d5e43-e7bf-43e2-8609-1529c2ff758a/MCMILLAN_2011_Smoking-Typewriters_OCR.pdf) Source: Macmillan:STp Entry by:
October 1, 1969	Days of Rage
(Wednesday)	Get the date. A violent confrontation in Chicago organized by the Weatherman faction of SDS. Add'l Info: Approximately 300 followers converged on Chicago to engage in street fighting, smashing windshields and battling police. This event marked the first major US use of "affinity groups," though they were used as paramilitary platoons rather than egalitarian collectives. The action was widely considered a disaster that alienated the public and led to the defeat of the group. Source: Kauffman:direct-action Entry by:
October 3, 1969	Phu Bai Amphitheater Concert
(Friday)	The band Fixed Water performed a show that highlighted generational divides between troops. Add'l Info: Fifteen minutes into the psychedelic rock performance, a large number of older men walked out. A lieutenant noted that while the younger "grunts" enjoyed the show, the older officers or "lifers" found the music to be nothing but noise. Source: Kramer:rock-vietnam Entry by:
October 21, 1969	Death of Jack Kerouac
(Tuesday)	The "King of the Beats" died at age 47 in St. Petersburg, Florida, from complications of alcoholism. Add'l Info: Kerouac died of an internal hemorrhage brought on by a lifetime of heavy drinking. At the time of his death, many of his books were out of print. His passing was a somber moment for the movement he had helped create, though his literary reputation would grow exponentially in the decades following his death, leading to his eventual canonization as a major American writer. Source: EncyBeat Entry by:
October 31, 1969	CHF Protest at S.F. Examiner
(Friday)	A raucous protest by the Committee for Homosexual Freedom against an anti-gay newspaper article. Add'l Info: Protesters picketed outside the San Francisco Examiner to protest a piece about 'dreary revels' in gay clubs. After someone poured purple printer's ink on the crowd from the roof, demonstrators left handprints and slogans on the building, leading to arrests by the city's Tactical Squad. Source: AposOfFree Entry by:
October 31, 1969	Examiner Picket Line
(Friday)	The Committee for Homosexual Freedom picketed the San Francisco Examiner to protest an article portraying gay clubs as 'sick.'[cite: 624, 625] Add'l Info: Protesters chanted 'Say It Loud, We’re Gay and We’re Proud.' The event became raucous after purple printer's ink was hurlled onto the picketers, leading to a dozen arrests by the Tactical Squad. [cite: 625, 626, 628] Source: AposOfFree Entry by:
November 1, 1969	Occupation of Alcatraz
(Saturday)	Native American activists occupied Alcatraz Island, a signature New Left confrontation aimed at asserting indigenous rights and sovereignty. Add'l Info: The 1969 occupation transformed the former prison into a symbol of the 'Indianization' of public space. In later years, the National Park Service worked to incorporate this multicultural narrative into the island's official history exhibits. Source: Gosse:world Entry by:
November 15, 1969	Moratorium and March on Washington
(Saturday)	November 15, 1969 Moratoriumâ€‘era antiwar march and rally in Washington, D.C., one of the largest demonstrations in U.S. history. Add'l Info: On November 15, 1969, following the October Moratorium demonstrations, an estimated halfâ€‘million protesters assembled in Washington, D.C., for a massive antiâ€‘Vietnam War rally featuring speeches, music, and coordinated actions near the White House and on the Mall; the event, supported by a broad coalition that ranged from liberal clergy and tradeâ€‘union figures to New Leftists and countercultural groups, was covered by underground papers and Liberation News Service as proof that opposition to the war had reached mainstream scale while still carrying a radical edge, reinforcing the sense that grassroots mobilization could challenge presidential power and the legitimacy of ongoing intervention in Southeast Asia. [ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws](https://ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws.com/web/direct-files/attachments/56184942/a86d5e43-e7bf-43e2-8609-1529c2ff758a/MCMILLAN_2011_Smoking-Typewriters_OCR.pdf) Source: Macmillan:STp Entry by:
November 20, 1969	Occupation of Alcatraz Island
(Thursday)	A group known as 'Indians of All Tribes' seized the former prison island to reclaim it for Native people. Add'l Info: The 19-month occupation transformed the indigenous struggle, moving it from local advocacy to a national and international demand for land and sovereignty. It was a catalyst for the rise of the American Indian Movement (AIM) and influenced federal Indian policy toward self-determination. Source: Berger-hidden Entry by:
November 28, 1969	Ben Tre NCO Mess Performance
(Friday)	The psychedelic band Fixed Water performed at an Army mess hall . Add'l Info: An Army advanced team member noted that such shows were exactly what was needed in Vietnam for the younger demographic of soldiers. Source: Kramer:rock-vietnam Entry by:
December 1, 1969	Formation of the Gay Activists Alliance (GAA)
(Monday)	Disaffected GLF members in New York formed GAA to focus exclusively on gay and lesbian rights through more conventional political means. Add'l Info: GAA was established when members broke away from GLF due to its radical coalitions and 'structureless' organization. Unlike the revolutionary GLF, GAA operated with a written constitution and focused on securing legal rights and political reform. They became famous for 'zaps'â€”disruptive political actions surprising politiciansâ€”and campaigned heavily for municipal antidiscrimination laws. Source: Stein-reth Entry by:
December 6, 1969	Altamont Speedway Free Concert and Killing
(Saturday)	Altamont Speedway free concert and the killing of Meredith Hunter, widely read in the underground press as symbolizing the collapse of 1960s utopianism. Add'l Info: On December 6, 1969, some 300,000 people converged on Altamont Speedway east of San Francisco for a hastily organized, free, dayâ€‘long rock concert headlined by the Rolling Stones and billed by some as "Woodstock West," only to encounter a bleak venue with almost no facilities and an atmosphere of mounting tension; with the Hellâ€™s Angels hired as de facto security around a low stage, beatings and intimidation multiplied until, during the Stonesâ€™ evening set, several Angels attacked 18â€‘yearâ€‘old Meredith Hunter, who then drew a revolver and was immediately stabbed to death, an incident captured in the film "Gimme Shelter"; underground coverage in papers like the "Berkeley Tribe" cast Altamont and Hunterâ€™s killing as a generationâ€‘shattering moment and "end of an era," collapsing the myth of innocent communal gatherings and crystallizing New Left fears about violence, commodification, and the failure of the countercultureâ€™s promise. [ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws](https://ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws.com/web/direct-files/attachments/56184942/a86d5e43-e7bf-43e2-8609-1529c2ff758a/MCMILLAN_2011_Smoking-Typewriters_OCR.pdf) Source: Macmillan:STp Entry by:
December 6, 1969	San Francisco Examiner Altamont coverage
(Saturday)	Sameâ€‘day and followâ€‘up coverage by the San Francisco Examiner, which initially emphasized traffic and reported no violence, underplaying the deaths and significance of the Altamont concert. Add'l Info: On December 6 and the following days in 1969, the San Francisco Examiner, the Hearst chainâ€™s local evening paper, reported on the Altamont concert by stressing freeway traffic congestion on Interstates 5 and 580 and even noting that police initially reported "no violence," then briefly mentioning a single fatal stabbing while failing to acknowledge that four people died in allâ€”two run over while sitting at a campfire, one drowned in an irrigation canal while high on drugs, and Hunterâ€™s stabbingâ€”and ultimately publishing editorials that struggled to explain why hundreds of thousands of youths would attend a free Rolling Stones show and that dismissed the event as merely another manifestation of a decadent "rockâ€‘drugâ€‘slobbery cult," a framing the book contrasts with the underground pressâ€™s more perceptive, if alarmed, interpretations. [ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws](https://ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws.com/web/direct-files/attachments/56184942/a86d5e43-e7bf-43e2-8609-1529c2ff758a/MCMILLAN_2011_Smoking-Typewriters_OCR.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=ASIA2F3EMEYE6FNNCUL2&Signature=RBywNb9u%2B8sBFxzFi0dB%2Fxv3w88%3D&x-amz-security-token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjENL%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJIMEYCIQDwkKLmWcu0T7zIlIUC1B4dCZ15aAbig3gGWLz9tHcJGAIhAJZeEC1ey0KM2l6EvEv%2Fn1DTAPdOAvkPTiCWL%2Bos3e%2FHKvwECJr%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEQARoMNjk5NzUzMzA5NzA1IgxvA%2BF7%2BN83hTptivoq0ARR3LxsDOWpqcWznvLPUAjKYySUHfzQaFRRFQozQC8fnWh5OtHO1G9rJQksRzj%2BojdgWb2ZmPGwO%2B56vn5E5ymiqk5MYUZ2NZlx0nw7j8Zz36ui3q30WkZu7hm7HfgF3lF3bdis%2FAG40GNgyCGcsvZk4uLZes%2BRc0V%2B5kfbAcT9kygPAk%2F9020gLo2%2FKninkBLioB%2BGiTYCGAFACv7gSpYu79wF2yuwXevxiI0aouUlRJcEsgZGNiev%2BB92gAsqTmPWFVPas7DaV180tREdlf7Mr%2F3yvAiInZEOgAbdPbEiU4Yju5Osf0MyNvseqGLf4%2ByP%2F%2Bl2F5eDXGXKb7yQfaZKWOjBkred%2F%2FfMEmdaEIZP4Qej0zAgFrEISrhKOFWLznc2%2FslbhZVnH9As46kr4eOGWXtif45zcXzBjf8U%2FCvjxPy%2BlKzTKUhqxNi0HD5onB%2F9P4z%2B46Nmi3NmHnTbVjciT0Vhcq%2BrDcQ05RJP4qVyuaqYU%2BpuVSdbH%2FfbRgij9taAyODyarEWUI12Mjn3wRPKNNPOgxhBH5PgmYoG10WzrRIFJ3%2FzjKIrZhIqegGB%2BJUvx5J9ieGScGh8ptk%2F30qje3GjDN2fTvDONoK65ir9Wli1pnRBJ%2FXqahAcvfVNXoBma4gOzmUtHKSA8pB2g%2FqeC19f3Z5lnl1S91l%2FcSahj4Ddkc%2FAJxPmbZEwh1rf5gjXFMwUWe6IbxlYgzDBBuitAzLpOM0sxE%2BnkZM1lbMLu%2FY28JEQIS9hDbKrnboVTkvOhz2IJndvvKhmgAHa%2FO53MI7o0s0GOpcBpCpZhupIs%2Fw2VXn%2B8OfGiOXj49bxwhkfqYJDfgu0Lor4EkHPyt%2BZqg3GZjQSifoO%2B1yLjBRwWJzfTadywqKXbfSTH%2BAjrdxOwnUxNF%2BUK77p29x1MoCMJDSUV1uCCAUEIfh8ISM%2FwNh8ztLV8RErdo%2B2sGAk5t6WXu3wImVKzz61mjrMcC3DWAoEjsXVqFId4k%2BIMnZP%2Bw%3D%3D&Expires=1773451430) Source: Macmillan:STp Entry by:
December 6, 1969	Killing of Meredith Hunter at Altamont
(Saturday)	During the Stonesâ€™ set at Altamont, Hellâ€™s Angels acting as adâ€‘hoc security fatally stabbed 18â€‘yearâ€‘old Meredith Hunter after he drew a revolver in front of the stage, an incident captured in the documentary Gimme Shelter and later treated as em Add'l Info: As the Rolling Stones began "Under My Thumb" after dark at Altamont on December 6, 1969, tensions near the low stage escalated when members of the Hellâ€™s Angels motorcycle gangâ€”who had been asked to guard the performers, reportedly in exchange for a truckload of beerâ€”started beating concertgoers; when 18â€‘yearâ€‘old African American attendee Meredith Hunter, dressed in a limeâ€‘green suit, tried to escape a group of Angels who were punching him by drawing a longâ€‘barreled revolver and holding it over his head, an Angel lunged and stabbed him between the neck and shoulder, killing him in an episode later shown in the Maysles brothersâ€™ film Gimme Shelter, with an autopsy indicating Hunter had been high on methamphetamines and with underground press writers subsequently casting the killing as a symbol of the collapse of 1960s idealism. [ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws](https://ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws.com/web/direct-files/attachments/56184942/a86d5e43-e7bf-43e2-8609-1529c2ff758a/MCMILLAN_2011_Smoking-Typewriters_OCR.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=ASIA2F3EMEYE6FNNCUL2&Signature=RBywNb9u%2B8sBFxzFi0dB%2Fxv3w88%3D&x-amz-security-token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjENL%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJIMEYCIQDwkKLmWcu0T7zIlIUC1B4dCZ15aAbig3gGWLz9tHcJGAIhAJZeEC1ey0KM2l6EvEv%2Fn1DTAPdOAvkPTiCWL%2Bos3e%2FHKvwECJr%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEQARoMNjk5NzUzMzA5NzA1IgxvA%2BF7%2BN83hTptivoq0ARR3LxsDOWpqcWznvLPUAjKYySUHfzQaFRRFQozQC8fnWh5OtHO1G9rJQksRzj%2BojdgWb2ZmPGwO%2B56vn5E5ymiqk5MYUZ2NZlx0nw7j8Zz36ui3q30WkZu7hm7HfgF3lF3bdis%2FAG40GNgyCGcsvZk4uLZes%2BRc0V%2B5kfbAcT9kygPAk%2F9020gLo2%2FKninkBLioB%2BGiTYCGAFACv7gSpYu79wF2yuwXevxiI0aouUlRJcEsgZGNiev%2BB92gAsqTmPWFVPas7DaV180tREdlf7Mr%2F3yvAiInZEOgAbdPbEiU4Yju5Osf0MyNvseqGLf4%2ByP%2F%2Bl2F5eDXGXKb7yQfaZKWOjBkred%2F%2FfMEmdaEIZP4Qej0zAgFrEISrhKOFWLznc2%2FslbhZVnH9As46kr4eOGWXtif45zcXzBjf8U%2FCvjxPy%2BlKzTKUhqxNi0HD5onB%2F9P4z%2B46Nmi3NmHnTbVjciT0Vhcq%2BrDcQ05RJP4qVyuaqYU%2BpuVSdbH%2FfbRgij9taAyODyarEWUI12Mjn3wRPKNNPOgxhBH5PgmYoG10WzrRIFJ3%2FzjKIrZhIqegGB%2BJUvx5J9ieGScGh8ptk%2F30qje3GjDN2fTvDONoK65ir9Wli1pnRBJ%2FXqahAcvfVNXoBma4gOzmUtHKSA8pB2g%2FqeC19f3Z5lnl1S91l%2FcSahj4Ddkc%2FAJxPmbZEwh1rf5gjXFMwUWe6IbxlYgzDBBuitAzLpOM0sxE%2BnkZM1lbMLu%2FY28JEQIS9hDbKrnboVTkvOhz2IJndvvKhmgAHa%2FO53MI7o0s0GOpcBpCpZhupIs%2Fw2VXn%2B8OfGiOXj49bxwhkfqYJDfgu0Lor4EkHPyt%2BZqg3GZjQSifoO%2B1yLjBRwWJzfTadywqKXbfSTH%2BAjrdxOwnUxNF%2BUK77p29x1MoCMJDSUV1uCCAUEIfh8ISM%2FwNh8ztLV8RErdo%2B2sGAk5t6WXu3wImVKzz61mjrMcC3DWAoEjsXVqFId4k%2BIMnZP%2Bw%3D%3D&Expires=1773451430) Source: Macmillan:STp Entry by:
December 6, 1969	Altamont Speedway Free Concert
(Saturday)	Free dayâ€‘long rock concert at Altamont Speedway east of San Francisco, intended as a kind of "Woodstock West," featuring the Rolling Stones, Santana, Jefferson Airplane, and the Flying Burrito Brothers before roughly 300,000 people. Add'l Info: The Altamont Speedway free concert, held about sixty miles east of San Francisco on December 6, 1969, was organized late in the Rolling Stonesâ€™ 1969 American tour after the band was criticized for high ticket prices and arrogant behavior; it was conceived by some as "Woodstock West" and featured a packed bill including Santana, Jefferson Airplane, and the Flying Burrito Brothers, drawing an estimated crowd of 300,000 to a bleak, illâ€‘equipped racetrack with almost no amenities for attendees, where people crowded toward a low, hastily built stage in a tense atmosphere described in underground coverage as suffused with "bad vibes." [ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws](https://ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws.com/web/direct-files/attachments/56184942/a86d5e43-e7bf-43e2-8609-1529c2ff758a/MCMILLAN_2011_Smoking-Typewriters_OCR.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=ASIA2F3EMEYE6FNNCUL2&Signature=RBywNb9u%2B8sBFxzFi0dB%2Fxv3w88%3D&x-amz-security-token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjENL%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJIMEYCIQDwkKLmWcu0T7zIlIUC1B4dCZ15aAbig3gGWLz9tHcJGAIhAJZeEC1ey0KM2l6EvEv%2Fn1DTAPdOAvkPTiCWL%2Bos3e%2FHKvwECJr%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEQARoMNjk5NzUzMzA5NzA1IgxvA%2BF7%2BN83hTptivoq0ARR3LxsDOWpqcWznvLPUAjKYySUHfzQaFRRFQozQC8fnWh5OtHO1G9rJQksRzj%2BojdgWb2ZmPGwO%2B56vn5E5ymiqk5MYUZ2NZlx0nw7j8Zz36ui3q30WkZu7hm7HfgF3lF3bdis%2FAG40GNgyCGcsvZk4uLZes%2BRc0V%2B5kfbAcT9kygPAk%2F9020gLo2%2FKninkBLioB%2BGiTYCGAFACv7gSpYu79wF2yuwXevxiI0aouUlRJcEsgZGNiev%2BB92gAsqTmPWFVPas7DaV180tREdlf7Mr%2F3yvAiInZEOgAbdPbEiU4Yju5Osf0MyNvseqGLf4%2ByP%2F%2Bl2F5eDXGXKb7yQfaZKWOjBkred%2F%2FfMEmdaEIZP4Qej0zAgFrEISrhKOFWLznc2%2FslbhZVnH9As46kr4eOGWXtif45zcXzBjf8U%2FCvjxPy%2BlKzTKUhqxNi0HD5onB%2F9P4z%2B46Nmi3NmHnTbVjciT0Vhcq%2BrDcQ05RJP4qVyuaqYU%2BpuVSdbH%2FfbRgij9taAyODyarEWUI12Mjn3wRPKNNPOgxhBH5PgmYoG10WzrRIFJ3%2FzjKIrZhIqegGB%2BJUvx5J9ieGScGh8ptk%2F30qje3GjDN2fTvDONoK65ir9Wli1pnRBJ%2FXqahAcvfVNXoBma4gOzmUtHKSA8pB2g%2FqeC19f3Z5lnl1S91l%2FcSahj4Ddkc%2FAJxPmbZEwh1rf5gjXFMwUWe6IbxlYgzDBBuitAzLpOM0sxE%2BnkZM1lbMLu%2FY28JEQIS9hDbKrnboVTkvOhz2IJndvvKhmgAHa%2FO53MI7o0s0GOpcBpCpZhupIs%2Fw2VXn%2B8OfGiOXj49bxwhkfqYJDfgu0Lor4EkHPyt%2BZqg3GZjQSifoO%2B1yLjBRwWJzfTadywqKXbfSTH%2BAjrdxOwnUxNF%2BUK77p29x1MoCMJDSUV1uCCAUEIfh8ISM%2FwNh8ztLV8RErdo%2B2sGAk5t6WXu3wImVKzz61mjrMcC3DWAoEjsXVqFId4k%2BIMnZP%2Bw%3D%3D&Expires=1773451430) Source: Macmillan:STp Entry by:
December 6, 1969	Altamont Speedway Free Festival
(Saturday)	A free Rolling Stones concert near San Francisco that ended in violence and marked the end of an era. Add'l Info: The concert at Altamont Raceway was an attempt to top the Woodstock Festival but ended as the symbolic dead end of the generation's adventure. The atmosphere was marred by panic and hostility, resulting in the death of Meredith Hunter and severe beatings of others. It shattered the dream that the counterculture was immune to violence. Source: Lee:acid-dreams Entry by:
December 6, 1969	Altamont Speedway Free Festival
(Saturday)	A free Rolling Stones concert near San Francisco that ended in violence and marked the end of an era. Add'l Info: The concert at Altamont Raceway was an attempt to top the Woodstock Festival but ended as the symbolic dead end of the generation's adventure. The atmosphere was marred by panic and hostility, resulting in the death of Meredith Hunter and severe beatings of others. It shattered the dream that the counterculture was immune to violence. Source: Perry Entry by:
December 12, 1969	Berkeley Tribe Altamont issue
(Friday)	Issue of the underground paper "Berkeley Tribe" dated December 12â€“19, 1969, headlined "STONES CONCERT ENDS IT" and "America Now Up for Grabs," presenting Altamont as the end of an era. Add'l Info: In midâ€‘December 1969 the underground newspaper Berkeley Tribe devoted its December 12â€“19 issue to the Altamont concert under the frontâ€‘page headline "STONES CONCERT ENDS IT" with a subhead proclaiming "America Now Up for Grabs," running multiple firstâ€‘person narratives, a poem, and a Greg Irons comic strip that collectively framed the chaotic show as the explosive end of the myth of innocent communal gatherings, described by writer George Paul Csicsery as a oneâ€‘day microâ€‘society bound to the death throes of capitalist greed, and contrasting sharply with the more superficial and initially rosy coverage offered by the mainstream San Francisco Examiner. [ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws](https://ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws.com/web/direct-files/attachments/56184942/a86d5e43-e7bf-43e2-8609-1529c2ff758a/MCMILLAN_2011_Smoking-Typewriters_OCR.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=ASIA2F3EMEYE6FNNCUL2&Signature=RBywNb9u%2B8sBFxzFi0dB%2Fxv3w88%3D&x-amz-security-token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjENL%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJIMEYCIQDwkKLmWcu0T7zIlIUC1B4dCZ15aAbig3gGWLz9tHcJGAIhAJZeEC1ey0KM2l6EvEv%2Fn1DTAPdOAvkPTiCWL%2Bos3e%2FHKvwECJr%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEQARoMNjk5NzUzMzA5NzA1IgxvA%2BF7%2BN83hTptivoq0ARR3LxsDOWpqcWznvLPUAjKYySUHfzQaFRRFQozQC8fnWh5OtHO1G9rJQksRzj%2BojdgWb2ZmPGwO%2B56vn5E5ymiqk5MYUZ2NZlx0nw7j8Zz36ui3q30WkZu7hm7HfgF3lF3bdis%2FAG40GNgyCGcsvZk4uLZes%2BRc0V%2B5kfbAcT9kygPAk%2F9020gLo2%2FKninkBLioB%2BGiTYCGAFACv7gSpYu79wF2yuwXevxiI0aouUlRJcEsgZGNiev%2BB92gAsqTmPWFVPas7DaV180tREdlf7Mr%2F3yvAiInZEOgAbdPbEiU4Yju5Osf0MyNvseqGLf4%2ByP%2F%2Bl2F5eDXGXKb7yQfaZKWOjBkred%2F%2FfMEmdaEIZP4Qej0zAgFrEISrhKOFWLznc2%2FslbhZVnH9As46kr4eOGWXtif45zcXzBjf8U%2FCvjxPy%2BlKzTKUhqxNi0HD5onB%2F9P4z%2B46Nmi3NmHnTbVjciT0Vhcq%2BrDcQ05RJP4qVyuaqYU%2BpuVSdbH%2FfbRgij9taAyODyarEWUI12Mjn3wRPKNNPOgxhBH5PgmYoG10WzrRIFJ3%2FzjKIrZhIqegGB%2BJUvx5J9ieGScGh8ptk%2F30qje3GjDN2fTvDONoK65ir9Wli1pnRBJ%2FXqahAcvfVNXoBma4gOzmUtHKSA8pB2g%2FqeC19f3Z5lnl1S91l%2FcSahj4Ddkc%2FAJxPmbZEwh1rf5gjXFMwUWe6IbxlYgzDBBuitAzLpOM0sxE%2BnkZM1lbMLu%2FY28JEQIS9hDbKrnboVTkvOhz2IJndvvKhmgAHa%2FO53MI7o0s0GOpcBpCpZhupIs%2Fw2VXn%2B8OfGiOXj49bxwhkfqYJDfgu0Lor4EkHPyt%2BZqg3GZjQSifoO%2B1yLjBRwWJzfTadywqKXbfSTH%2BAjrdxOwnUxNF%2BUK77p29x1MoCMJDSUV1uCCAUEIfh8ISM%2FwNh8ztLV8RErdo%2B2sGAk5t6WXu3wImVKzz61mjrMcC3DWAoEjsXVqFId4k%2BIMnZP%2Bw%3D%3D&Expires=1773451430) Source: Macmillan:STp Entry by:
December 26, 1969	The Gay Manifesto Published
(Friday)	Carl Wittman’s seminal essay, originally titled 'Refugees from Amerika,' was first published in the 'Berkeley Tribe.' [cite: 696, 697] Add'l Info: Wittman wrote the manifesto while living in San Francisco and participating in CHF picket lines. The document has since been described as 'the bible of gay liberation.' [cite: 672, 684, 696, 698] Source: AposOfFree Entry by:
December 31, 1969	Cockettes First Performance
(Wednesday)	The impromptu debut of the Cockettes at the Palace Theater in San Francisco on New Year's Eve. Add'l Info: After dressing up in Irving Rosenthal's extensive drag wardrobe at the Sutter Street Commune, Hibiscus, Ralph, and friends attended a midnight showing of Nocturnal Dream Shows. They unexpectedly jumped on stage to perform an impromptu cancan to the Rolling Stones' 'Honky Tonk Women,' birthing a legendary theater troupe. Source: AposOfFree Entry by:
December 31, 1969	First Cockettes show
(Wednesday)	The Cockettes open their first show at the Palace Theater in San Francisco. Add'l Info: The theater group is the first in which bearded hippie men dressed in drag perform. The group would have a two-year meteroric rise culminating in a splash in New York in 1971. (November 7, 1971 at the Anderson Theatre.) John Waters called them "really new at the time, the first acid freak hippie drag queens. . . . It was complete sexual anarchy." George Harris ('Hibiscus') founded The Cockettes, as well as The Angels of Light, out of his experience living at the Kaliflower Commune. Hibiscus, an early victim of AIDS, died May 6, 1982 at the age of 32. Source: From the film, "The Cockettes" (San Francisco, 2001). By David Weissman and Bill Weber. Death notice: United Press International release, May 7, 1982. Entry by: e.p.n.
January 1, 1970	Gay Liberation Front formed
(Thursday)	The first political organization formed after the Stonewall riots, named in honor of the Vietnamese resistance movement. Add'l Info: Formed in early 1970, the GLF was a nationwide coalition of revolutionary homosexual organizations. It aimed to suppress discrimination in media, government, and schools, modeling its politics on the New Left and the civil rights movement. Source: Gosse:world Entry by:
January 1, 1970	Living Theatre Action Declaration
(Thursday)	The Living Theatre announced its division into four 'cells' to focus on different aspects of revolutionary change. Add'l Info: In January 1970, the company issued the 'Living Theatre Action Declaration,' announcing its split into four cells. The most enduring was the 'action cell,' which renounced traditional theater buildings as 'architectural traps' and committed to making political street theater for workers and the poor. Source: Bradford:theater Entry by:
January 1, 1970	OD Circus Performance
(Thursday)	The CMTS group OD Circus performed at a GI club in South Vietnam . Add'l Info: The performance was documented in the military's Entertainment Branch records as part of the effort to bring rock music to troops through soldier-led bands. Source: Kramer:rock-vietnam Entry by:
January 1, 1970	Estimate of LSD use in United States
(Thursday)	An estimated 1-2 million Americans have used LSD. Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
January 1, 1970	Foundation of Xerox PARC
(Thursday)	Year. Xerox established the Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) as a research laboratory. Add'l Info: PARC recruited many members from Engelbart's ARC group and became a hub for innovations like the Alto computer, Ethernet, graphical user interfaces, and laser printers. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1970	Darnovsky move to New Mexico
(Thursday)	Core members of the Motherfuckers relocated to a rural area in New Mexico. Add'l Info: The group sought refuge in CanjilÃ³n, New Mexico, attempting to transition into a tribal lifestyle following the darkening emotional tone of their New York street activities. Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
January 1, 1970	Invasion of Cambodia
(Thursday)	Get the date. The Nixon administration's expansion of the Vietnam War into Cambodia, which sparked massive domestic protests. Add'l Info: The invasion provoked angry walk-outs on more than a hundred college campuses. This escalation served as a major catalyst for the radicalization of a new wave of student organizers who would later participate in the 1971 Mayday protests. Source: Kauffman:direct-action Entry by:
January 1, 1970	Publication of The Greening of America
(Thursday)	Year. Charles Reich published his framework for the 'Consciousness III' movement. Add'l Info: Charles Reich's 1970 book argued that history was moving toward 'Consciousness III', which rejected authority in favor of bureaucratically leveled communities and harmonious collaborations. He saw the affluent young as the vanguard of this struggle to reclaim humanity from the technocratic machine. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1970	1970s Movement for a New Society Milieu
(Thursday)	Movement for a New Society (MNS) influenced contemporary anarchist circles during the 1970s and 1980s. Add'l Info: During the 1970s and 1980s, the Movement for a New Society (MNS) significantly impacted political work inside and outside anarchist circles. They were proponents of consensus decision-making, large-scale direct action using affinity groups, and collective living[cite: 3437]. Source: Cornell-MNS Entry by:
March 6, 1970	Townhouse Explosion
(Friday)	A Greenwich Village townhouse being used by the Weathermen as a bomb factory explodes [cite: 180, 1099]. Add'l Info: The accidental blast killed three members of the militant group. This disaster 'shook the ground' under the movement and led the surviving Weathermen to go underground[cite: 1108, 1112, 1113]. Source: Gitlin-60s Entry by:
March 6, 1970	Greenwich Village Townhouse Explosion
(Friday)	A bomb being constructed by the Weathermen (a militant SDS offshoot) accidentally detonates in a New York townhouse. Add'l Info: On the morning of March 6, 1970, an explosion destroyed a townhouse at 18 West Eleventh Street in Greenwich Village. Members of the Weathermen, including Terry Robbins and Diana Oughton, were in the basement constructing pipe bombs and 'antipersonnel' explosives from dynamite. A wire was reportedly attached in the wrong place, completing the electrical circuit and causing a blast that killed three people (Gold, Oughton, and Robbins) and leveled the building. This event symbolized the violent demise of the SDS era. [cite: 1] Source: Sale:SDS Entry by:
March 18, 1970	Ladies' Home Journal Sit-in
(Wednesday)	Hundreds of women stage an 11-hour sit-in at the offices of the Ladies' Home Journal. Add'l Info: The protesters demanded an end to degrading images of women and more control over content. They eventually won the right to edit an eight-page insert in a future issue[cite: 501]. Source: Doyle-IN Entry by:
April 1, 1970	Rise of 'Hip Militarism'
(Wednesday)	The U.S. military began officially sponsoring rock music to raise troop morale . Add'l Info: By 1970, the U.S. military command adopted a strategy called 'hip militarism'. They realized that rock music was crucial to the morale of younger draftees and began sponsoring GI rock bands and broadcasting 'acid rock' on the Armed Forces Vietnam Network (AFVN). This attempt to co-opt the music ironically introduced countercultural dissent into the heart of the military. Source: Kramer:rock-intro Entry by:
May 1, 1970	Lavender Menace Action
(Friday)	A group of lesbians took over the stage at the Congress to Unite Women to protest comments by Betty Friedan that lesbians undermined the struggle for women's equality. Add'l Info: The congress subsequently adopted resolutions recognizing lesbianism as a women's rights issue. This action marked a significant moment for the emerging lesbian feminist movement. Source: Stein:ency-of-lgbtq Entry by:
May 1, 1970	Lavender Menace Action
(Friday)	A group of lesbians took over the stage at the Congress to Unite Women to protest comments by Betty Friedan that lesbians undermined the struggle for women's equality. Add'l Info: The congress subsequently adopted resolutions recognizing lesbianism as a women's rights issue. This action marked a significant moment for the emerging lesbian feminist movement. Source: Stein:ency-of-lgbtq Entry by:
May 1, 1970	Lavender Menace Protest
(Friday)	Radical lesbian feminists disrupted the Second Congress to Unite Women to force the women's movement to address lesbian issues. Add'l Info: Responding to NOW founder Betty Friedanâ€™s dismissal of lesbians as a 'lavender menace,' forty women staged a dramatic protest at a feminist conference in New York. Wearing 'Lavender Menace' t-shirts, they spoke for two hours about lesbian struggles and successfully passed a resolution declaring womenâ€™s liberation 'a lesbian plot.' This event led to the formation of 'Radicalesbians' and defined the radical lesbian feminist movement of the early 1970s. Source: Stein-reth Entry by:
May 1, 1970	Woodstock West
(Friday)	Students at the University of Denver set up a shantytown to protest the Vietnam War and the Kent State killings. Add'l Info: In May 1970, following the invasion of Cambodia and the killings at Kent State, students at the University of Denver established an encampment known as "Woodstock West." The site featured a "Free University," a medical clinic, and its own daily newspaper. The event exemplified the way the underground press and countercultural style had permeated even conservative campuses by the end of the decade. Source: Macmillan:ST Entry by:
May 4, 1970	Postâ€“Kent State campus strike wave
(Monday)	Nationwide campus strike and unrest after the May 4, 1970 Kent State killings, marking a highâ€‘water mark of student antiwar mobilization. Add'l Info: After Ohio National Guardsmen killed four students and wounded nine at Kent State University on May 4, 1970, outrage swept campuses nationwide, leading to shutdowns at hundreds of institutions, building occupations, clashes with police, and the first de facto national student strike as millions of students walked out or refused normal routines; underground papers and Liberation News Service intensively reported local actions and framed the killings as proof that the government was willing to shoot white middleâ€‘class youth just as it had repressed Black and workingâ€‘class movements, helping to consolidate a sense that the antiwar struggle had shifted into an open conflict between an armed state and a multiâ€‘campus, crossâ€‘regional student movement with genuine disruptive power. [ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws](https://ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws.com/web/direct-files/attachments/56184942/a86d5e43-e7bf-43e2-8609-1529c2ff758a/MCMILLAN_2011_Smoking-Typewriters_OCR.pdf) Source: Macmillan:STp Entry by:
May 4, 1970	Kent State shootings response
(Monday)	Nationwide campus strikes and protests following the May 4, 1970 killing of four students at Kent State, as reported and amplified by the underground press. Add'l Info: After Ohio National Guardsmen shot and killed four students and wounded nine at Kent State University on May 4, 1970, hundreds of campuses across the United States were rocked by strikes, building occupations, and clashes with police, with millions of students effectively walking out; underground newspapers and Liberation News Service quickly circulated eyewitness testimonies and graphic descriptions that contrasted sharply with official rationalizations, helping to frame Kent State as a watershed in the criminalization of dissent and to legitimize a new wave of more radical antiwar and antiâ€‘repression organizing on a national scale. [ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws](https://ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws.com/web/direct-files/attachments/56184942/a86d5e43-e7bf-43e2-8609-1529c2ff758a/MCMILLAN_2011_Smoking-Typewriters_OCR.pdf) Source: Macmillan:STp Entry by:
May 4, 1970	Kent State Shootings
(Monday)	National Guardsmen opened fire on student protesters at Kent State University, killing four and wounding nine. Add'l Info: The protest was part of a massive nationwide strike against the U.S. invasion of Cambodia. The images of young, white, middle-class students lying dead on a college campus horrified the nation and led to the largest student strike in U.S. history, with hundreds of campuses closing down in protest. It was a turning point that brought the war home for many Americans. Source: Anderson:move Entry by:
May 4, 1970	Kent State Shootings
(Monday)	The National Guard kills four students at Kent State University during an anti-war protest. Add'l Info: The killings at Kent State on May 4, 1970, triggered the largest student strike in U.S. history. Underground newspapers across the country published iconic photos of the tragedy and used the event to argue that the "system" was now at open war with its own youth. Source: Macmillan:ST Entry by:
May 4, 1970	Kent State Shootings
(Monday)	The killing of four students by National Guardsmen during antiwar protests at Kent State University. Add'l Info: During a crowd protest against the invasion of Cambodia, National Guardsmen fired into the group, killing four and wounding nine. This event, along with the Jackson State killings shortly after, sparked strikes at hundreds of campuses and radicalized millions of youth across the country. Source: Kauffman:direct-action Entry by:
May 4, 1970	Kent State Killings
(Monday)	National Guardsmen fire on antiwar protesters at Kent State University, killing four students [cite: 180]. Add'l Info: The killings sparked a massive nationwide student strike involving millions. It was a climax of campus unrest that deepened the national 'legitimacy crisis' over the Vietnam War[cite: 180, 919, 1025]. Source: Gitlin-60s Entry by:
May 13, 1970	Forcadeâ€™s Commission on Obscenity performance
(Wednesday)	Thomas King Forcadeâ€™s May 13, 1970 confrontation with Nixonâ€™s Commission on Obscenity and Pornography, dramatizing underground defiance. Add'l Info: On May 13, 1970, Underground Press Syndicate organizer Thomas King Forcade appeared before President Nixonâ€™s Commission on Obscenity and Pornography in a Capitol Hill hearing room and delivered a profane, comic, but pointed denunciation of censorship, accusing the panel of being "the Brain Police" and arguing that attacks on underground papers were political repression disguised as obscenity policing, before concluding with "either we have freedom of the press . . . or we donâ€™t have freedom of the press"; he then reached into a box and smashed a whippedâ€‘cream pie into Commissioner Otto Larsonâ€™s face, an act that the "Los Angeles Times" dubbed one of the most bizarre hearings ever held on congressional premises and that the underground took as a symbolic act of resistance in defense of the movementâ€™s media apparatus. [ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws](https://ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws.com/web/direct-files/attachments/56184942/a86d5e43-e7bf-43e2-8609-1529c2ff758a/MCMILLAN_2011_Smoking-Typewriters_OCR.pdf) Source: Macmillan:STp Entry by:
May 14, 1970	Jackson State Shootings
(Thursday)	The killing of two students by police during protests at Jackson State University in Mississippi. Add'l Info: Ten days after the Kent State shootings, police killed two students and wounded twelve more. These deaths further fueled the nationwide student uprising and the repertoire of dissent that characterized the spring of 1970. Source: Kauffman:direct-action Entry by:
June 1970	New varieties of street LSD
	Windowpane acid (gelatin squares) first reported by the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs in the U.S. [Details] Add'l Info: While Acid Dreams by Martin Lee and Bruce Shlain reports that Windowpane first appeared in 1972, the BNDD's Microgram publication reports an analysis of 3-6 mm square and .38 mm thick gelatin "flakes" in June 1970. Source: Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs. Microgram. Jun 1970;3(4):2. Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
June 28, 1970	Christopher Street Liberation Day
(Sunday)	The first anniversary of the Stonewall riots was marked by commemorative marches in New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago. Add'l Info: Originally proposed at a 1969 homophile conference, these marches replaced the older 'Annual Reminder' pickets in Philadelphia. More than 5,000 people marched in New York and 1,000 in Los Angeles, transforming the anniversary of a riot into a celebratory event of 'pride' and visibility. These commemorations eventually evolved into the international Pride parades celebrated today. Source: Stein-reth Entry by:
June 28, 1970	First commemoration of the Stonewall Uprising
(Sunday)	Christopher St. Liberation Day commemorates the one-year anniversary of the Stonewall riots. Add'l Info: Following the event, thousands of members of the LGBT community march through New York into Central Park, in what will be considered America's first gay pride parade. In the coming decades, the annual gay pride parade will spread to dozens of countries around the world. Source: PBS timeline Entry by:
July 1, 1970	Women's Place Discussion in Supplement
(Wednesday)	The Supplement began addressing the role of women in communes after readers raised the issue . Add'l Info: It wasn't until the July 1970 Supplement that the Whole Earth began to take notice of the Women's Liberation Movement, following reader inquiries about women's places on rural communes. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
July 4, 1970	Balanced Growth Report
(Saturday)	The National Goals Research Staff issues a study on quality of life and economic balance. Add'l Info: Nixon's National Goals Research Staff issued on 4 July 1970 a study entitled "Toward Balanced Growth: Quantity with Quality." The title reflected the era's exquisite tension between concepts of balance and growth, indicating how far the ambivalence about production had proceeded over the course of the sixties. Source: Farber:60s-from-memory Entry by:
August 26, 1970	Women's Strike for Equality
(Wednesday)	Thousands of women boycotted work and marched to mark the 50th anniversary of the 19th Amendment and demand equality. Add'l Info: Organized by NOW, the strike brought together a broad coalition of feminists to demand equal pay, child-care centers, and abortion on demand. The largest demonstration took place in New York City, with 40,000 marchers on Fifth Avenue. The event successfully pushed women's liberation into the national spotlight and pressured Congress to debate the Equal Rights Amendment. Source: Anderson:move Entry by:
September 21, 1970	Death of Allan Hoffman
(Monday)	Allan Hoffman was killed in a truck accident in northern California. Add'l Info: Hoffman was a close friend and protÃ©gÃ© of Bookchin. For Murray, Allan's death marked the end of the 1960s counterculture era. Source: Biehl:bookchin Entry by:
October 1, 1970	Description of LIFE in Scientific American
(Thursday)	Martin Gardner's column introduces John Conway's game of LIFE, sparking an obsession among the MIT hackers. Add'l Info: The October 1970 issue of Scientific American featured Martin Gardner's "Mathematical Games" column, which described John Conway's LIFE simulation. The game, based on simple rules of cell birth and death, fascinated Bill Gosper. Despite initial skepticism from other hackers like Richard Greenblatt, Gosper and a small group spent the next eighteen months obsessively hacking LIFE, eventually discovering the famous "glider gun" and earning a fifty-dollar prize from Conway. Source: Levy:hackers Entry by:
October 1, 1970	The Pop Chronicles Broadcast
(Thursday)	The AFVN aired a series exploring the history of American popular music, including the Acid Tests. Add'l Info: The program featured psychedelic recordings from the Merry Pranksters and examined San Francisco's rock subculture. It was an example of the military's willingness to broadcast countercultural content to GIs, albeit sometimes with anti-drug disclaimers. Source: Kramer:rock-vietnam Entry by:
October 27, 1970	New federal legislation schedules marijuana, LSD, etc.
(Tuesday)	The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act is passed. Part II of this is the Controlled Substance Act (CSA) which defines a scheduling system for drugs. Add'l Info: It places most of the known hallucinogens (LSD, psilocybin, psilocin, mescaline, peyote, cannabis, & MDA) in Schedule I. It places coca, cocaine and injectable methamphetamine in Schedule II. Other amphetamines and stimulants, including non-injectable methamphetamine are placed in Schedule III. Source: Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
December 15, 1970	Trillion Dollar GNP Milestone
(Tuesday)	The U.S. records its first $1 trillion gross national product, marked by a Department of Commerce ceremony. Add'l Info: Late in 1970 the Department of Commerce erected a board to record the achievement of a $1 trillion GNP. By prearrangement, it was to flash at noon, but technicians scrambled as the board took on a life of its own, flashing early. President Nixon arrived to strike a defiant note in defense of the private enterprise economy. Source: Farber:60s-from-memory Entry by:
December 24, 1970	Grace Cathedral Christmas Pageant
(Thursday)	The first official guerrilla theater performance by the Angels of Light Free Theatre. Add'l Info: Hibiscus and the troupe produced a glittering, gender-bending reenactment of the birth of Christ during Midnight Mass on the steps and inside the sanctuary of Grace Cathedral. They were eventually thrown out by police after Tahara lit incense during communion rites. Source: AposOfFree Entry by:
December 24, 1970	Miracle of No(h) Penny Opera
(Thursday)	The first authentic Angels of Light Free Theatre performance, staged as a Christmas Eve pageant at Grace Cathedral. [cite: 548, 556] Add'l Info: Featuring Hibiscus and a bevy of glitter-covered performers, the spectacle reenacted the birth of Christ on the cathedral steps. It was a landmark event in San Francisco's acid-drag queer theater scene. [cite: 549, 556, 562] Source: AposOfFree Entry by:
December 24, 1970	Angels of Light in "The Miracle of No(h) Penny Opera"
(Thursday)	Christmas Eve Mass, Grace Cathedral, San Francisco Add'l Info: This is considered the first actual Angels of Light performance that included many of those who would become regular troupe members over the coming decade. On Christmas Eve 1970, the newly formed Angels of Light — joined by many of the Cockettes—brought their glittering pageant to San Francisco’s Grace Cathedral, transforming the solemn midnight mass into a moment of exuberant queer street theater. Dressed in shimmering, homemade costumes as psychedelic versions of Mary, Joseph, Jesus, shepherds, and angels, they sang carols on the cathedral steps as startled parishioners arrived. When police asked them to move, they entered the church, filling the aisles with incense, song, and ritual parody: one performer baptized others with a salt shaker, while another burned incense until it was extinguished by police. Hibiscus had staged the event as a re-enactment of the Nativity—part reverent, part revolutionary. Though eventually expelled from the church, the group continued outside, singing “Silent Night” and the “Hallelujah Chorus,” their laughter and bells echoing through the night, turning Grace Cathedral into a fleeting vision of free celebration and defiant joy. In the articles (below) from the San Francisco Good Times and Gay Sunshine, the reporters assumed the performers were the Cockettes. As seen in the posters for the event, Hibiscus clearly planned this as an Angels of Light performance. "The entourage included men, women and children dressed in psychedelic versions of Mary, Joseph, Jesus, the wise men, shepherds and angels. The costumes were the glittering, opulent creations we've come to expect from the Cockettes. Faces glowed with gold silver and colored makeup; hair sparkled with metallic glitter; fantastic robes, beads, jewels and medallions adorned the celebrants. The angels wore huge wings made of white feathers glued to cardboard." Source: Entry by: epn
January 1, 1971	The Farm Established
(Friday)	Stephen Gaskin and his followers settle a large commune in Summertown, Tennessee. Add'l Info: Originally arriving in a caravan of old schoolbuses, the Farm became the largest and most influential 1960s-era commune, known for its vegan lifestyle and humanitarian projects like "Plenty" [cite: 336-337]. Source: Doyle-IN Entry by:
January 1, 1971	Foundation of Resource One
(Friday)	Year. A gathering of programmers and activists sought to establish public computing terminals in the Bay Area. Add'l Info: Partly funded by proceeds from the Whole Earth Catalog's Demise Party, Resource One aimed to create peer-to-peer information exchanges and demystify computer systems for the public. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1971	Publication of The Last Whole Earth Catalog
(Friday)	Year. This edition featured the novel "Divine Right's Trip" printed one page at a time throughout the catalog. Add'l Info: Researchers at Xerox PARC, including Alan Kay, saw this as a brilliant user interface idea that led readers through the system's full range of offerings. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1971	1971 National Book Awards
(Friday)	Year. The Whole Earth Catalog won a prestigious literary award . Add'l Info: The 1971 incarnation of the Catalog won the National Book Award. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
Early 1970s	New varieties of street LSD
	LSD impregnated paper ("blotter") first hit the streets. Very quickly the paper began being printed with colorful art. Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
January 1, 1971	Ellen Ullman begins programming
(Friday)	Year. The start of the professional career of software engineer Ellen Ullman, who later wrote a cautionary memoir about the network economy. Add'l Info: Ullman began programming in 1971 and later experienced the shift toward a network enterprise model of work, where clients hire contractors for specific projects and then 'dispose' of them. Her experience highlights the stresses of constant technological change and the isolation that can occur in a networked economy. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1971	Publication of 'The New Right Credo'
(Friday)	Year. Rossetto and Stan Lehr published an article in the New York Times Magazine defining libertarianism as the 'New Right Credo'. Add'l Info: In 1971 Rossetto and his friend Stan Lehr published a lengthy article in the New York Times Magazine entitled 'The New Right Credoâ€”Libertarianism.' In it they argued that liberalism, conservatism and leftist radicalism were all bankrupt philosophies. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1971	People's Lobby
(Friday)	Get the date. A multi-day series of coordinated sit-ins outside government buildings organized by the PCPJ. Add'l Info: The Peoples Coalition for Peace and Justice (PCPJ) believed that massive one-day demonstrations were insufficient. They focused on a "People's Lobby," which utilized traditional Gandhian civil disobedience where participants would break specific laws and wait to be arrested as a form of "moral witness." Source: Kauffman:direct-action Entry by:
January 1, 1971	MNS Founding
(Friday)	Movement for a New Society (MNS) was established as a national network. Add'l Info: MNS existed as a national network of feminist, radical pacifist collectives from 1971 to 1988[cite: 4817]. Source: Cornell-MNS Entry by:
January 1, 1971	Foundation of the Farm
(Friday)	Year. A commune established in Summertown, Tennessee, by Stephen Gaskin and about 250 followers. Add'l Info: The Farm was a community of total interpersonal openness, described as a 'mental nudist colony.' Its members sought a state of transpersonal union. Many of its veterans, including Matthew McClure, John Coate, and Cliff Figallo, later became managers of the WELL. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1971	Inception of the Community Memory Project
(Friday)	Year. Lee Felsenstein and Efrem Lipkin begin planning a network of public computer terminals in Berkeley. Add'l Info: In the early 1970s, Lee Felsenstein and Efrem Lipkin, influenced by the resource-sharing philosophy of Resource One, began planning a decentralized public bulletin board system. Their goal was to place terminals in public spaces like the Leopoldâ€™s Records store to allow community members to exchange information freely, effectively bringing the Hacker Ethic to the general public. Source: Levy:hackers Entry by:
January 1, 1971	Radio First Termer Broadcast
(Friday)	An underground pirate radio show hosted by Dave Rabbit aired for three weeks in Saigon. Add'l Info: Hosted by Air Force Sergeant C. David Delay, Jr., the show broadcast from a soundproofed room in a house of prostitution. It featured "hard acid-rock" and satirical skits that poked fun at military authority and AFVN, resonating with disenchanted soldiers. Source: Kramer:rock-vietnam Entry by:
January 1, 1971	Foundation of the Point Foundation
(Friday)	Year. Stewart Brand used the profits from the Last Whole Earth Catalog to establish this grant-giving foundation. Add'l Info: The foundation gave out roughly $800,000 in small grants to cultural entrepreneurs and supported projects like Gerard O'Neill's space colony research. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1971	Rizzo elected Mayor of Philadelphia
(Friday)	Frank Rizzo, a former police commissioner, won the mayoral election on a 'law-and-order' platform supported by blue-collar white wards. Add'l Info: Elected in 1971, Rizzo's administration was characterized by authoritarianism and perceived racism. His policies on 'recycling' neighborhoods and his use of police force against activists like the Black Panthers led to a decade of intense social protest. Source: Gosse:world Entry by:
January 13, 1971	Cockroach Protest at the Met
(Wednesday)	The Art Workers Coalition staged a protest at the Metropolitan Museum by releasing cockroaches during a formal dinner. Add'l Info: On January 13, 1971, the Art Workers Coalition (AWC) staged a 'creepy protest' at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Members released cockroaches onto the tables during a dinner for the museum's trustees and guests to dramatize the 'infestation' of corporate interests and the Vietnam War's influence on cultural institutions. Source: Bradford:theater Entry by:
March 1, 1971	AQAG Proposal to AFSC
(Monday)	A Quaker Action Group (AQAG) presented a proposal for fundamental change to the AFSC. Add'l Info: In March 1971, AQAG proposed a broad program to combat militarism, racism, and sexism to the American Friends Service Committee. The AFSC declined to adopt it[cite: 4872, 4881]. Source: Cornell-MNS Entry by:
March 1971	People's Park protest
	1971. In March there's another riot over the Park. 44 arrests. Add'l Info: Source: https://www.peoplespark.org/tmlin2.html Entry by: en
March 21, 1971	Angels of Light in "Free Kabaret"
(Sunday)	Committee Theatre, 622 Broadway Add'l Info: This was the first Free Cabaret that the Angels of Light put on. It was announced in the March 18, 1971 issue of Kaliflower. That explains why there was no date listed — simply "Sunday Nite." The audience was strictly people from other communes that received Kaliflower — a true intercommunal cultural event. This was also the first Angels performance that received critical reviews in Kaliflower — one of the most valuable aspects of performing primarily to a communal audience. The three reviews that were printed in the next week's issue are reproduced below. Source: Entry by: epn
March 28, 1971	Angels of Light in "Plaster of Paris (aka Kabaret Morocco de la Flaming Flamingo)"
(Sunday)	Committee Theater, 622 Broadway Add'l Info: This was the second free cabaret show that the Angels produced. The announcement appeared in Kaliflower, March 25, 1971, and again the audience was made up of members from the 100+ communes that received Kaliflower weekly. Soon afterwards, Jilala began creating what would become known as his psychomagnetic drawings invoking Free Theatre. The first set of these is shown below. Also, in the next week's issue of Kaliflower was the announcement seen to the right, seeking resources and people interested in helping out the Angels Source: Entry by: epn
April 8, 1971	My Phung Club Bombing
(Thursday)	A bomb exploded at the My Phung Club in Saigon while the CBC Band was performing . Add'l Info: The bomb, likely planted by the Viet Cong, detonated during a performance of Jimi Hendrix's "Purple Haze." The blast killed one American GI and one Vietnamese woman, who was the girlfriend of the band's drummer, Phan Van. Source: Kramer:rock-vietnam Entry by:
April 20, 1971	Supreme Court upholds school busing
(Tuesday)	The Supreme Court, in Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, upholds busing as a legitimate means for achieving integration of public schools. Although largely unwelcome (and sometimes violently opposed) in local school districts, court-ordered busing plans in cities such as Charlotte, Boston, and Denver continue until the late 1990s. Add'l Info: Source: infoplease.com Entry by:
April 24, 1971	NPAC March
(Saturday)	A massive legal march and rally in Washington, DC, organized by the National Peace Action Coalition. Add'l Info: The NPAC, centrally controlled by the Socialist Workers Party, aimed for a mass mobilization with the single demand "Out of Vietnam now!" The coalition strictly opposed civil disobedience, believing it alienated the masses. Mayday organizers later criticized this event as a "dull ceremony of dissent" that failed to stop the war. Source: Kauffman:direct-action Entry by:
May 1, 1971	May Day Pentagon Blockade
(Saturday)	A massive blockade of the Pentagon takes place, largely following nonviolent direct action precepts. Add'l Info: In early 1971, a massive May Day blockade of the Pentagon was organized. This action grew out of the efforts of the nonviolent movement and used its methods to protest the Vietnam War. Source: Epstein-cult-rev Entry by:
May 1, 1971	Saigon International Rock Festival
(Saturday)	A large-scale rock festival was held at the Saigon Zoo, attracting roughly 7,000 fans. Add'l Info: Bands from across Asia and Australia performed for a mixed audience of Vietnamese youth and American GIs. Ironically, the event was sponsored by pro-war, conservative military magazine Dieu Hau, though it was criticized by both North Vietnamese and traditionalists as morally poisoning. Source: Kramer:rock-vietnam Entry by:
May 1, 1971	Saigon International Rock Festival
(Saturday)	A large-scale rock concert held in Saigon that showcased the global reach of rock . Add'l Info: In May 1971, the Saigon International Rock Festival took place at the Saigon Zoo. It featured bands from across Asia and the West, attracting thousands of GIs and Vietnamese youth. The event highlighted the 'Woodstock Transnational'â€”the way rock music had created a shared cultural language across the globe, despite the ongoing war. Source: Kramer:rock-intro Entry by:
May 2, 1971	Cockettes and Angels of Light in "Titilating Titresses of the Amazon"
(Sunday)	Polk Gulch Gala (two-day street fair) Add'l Info: I originally titled this appearance of the Angels (along with many of the Cockettes) "Polk Gulch Gay-La" in part after the title of an article that appeared in the Bay Area Reporter (B.A.R.) shortly after the event in 1971. The official name that the Polk Street Merchants Association gave the two-day street fair was "Polk Gulch Gala" — the B.A.R. changed the spelling of "gala", which might account for this being the first AND only street closure with that name. Subsequently, it was known simply as the Polk Street Fair. The video below uses the name that I originally gave this appearance of the Angels and Cockettes. Years later, Rumi sent me the poster that appears here. Consequently, the true name for this event is shown as in the poster. The video is Jilala's footage from that sunny May Day Weekend on Polk Street. The exuberance and transcendent sexual energy of the group of performers high up on a stage overseeing the throng of fairgoers is palpable in the video. The poster that Rumi sent me is in Hibiscus' hand. It is obvious that by this time, he had broken with paid shows and was committed to free theater as an Angel of luminescence. Source: Entry by: epn
May 3, 1971	May Day antiwar blockade
(Monday)	May Day actions 1971 Add'l Info: Mass nonviolent direct action in Washington, D.C., organized by antiwar activists attempting to shut down the federal government. Thousands of protesters were arrested during blockades of bridges and traffic routes. The action drew on pacifist organizing traditions and helped shape later affinity-group and consensus-based protest methods. (Epstein, p.15) Source: Epstein-CultRev Entry by:
May 3, 1971	Mayday action
(Monday)	A massive nonviolent direct action in Washington, DC, aimed at shutting down the federal government to protest the Vietnam War. Add'l Info: Following nearly two weeks of protests, approximately 25,000 young people known as the Mayday Tribe attempted to disrupt the basic functioning of the federal government. Their strategy involved blocking twenty-one key bridges and traffic circles to prevent government employees from reaching their offices. The Nixon administration responded with unprecedented force, utilizing police and military units to conduct mass sweeps. More than 7,000 people were arrested on the first day, marking the largest mass arrest in US history. Although many viewed it as a failure at the time, internal government records later suggested the event placed significant pressure on the administration to end the war. Source: Kauffman:direct-action Entry by:
May 3, 1971	May Day antiwar blockade
(Monday)	May Day actions 1971 Add'l Info: Antiwar activists attempted to shut down the federal government through mass nonviolent direct action in Washington, D.C. Thousands blocked roads and bridges and were arrested. The action influenced later direct-action movements by demonstrating the power of coordinated nonviolent civil disobedience using decentralized organizing. (Epstein p.15) Source: Epstein-CultRev Entry by:
June 1, 1971	Free Food Conspiracy
(Tuesday)	Irving Rosenthal and members of the Kaliflower commune operate the Free Food Conspiracy and the Free Food Family operation in San Francisco. Add'l Info: Source: ([Irving Rosenthal], Deep Tried Frees, a special issue of Kaliflower n.s. No. 3 (30 April 1978).) Entry by: Doyle
June 21, 1971	The Demise Party
(Monday)	An event celebrating the final edition of the Whole Earth Catalog and its "planting of seeds" . Add'l Info: Stewart Brand threw a 'Demise Party' at San Francisco's Palace of Arts and Sciences for 500 staffers and friends. During the event, Brand handed over $20,000 in cash to the audience to be used as a 'tool' or 'seed'. After hours of debate on how to use the money, $5,000 had disappeared and the remaining funds were given to Frederick L. Moore. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
July 1, 1971	Flynn Arrest
(Thursday)	Fresh Air guitarist Johnny Flynn was cited by Military Police for a uniform violation. Add'l Info: Flynn had sewn a California state flag to the back of his military uniform. His arrest highlighted the tension in the CMTS program between allowing GI self-expression and maintaining strict military discipline. Source: Kramer:rock-vietnam Entry by:
July 1, 1971	Baltimore Harbor Blockade
(Thursday)	MNS blockaded a Pakistani ship carrying military supplies in Baltimore harbor. Add'l Info: In July 1971, MNS used canoes and kayaks to blockade a Pakistani ship in Baltimore. This was a response to U.S. support for the Pakistani military dictatorship's suppression in East Pakistan[cite: 4962, 4963]. Source: Cornell-MNS Entry by:
July 1, 1971	Living Theatre Brazil Arrest
(Thursday)	Members of the Living Theatre were arrested by the Brazilian military dictatorship for subversion and marijuana possession. Add'l Info: While in Brazil to bring theater to the 'poorest of the poor,' several members of the company were arrested on July 1, 1971. They were subjected to torture and spent two months in prison. Following an international publicity campaign by supporters, President MÃ©dici expelled the company from the country rather than pursuing charges. Source: Bradford:theater Entry by:
July 13, 1971	Quan Tri Province Gathering
(Tuesday)	Servicemen were documented relaxing with music and marijuana in South Vietnam . Add'l Info: The photograph showed troops with psychedelic posters and stereo speakers, illustrating the integration of countercultural habits into the daily life of soldiers in the field. Source: Kramer:rock-vietnam Entry by:
August 1, 1971	Atlanta Mayday Conference
(Sunday)	Get the date. A follow-up meeting of the Mayday Tribe that revealed deep internal fissures regarding identity politics. Add'l Info: The conference was preceded by separate gay and women's gatherings, which shifted the focus to internal chauvinisms, sexism, and elitism within the movement. The absence of "heavies" (male leaders) and the focus on personal struggle led to the eventual dissolution of the Mayday Tribe soon after. Source: Kauffman:direct-action Entry by:
August 1, 1971	Philadelphia Port Blockade
(Sunday)	MNS mobilized a sea blockade and picket line against a Pakistani ship in Philadelphia. Add'l Info: In August 1971, MNS blockaded the freighter Al-Ahmadi in Philadelphia. Longshoremen refused to cross MNS's picket line for twenty-eight hours until the ship left empty[cite: 4970, 4972]. Source: Cornell-MNS Entry by:
August 6, 1971	Angels of Light in "Earthquake: A Midsummer's Night Scream"
(Friday)	Took place at 330 Grove. Add'l Info: By late spring 1971, Hibiscus had arranged with Gregory Pickup to stage Angels of Light shows in Gregory's rented loft space at 330 Grove Street. This was the first show at that location. It was also the first show that the local underground press recognized as an Angels of Light production. The Berkeley Barb provided an intimate account of the show and the audience, likening the scene to Marlene Dietrich's "Der Blaue Engel" cabaret (which the Angels had obviously referenced in the poster seen here). In particular, the reporter noted that "free lemonade, whole wheat bread, plums, peaches and bananas" were distributed by troupe members to the audience. (This became a signature ritual at Angels of Light shows.) The article also reported on the schism within the Cockettes. The review in Kaliflower was critical of certain aspects of the cabaret, but hopeful that the Angels would "develop other forms in addition to freak-parody of the crimes Hollywood has committed against womanhood." Ironically, given the recent article "Against the Stars" in Kaliflower, Allen Ginsberg, who had read "Stars" as implied criticism of his fame, joined in the festive occasion, performing William Blake songs on harmonium. Source: Entry by: epn
September 1, 1971	Telos Conference
(Wednesday)	At a conference in Buffalo, Bookchin reproaches Marxist intellectuals and advocates for the use of affinity groups as "catalysts" for social transformation. Add'l Info: During a 1971 Telos journal conference in Buffalo, Bookchin challenged the prevailing Marxist-Leninist views of the attendees. He argued that the pressing imperative was to address the ecological crisis rather than organize the working class in traditional terms. He asserted that a burgeoning eco-counterculture was already "seeding" the country with new organizational forms, including affinity groups, communes, and collectives. [cite_start]He presented these non-hierarchical groups as far more relevant and constructive than any Marxist-style vanguard for transforming society. [cite: 12] Source: Biehl:bookchin Entry by:
September 3, 1971	Leary and Hoffmann meet
(Friday)	Albert Hofmann meets Timothy Leary for the first time. Add'l Info: The father of LSD, Albert Hofmann, and LSD's most vocal prophet, Timothy Leary, meet in Lausanne, Switzerland, while Leary was there in exile from the United States, where he was facing a possible ten years in prison for charges related to possession of a small amount of cannabis. Source: Horowitz M. "Interview with Albert Hofmann". High Times 11:24-31,81 (1976) Available at: https://www.erowid.org/culture/characters/hofmann_albert/hofmann_albert_interview1.shtml Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
September 9, 1971	Attica Prison Rebellion
(Thursday)	Prisoners seized control of the Attica Correctional Facility to demand improved conditions and basic human rights. Add'l Info: The five-day rebellion was a watershed moment for the prisonersâ€™ rights movement. It ended on September 13 when state police, ordered by Governor Nelson Rockefeller, stormed the prison. The assault resulted in the deaths of 29 prisoners and 10 guard/hostages, all killed by law enforcement fire. Source: Berger-hidden Entry by:
January 1, 1972	Foundation of the People's Computer Company (PCC)
(Saturday)	Year. Bob Albrecht and others founded the PCC newspaper and a storefront center for public computer access. Add'l Info: The PCC became a vital information source for hobbyists, sharing ideas about programming and hardware. Its design was heavily influenced by the Whole Earth Catalog, using its equipment for the first issues. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1972	Brand's Rolling Stone Article
(Saturday)	Year. A defining article by Stewart Brand that depicted computer scientists at Xerox PARC as a cultural vanguard. Add'l Info: In this article, Brand depicted computer scientists as 'hackers'â€”representatives of the experimental and exploratory ideals of the New Communalist movement. This helped reframe computers from tools of the military-industrial complex into emblems of countercultural revolution. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1972	Publication of "Steps to an Ecology of Mind"
(Saturday)	Year. Gregory Bateson's best-selling book outlined a vision of the natural world as interconnected information systems. Add'l Info: Bateson's theory of "immanent mind" appealed to counterculturalists by providing a cybernetic framework for shared consciousness and planetary ecology, suggesting individuals could influence the system from within. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1972	ARC attends EST sessions
(Saturday)	Year. Members of the Augmentation Research Center attended Werner Erhard's Erhard Seminar Training (EST) movement sessions. Add'l Info: This attendance reflected the ARC group's empathy toward countercultural notions of community and creativity. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 17, 1972	Lordstown Strike
(Monday)	Workers at the state-of-the-art GM assembly plant in Lordstown, Ohio, staged a wildcat strike . Add'l Info: Dubbed an 'industrial Woodstock,' the strike symbolized high-wage union employees' resistance to management demands for increased speed and productivity. It marked a period of economic disarray and the end of America's era of singular economic dominance. Source: Farber:age-of-great-dreams Entry by:
January 23, 1972	Adequate Action Conference
(Sunday)	Bookchin participated in a conference in New Hampshire where he met and apologized to Paul Goodman. Add'l Info: The conference focused on balance between city and country. Bookchin had previously attacked Goodman in an open letter but acknowledged Goodman's perspicacity at this meeting. Source: Biehl:bookchin Entry by:
February 21, 1972	Nixon Visits China
(Monday)	Richard Nixon became the first U.S. President to visit the People's Republic of China . Add'l Info: Nixon sought to normalize relations to put pressure on the Soviet Union, a strategy known as 'triangulating' foreign policy. This pragmatic move fundamentally transformed the Cold War structure. Source: Farber:age-of-great-dreams Entry by:
March 1, 1972	Lordstown strike
(Wednesday)	Autoworkers at the GM Lordstown plant staged a twenty-two-day strike against Bearing Bearings and Bearings (GMAD) management regimes. Add'l Info: The 1972 strike focused on worker alienation and Bearings-blue-collar blues. It delivered an overwhelming 97 percent vote to support the walkout, forcing issues of workplace democracy and managerial practice onto the national agenda. Source: Gosse:world Entry by:
April 1, 1972	USS Nitro Blockade
(Saturday)	MNS and allies attempted to block the USS Nitro from loading munitions for the Vietnam War. Add'l Info: In April 1972, MNS allied with Vietnam Veterans against the War to block the USS Nitro. Though the blockade failed, five sailors jumped ship to join the protesters[cite: 4973, 4974]. Source: Cornell-MNS Entry by:
May 1972	Publication of Ringolevio
	Emmett Grogan's seminal work, Ringolevio: A Life Played For Keeps, his story of the Diggers, is first reviewed in the New York Times, May 26, 1972 by C. Lehmann-Haupt, p. 33. Add'l Info: Source: New York Times, May 26, 1972, p. 33. Entry by: e.p.n.
May 1, 1972	Anti-Mining Protests
(Monday)	Get the date. Nationwide, uncoordinated protests following Nixon's announcement of mining Vietnamese harbors. Add'l Info: Demonstrators across the country blocked highways, railroads, and even occupied the Gateway Arch and a decommissioned mine sweeper. Unlike previous actions, this was "nationwide mayhem" not led by any national organization, signifying the shift toward the decentralized, direct-action radicalism seeded by Mayday. Source: Kauffman:direct-action Entry by:
May 1972	People's Park
	1972. In May, after Nixon announces he'll mine North Vietnam's main port, an outraged crowd tears down the fence. In September, the Berkeley City Council votes to lease the site. Add'l Info: Source: https://www.peoplespark.org/tmlin2.html Entry by: en
May 11, 1972	Intercommunal Free Carnival
(Thursday)	A grand gathering of the Kaliflower network communes held in a San Francisco park. Add'l Info: Representing the high-water mark of the Kaliflower intercommunal experiment, the spring carnival featured elaborate tents, free food, and creative sharing among hundreds of commune members. The Angels of Light performed their masterpiece 'Peking on Acid' before an ecstatic, non-captive communal audience. Source: AposOfFree Entry by:
May 14, 1972	Intercommunal Free Carnival
(Sunday)	A large-scale festival in San Francisco that brought together hundreds of commune members from the Kaliflower network. [cite: 821] Add'l Info: The carnival featured diverse attractions including an Arabian Desert Tent, puppet shows, a Maypole dance, and a performance of 'Peking on Acid' by the Angels of Light. It represented the height of intercommunal cooperation. [cite: 808, 811, 814, 819, 821] Source: AposOfFree Entry by:
June 5, 1972	UN Conference on the Human Environment starts in Stockholm
(Monday)	The first international environmental conference. Peter Berg went as an observor with copies of his latest manifesto. Add'l Info: The question that seemed to express the intent of this gathering was "If we can't save the whales, how can we expect to save ourselves?" The conference led to the Law of the Sea Treaty. The theme book of the conference was "Only One Earth" by Rene Dubos and Barbara Ward. Peter Berg brought copies of his "Automated Rites of an Obsolete Future" for distribution. The issue of acid rain was first raised as an international issue at the conference. Source: The Washington Post, 6/1/81, p. B4 ("Britain's Barbara Ward Dies"); The London Times, 11/28/89 ("Inns and Outs"); UN Chronicle, May 1983 ("Acid Rain"); "Declaration Of The United Nations Conference On The Human Environment", http://www.unep.org/Documents/Default.asp?DocumentID=97&ArticleID=1503; Entry by: e.p.n.
June 17, 1972	Watergate Break-in
(Saturday)	Operatives working for CREEP were caught breaking into and 'bugging' the Democratic National Committee offices . Add'l Info: The capture of the 'Plumbers' led President Nixon to engage in an illegal cover-up using the CIA and FBI to obstruct justice. This eventually led to his impeachment trial and his resignation on August 9, 1974. Source: Farber:age-of-great-dreams Entry by:
June 22, 1972	Final Issue of Kaliflower
(Thursday)	The publication of the 165th and last weekly issue of the intercommunal newspaper. Add'l Info: The Scott Street Commune abruptly suspended publication after discovering that police detectives were using the newspaper's 'Free Ads' to investigate a string of armed robberies at communes. The publishers felt the network's required confidentiality had been irreparably compromised. Source: AposOfFree Entry by:
June 22, 1972	Final Issue of Kaliflower
(Thursday)	The Scott Street Commune published the last issue of 'Kaliflower,' suspending the weekly newspaper after 165 issues. [cite: 93, 106] Add'l Info: The editors decided to end the publication because the readership had become too anonymous, which conflicted with their original intent of fostering intimate communal connections. [cite: 896, 897, 106] Source: AposOfFree Entry by:
July 2, 1972	Free Food Family Formation
(Sunday)	At an intercommunal meeting, the project shifted to a communal pool of food stamps, officially adopting the name Free Food Family. [cite: 766, 768] Add'l Info: Based on the principle 'From each according to ability, to each according to need,' dozens of communes pooled resources to buy food in bulk directly from markets and farmers. [cite: 767, 768, 890] Source: AposOfFree Entry by:
July 5, 1972	Hunga Dunga & Scott St. Meeting
(Wednesday)	A bizarre and tense confrontation between two leading communes over authority and decision-making. Add'l Info: Held at Scott Street to resolve ideological differences, the hosts wore black robes and masks while sitting behind a barrier, refusing to speak except to answer direct, non-rhetorical questions. In response to the rigid theater, members of Hunga Dunga stripped naked. The stalemate exposed deep and irreconcilable differences in communal governance. Source: AposOfFree Entry by:
August 1, 1972	Wolf Creek Carnival
(Tuesday)	An Intercommunal Carnival held at the Kaliflower Commune's mountain property in Wolf Creek, Oregon. [cite: 871, 872] Add'l Info: While electrifying for local communes, the event was a disaster for the Kaliflower Commune, exposing deep resentments between its city and country members and leading to a major internal schism. [cite: 872, 873, 875] Source: AposOfFree Entry by:
October 1, 1972	Intergalactic Spacewar Olympics
(Sunday)	Stewart Brand and Annie Liebowitz staged a computer game tournament at the Stanford AI Laboratory for a Rolling Stone article. Add'l Info: Brand used the event to argue that "computers are coming to the people" and compared the hackers' experience to the Merry Prankster Acid Tests. This was one of the first major journalistic pieces to link high-tech research to countercultural ideals. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
December 4, 1972	Scott Street Drops Out of Free Food Family
(Monday)	The Kaliflower publishers formally withdrew from the food-sharing coalition. Add'l Info: During a period of internal strife and schisms known as 'Black December,' the Scott Street Commune sent a letter unilaterally withdrawing from the Free Food Family, citing an 'impatience' for change. The departure destabilized the network's most ambitious project and marked the rapid decline of the intercommunal experiment. Source: AposOfFree Entry by:
December 4, 1972	Scott Street Drops Out
(Monday)	The Scott Street (Kaliflower) Commune officially withdrew from the Free Food Family intercommunal network. [cite: 889, 891] Add'l Info: The withdrawal followed months of conflict with the Hunga Dunga commune over decision-making and dietary philosophy. This rupture was a fatal blow to the Free Food Family experiment. [cite: 890, 891, 790] Source: AposOfFree Entry by:
December 7, 1972	Apollo 17 Moon Shot
(Thursday)	Bill Gosper witnesses the final manned lunar launch, leading to a realization about the scale of real-world computing. Add'l Info: Bill Gosper attended a "science cruise" to witness the night launch of Apollo 17 in December 1972. The sheer physical power and success of the mission, which relied heavily on computers, profoundly affected him. He realized that while the AI lab's work was pioneering, it was currently limited to making "Tools to Make Tools," whereas the real world (NASA) was using computers to achieve monumental physical feats. Source: Levy:hackers Entry by:
January 1, 1973	The Coming of Post-Industrial Society
(Monday)	Year. The publication of Daniel Bell's influential account describing a shift toward knowledge-based production. Add'l Info: Daniel Bell argued that in a post-industrial system, 'theoretical knowledge' would be the central principle of production and that bureaucratic hierarchies would be replaced by leveled social structures. However, the text notes that many of these qualities actually appeared earlier in World War II research collaborations. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1973	Rossetto earns MBA
(Monday)	Year. Louis Rossetto earned his MBA from Columbia University before entering a period of career drift. Add'l Info: In 1973 Rossetto earned an MBA from Columbia. Over the next decade, though, he drifted, writing novels such as Takeover and Ultimate Porno that received little attention. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 22, 1973	Roe v. Wade decision
(Monday)	The Supreme Court ruled that a woman's decision to have an abortion was constitutionally protected as a private matter. Add'l Info: The 1973 decision legalized abortion overnight, following years of underground counseling and referral by feminist groups like 'Jane.' It became a central victory for second-wave feminism and a primary target for the subsequent New Right backlash. Source: Gosse:world Entry by:
February 27, 1973	Occupation of Wounded Knee
(Tuesday)	Members of the American Indian Movement (AIM) occupied the site of the 1890 massacre to protest tribal and federal policies. Add'l Info: Led by Russell Means and Dennis Banks, approximately 200 Oglala Lakota and AIM followers seized the town of Wounded Knee on the Pine Ridge Reservation. They demanded an investigation into broken treaties and tribal government corruption. The 71-day armed standoff with federal authorities became a powerful symbol of the "Red Power" movement and the ongoing struggle for Native American sovereignty. Source: Anderson:move Entry by:
February 27, 1973	Occupation of Wounded Knee
(Tuesday)	AIM activists and Oglala Lakota elders occupied the site of the 1890 massacre in South Dakota for 71 days. Add'l Info: The standoff against federal marshals and the FBI focused global attention on the corruption of the tribal government and the systematic violation of Sioux treaty rights. It is considered the peak of Red Power militancy and led to a long-running series of high-profile legal trials. Source: Berger-hidden Entry by:
March 1, 1973	Wounded Knee Solidarity Mobilization
(Thursday)	MNS collectives mobilized to support the American Indian Movement at Wounded Knee. Add'l Info: When federal officials threatened to oust AIM members at Wounded Knee in March 1973, MNS carloads from multiple cities arrived within two days to serve as observers[cite: 5984, 5985, 5986]. Source: Cornell-MNS Entry by:
May 1, 1973	Bulldozing of Wheeler's Ranch
(Tuesday)	Sonoma County authorities bulldozed the homes at Wheeler's Ranch, and Bill Wheeler burned the remaining structures in a final act of defiance. Add'l Info: In May 1973, after years of legal fighting, the county bulldozers appeared at Wheelerâ€™s Ranch. Bill Wheeler and a friend burned the remaining fifty houses themselves to prevent the authorities from having the satisfaction of destroying them. Source: Miller:comm-hip Entry by:
June 22, 1973	Final issue of Kaliflower
(Friday)	The Free Print Shop at Kaliflower commune publishes what it states is the final issue of Kaliflower 4:7 (22 June 1973). Add'l Info: Source: (I examined this issue at Eric Noble's "Summer of Love Archives," 23 February 1993. However, the newsletter was subsequently revived in a new series since a bound 10th anniversary edition was published following the 30 November 1977 issue, covering the period 1967-1977. N.B. the beginning date of 1967 is reckonned differently than the date of 24 April 1969 which was when the issue identified as Vol.1, No. 1 appeared. Also Irving Rosenthal's memorial tribute to Emmett Grogan entitled "Deep Tried Frees" was published as a special issue of Kaliflower n.s. No. 3 (30 April 1978).) Entry by: Doyle
July 24, 1973	Murder of Santos RodrÃguez
(Tuesday)	A 12-year-old Chicano boy was fatally shot by a Dallas police officer during an interrogation. Add'l Info: Officer Darrell Cain killed RodrÃguez while playing a 'Russian Roulette' style interrogation in the back of a squad car. The murder sparked a massive protest in downtown Dallas on July 28, which escalated into a riot, highlighting deep-seated tensions between the Mexican American community and the police. Source: Berger-hidden Entry by:
August 1, 1973	Community Memory Terminal Installation
(Wednesday)	The first public Community Memory terminal is installed at Leopoldâ€™s Records in Berkeley. Add'l Info: In August 1973, the first Community Memory terminalâ€”a Teletype Model 33â€”was set up in the lobby of Leopoldâ€™s Records in Berkeley. It allowed anyone to enter or search for messages on various topics ranging from music to housing. The system proved popular, demonstrating that ordinary people would interact with computers if given the chance. Source: Levy:hackers Entry by:
September 11, 1973	Coup in Chile
(Tuesday)	A military coup led by General Augusto Pinochet overthrew the elected Marxist government of President Salvador Allende. Add'l Info: The 1973 coup sparked massive international outrage and led to the rise of popular anti-interventionism in the U.S. Activism around Chile played a central role in cohering a new political coalition opposed to Cold War interventionist policies. Source: Gosse:world Entry by:
October 16, 1973	1973 Oil Embargo Begins
(Tuesday)	Arab members of OPEC imposed an oil embargo on the U.S. in retaliation for its support of Israel. Add'l Info: The embargo caused gas prices to skyrocket and created long lines at service stations. It ended the era of cheap energy that had fueled postwar prosperity and contributed to a period of "stagflation"â€”high inflation and high unemploymentâ€”that lasted through the early 1980s. Source: Patterson-grand Entry by:
October 17, 1973	OPEC oil embargo
(Wednesday)	The Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries instituted an oil embargo, triggering a profound national crisis in the U.S. Add'l Info: The 1973-1974 embargo was portrayed as evidence of waning American hegemony and national decline. It prompted a culture of 'austerity' and surfaced gender concerns, with some pundits blaming women's liberation for the disorder of the era. Source: Gosse:world Entry by:
December 15, 1973	APA removes homosexuality as mental illness
(Saturday)	The board of the American Psychiatric Association votes to remove homosexuality from its list of mental illnesses. Add'l Info: Source: PBS timeline Entry by:
December 15, 1973	APA Declassification of Homosexuality
(Saturday)	The American Psychiatric Association voted to remove homosexuality from its list of mental disorders. Add'l Info: Following years of protests and zaps by gay liberationists at APA conventions, the organization's board voted to declassify homosexuality as a sociopathic personality disturbance. The decision was later affirmed by a referendum of the general membership. While it introduced a new category for 'disturbed' homosexuals, the ruling effectively removed a primary scientific justification for discrimination and was a landmark victory for the movement. Source: Stein-reth Entry by:
January 1, 1974	Living Theatre Pittsburgh Residency
(Tuesday)	The Living Theatre began a year-long residency in Pittsburgh, creating street theater that addressed working-class issues. Add'l Info: During 1974-75, the Living Theatre used a $22,000 grant from the Mellon Foundation for a residency in Pittsburgh. They interviewed steel and coal workers to incorporate their concerns into productions like The Money Tower and Six Public Acts, although the residency also faced internal conflict between militant and pacifist cells. Source: Bradford:theater Entry by:
January 1, 1974	CoEvolution Quarterly Special Issue
(Tuesday)	Year. Stewart Brand turned over an issue of his magazine to the Black Panthers . Add'l Info: In the fall of 1974, Brand turned over an issue of 'CoEvolution Quarterly' (the successor to the Supplement) to the Black Panthers to edit as a special issue. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1974	Founding of ISE
(Tuesday)	Murray Bookchin and Dan Chodorkoff co-founded the Institute for Social Ecology (ISE). Add'l Info: Originally a summer program at Goddard College, the ISE became a center for teaching organic farming, renewable energy, and social ecology theory. Source: Biehl:bookchin Entry by:
January 1, 1974	Launch of CoEvolution Quarterly (CQ)
(Tuesday)	Year. Brand turned the Catalog's old supplement into a new quarterly magazine focused on systems theory and cybernetics. Add'l Info: CQ served as a forum for integrating science, technology, and mysticism. It prominently featured the work of Gregory Bateson and shifted away from the "self-sufficiency" ideals of the original Catalog. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1974	Coalition of Labor Union Women organized
(Tuesday)	Activists from NOW and various unions established CLUW to advance the women's movement within labor ranks. Add'l Info: Organized in 1974, CLUW brought together feminist and labor interests. It sought to address workplace discrimination and push for gender equity, representing the institutionalization of second-wave feminism within the industrial labor movement. Source: Gosse:world Entry by:
January 1, 1974	Tenant Action Group founded
(Tuesday)	Housing activists in Philadelphia formed TAG to engage in political advocacy and militant grassroots organizing for tenant rights. Add'l Info: Founded in 1974, TAG knitted together grievances from across the city to fight for rent control and a Tenant Bill of Rights. It utilized 'direct action' and disruptions of city government to challenge the Rizzo administration's housing policies. Source: Gosse:world Entry by:
February 1, 1974	Montague Tower Toppling
(Friday)	Sam Lovejoy topples a weather tower at a projected nuclear site in Montague, Massachusetts. Add'l Info: In February 1974, Sam Lovejoy used a crowbar to knock down a tower erected by Northeast Utilities. He then turned himself in to the police. His subsequent trial and acquittal became a legend in the New England antinuclear movement, signaling a shift toward direct action. Source: Epstein-cult-rev Entry by:
April 1, 1974	The Intel 8080 Release
(Monday)	Intel releases the 8080 microprocessor, which becomes the catalyst for the first personal computers. Add'l Info: In April 1974, Intel released the 8080 microprocessor, a vastly more powerful successor to the 8008. Ed Roberts, owner of MITS, recognized that this chip was powerful enough to serve as the heart of a stand-alone computer. This release triggered a race to build a small, affordable computer that individuals could own and hack at home. Source: Levy:hackers Entry by:
August 9, 1974	Nixon Resigns the Presidency
(Friday)	Richard Nixon, after collapse of all support among his political supporters, resigns and leaves Washington amid the scandal that overtook his presidency. Add'l Info: It was revealed that Nixon had participated in obstruction of justice after the Watergate break-in. Had he not resigned, Nixon would likely have been impeachment and convicted by the Senate. On the same day, Gerald Ford, his vice-president, is sworn in as the 38th president and pardons Nixon one month later. Source: Entry by: e.p.n.
October 27, 1974	A Day in Solidarity with Puerto Rico
(Sunday)	Twenty thousand people gathered at Madison Square Garden to support Puerto Rican independence. Add'l Info: Organized by the Puerto Rican Solidarity Committee (PRSC), this event was one of the largest radical mobilizations of the decade. It featured speakers and performers supporting the release of the five Nationalist political prisoners and the decolonization of the island. Source: Berger-hidden Entry by:
December 19, 1974	MITS Altair 8800 Announcement
(Thursday)	The Altair 8800 is featured on the cover of Popular Electronics, launching the personal computer revolution. Add'l Info: The January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics (which hit newsstands in December 1974) featured the Altair 8800 on its cover. Created by Ed Roberts of MITS, the Altair was sold as a kit for $397. Despite having only 256 bytes of memory and no keyboard, it received thousands of orders, proving there was a massive demand for personal ownership of computers. Source: Levy:hackers Entry by:
mid-1970s	Blotter paper becomes the preferred medium of distribution of street LSD
	Blotter paper begins to emerge as the most common form of LSD sold on the street. Previously it had been tablets and powder, but blotter and gel-tabs proved more consistent in purity and potency. Add'l Info: Source: Stafford P. Psychedelics Encyclopedia. Ronin, 1992. Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
January 1, 1975	Introduction of Space Colonies in CQ
(Wednesday)	Year. Stewart Brand introduced readers to Gerard O'Neill's vision of massive human colonies in space. Add'l Info: This sparked a massive debate in the Spring 1976 issue of CQ, revealing a split between "soft technology" advocates and those who saw space as a new "outlaw area" for communal liberation. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1975	Foundation of the Homebrew Computer Club
(Wednesday)	Year. Lee Felsenstein and PCC staff helped create this influential hobbyist club. Add'l Info: The club fostered an ethos of information sharing and collaboration that drove the creation of Apple Computer and other tech ventures. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1975	Defeat of the U.S. Left
(Wednesday)	The U.S. Left experienced a period of significant decline and defeat. Add'l Info: The mid-seventies marked the defeat of the U.S. Left, which served as the context for a shift from social analysis to cultural studies in academia. Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
January 1, 1975	Altair featured on PCC cover
(Wednesday)	Year. The January 1975 issue of People's Computer Company featured the Altair, the first widely available hobbyist computer. Add'l Info: The cover depicted the Altair in a desert, framing it as a tool for "getting back to the land" in a manner similar to the Whole Earth Catalog's aesthetic. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1975	CBC Resettlement
(Wednesday)	The CBC Band fled Vietnam and eventually resettled in the United States. Add'l Info: After the war, the group fled to Thailand and India before being helped by American GI fans to move to Fort Wayne, Indiana. They eventually settled in Houston, Texas, where they opened their own club and continued to perform. Source: Kramer:rock-vietnam Entry by:
January 1, 1975	Whole Earth Catalog Phase Two begins
(Wednesday)	Year. Spanning the middle of the 1970s, Brand turned toward the cybernetics of Gregory Bateson and the concept of space colonies. Add'l Info: Drawing on Bateson's vision of the world as an information system, Brand and others began to imagine space colonies as a new kind of home. This marked the dissolution of the back-to-the-land movement's rustic technophilia. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1975	Church and Pike Committee hearings
(Wednesday)	Congressional committees investigated the CIA, exposing decades of routine political corruption, destabilization, and assassinations. Add'l Info: The 1975 hearings were catalyzed by outrage over U.S. complicity in the Chilean coup. They ruined the careers of top intelligence officials and exposed the 'national security state' to unprecedented public and legislative scrutiny. Source: Gosse:world Entry by:
March 5, 1975	First Homebrew Computer Club Meeting
(Wednesday)	The first meeting of the Homebrew Computer Club is held in Fred Mooreâ€™s garage in Menlo Park. Add'l Info: On March 5, 1975, thirty-two enthusiasts, including Lee Felsenstein and Steve Dompier, gathered in Fred Mooreâ€™s garage for the first meeting of the Homebrew Computer Club. The meeting was sparked by the arrival of the first Altair in the Bay Area. It became the epicenter for hardware hackers to share information, trade parts, and collaborate on building their own machines. Source: Levy:hackers Entry by:
March 21, 1975	Founding of the Homebrew Computer Club
(Friday)	The establishment of the influential computer hobbyist club by Frederick L. Moore and Gordon French . Add'l Info: In the spring of 1975, Frederick L. Moore (who had received the remaining 'Demise Party' money) and Gordon French founded the Homebrew Computer Club. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
April 16, 1975	The Altair Music Hack
(Wednesday)	Steve Dompier demonstrates that the Altair can play music by using radio interference. Add'l Info: At the third Homebrew meeting in April 1975, Steve Dompier demonstrated a program that made the Altair "sing" by controlling the radio frequency interference it emitted. By placing a radio near the computer, the interference produced the melodies of "The Fool on the Hill" and "Daisy Bell." This whimsical hack provided a morale boost to hackers struggling with the Altair's limitations. Source: Levy:hackers Entry by:
April 30, 1975	Fall of Saigon
(Wednesday)	The end of the Vietnam War, leading many Vietnamese rock fans into exile . Add'l Info: The fall of Saigon in April 1975 marked the end of the war and the beginning of a massive refugee crisis. Many Vietnamese who had been part of the local rock scene fled the country, bringing their love of the music with them to the United States and other parts of the world. For these refugees, rock remained a vital link to their past and a means of negotiating their new identities as global citizens. Source: Kramer:rock-intro Entry by:
June 1, 1975	The Tiny BASIC Project
(Sunday)	Dick Whipple and John Arnold develop a limited version of BASIC for the Altair, leading to the Tiny BASIC movement. Add'l Info: In the summer of 1975, Whipple and Arnold sent a 2K version of BASIC to Bob Albrecht at Peopleâ€™s Computer Company. Albrecht dubbed it "Tiny BASIC," and the project was taken up by Tom Pittman and others to create a free, accessible language for the Homebrew community. This effort reflected the Hacker Ethic's belief that software should be shared freely. Source: Levy:hackers Entry by:
June 16, 1975	Arrest of Dessie Woods
(Monday)	Dessie Woods and Cheryl Todd were arrested in Georgia after Woods killed a white man in self-defense against rape. Add'l Info: The case became a cause cÃ©lÃ¨bre for black nationalists and radical feminists. Woods was convicted of manslaughter and armed robbery (for taking the man's money to flee). After years of international protests and legal appeals, she was released in 1981 when a court found the evidence against her insufficient. Source: Berger-hidden Entry by:
January 1976	First openly gay politician elected to office
	Kathy Kozachenko becomes the first openly gay American elected to public office when she wins a seat on the Ann Arbor, Michigan City Council. Add'l Info: Source: PBS timeline Entry by:
January 1, 1976	Spin-off of Dr. Dobb's Journal
(Thursday)	Year. The People's Computer Company spun off Dr. Dobb's Journal of Tiny BASIC Calisthenics and Orthodontia. Add'l Info: The publication continues to this day as a resource for the computing community. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1976	Clamshell Alliance founded
(Thursday)	1976 founding Add'l Info: Activists in New Hampshire formed the Clamshell Alliance to oppose construction of the Seabrook nuclear power plant. The alliance adopted affinity groups, consensus decision-making, and strict nonviolence, becoming the model for the direct-action movement that spread across the United States. (Epstein p.9) Source: Epstein-CultRev Entry by:
January 1, 1976	The SOL-20 Computer Design
(Thursday)	Year. Lee Felsenstein completes the design of the SOL-20, a more user-friendly computer for Processor Technology. Add'l Info: Lee Felsenstein was commissioned by Bob Marsh to design a computer that could be featured in Popular Electronics. Felsenstein incorporated his "Tom Swift" design philosophy, creating the SOL-20, which featured a built-in keyboard and an attractive wooden-sided case. It was a major step toward making computers approachable for non-hackers while remaining highly hackable. Source: Levy:hackers Entry by:
January 1, 1976	Clamshell Alliance Founding
(Thursday)	The Clamshell Alliance is founded in New Hampshire to oppose the Seabrook nuclear plant. Add'l Info: The Clamshell Alliance was established in 1976 after the Public Service Corporation announced plans to build a nuclear power plant in Seabrook, New Hampshire. It served as the model for the structure and philosophy of the nonviolent direct action movement, emphasizing small-group structure and consensus decision-making. Source: Epstein-cult-rev Entry by:
January 1, 1976	Abalone Alliance Founding
(Thursday)	The Abalone Alliance is organized in Northern California to target the Diablo Canyon nuclear plant. Add'l Info: The Abalone Alliance was formed in 1976, modeling itself after the Clamshell Alliance. It focused on opposing the Diablo Canyon nuclear plant through local group organization, consensus decision-making, and strict nonviolence. Source: Epstein-cult-rev Entry by:
January 1, 1976	Abalone Alliance founded
(Thursday)	1976 founding Add'l Info: Northern California activists formed the Abalone Alliance to oppose the Diablo Canyon nuclear power plant. The organization adopted the Clamshell model of consensus decision making, affinity groups, and nonviolent direct action. (Epstein p.11) Source: Epstein-CultRev Entry by:
January 1, 1976	Philadelphia MNS Census
(Thursday)	An internal census of MNS households in West Philadelphia was completed. Add'l Info: In January 1976, a census showed West Philadelphia had nineteen MNS collective households with over twenty different working collectives[cite: 5009, 5010]. Source: Cornell-MNS Entry by:
January 1, 1976	Seabrook nuclear plant protests
(Thursday)	Anti-nuclear power actions took place at the Seabrook, New Hampshire, nuclear power plant. Add'l Info: The nonviolent direct action movement is cited as beginning in 1976 with protests against the nuclear power plant in Seabrook, New Hampshire. During these actions, legal authorities were forced to recognize affinity group structures due to the noncooperative actions of jailed participants. Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
February 1, 1976	The "Open Letter to Hobbyists"
(Sunday)	Bill Gates publishes a letter criticizing the Homebrew Club for sharing Altair BASIC without payment. Add'l Info: In February 1976, Bill Gates of Micro-Soft published an "Open Letter to Hobbyists" in various newsletters. He accused the Homebrew hackers of stealing his work, arguing that software should be a proprietary product. This letter caused a major rift in the community, as it directly challenged the Hacker Ethic's principle that information should be free. Source: Levy:hackers Entry by:
March 26, 1976	First World Altair Computer Convention
(Friday)	MITS holds the first major gathering of Altair users and computer hobbyists in Albuquerque. Add'l Info: In March 1976, Ed Roberts organized the World Altair Computer Convention (WACC) in Albuquerque, New Mexico. It was the first large-scale gathering of the new personal computer industry. The event was marked by a tense confrontation between Bill Gates and the Homebrew hackers over the issue of software piracy and Gates' "Open Letter." Source: Levy:hackers Entry by:
April 1, 1976	Formation of Apple Computer
(Thursday)	Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak form Apple Computer to sell the Apple I board. Add'l Info: In April 1976, Wozniak and Jobs officially formed Apple Computer. Wozniak had designed a brilliant, single-board computer (the Apple I) that he initially gave away to Homebrew members for free. Jobs convinced him to stop giving it away and instead build and sell the boards for profit. Source: Levy:hackers Entry by:
July 1, 1976	Clamshell Alliance Founding
(Thursday)	The Clamshell Alliance is formed to fight nuclear power, subsequently adopting "affinity groups" for nonviolence training and organization. Add'l Info: Following the formation of the Clamshell Alliance in July 1976, the movement began using affinity groups for practical purposes. While Quaker Suki Rice implemented them for nonviolence training, Bookchin's "Post-scarcity Anarchism" (1971) had already popularized the term among activists. Bookchin joined the alliance but noted that their ad hoc groups differed from his own vision of autonomous, ongoing "brothers and sisters" who conceived and carried out actions collectively. [cite_start]This marked a major instance of affinity groups entering mainstream Left/environmental activism. [cite: 15] Source: Biehl:bookchin Entry by:
July 1, 1976	First Seabrook occupation
(Thursday)	Summer 1976 occupations Add'l Info: The Clamshell Alliance organized its first occupations of the proposed Seabrook nuclear power plant site in New Hampshire. These early actions marked the emergence of the anti-nuclear direct-action movement and introduced affinity-group organizing and consensus decision-making into mass protest campaigns. (Epstein, p.10) Source: Epstein-CultRev Entry by:
July 1, 1976	Early Seabrook occupations
(Thursday)	Summer 1976 occupations Add'l Info: The Clamshell Alliance carried out the first small occupations of the Seabrook nuclear plant construction site. These early actions helped establish mass civil disobedience as a tactic within the anti-nuclear movement. (Epstein p.10) Source: Epstein-CultRev Entry by:
July 4, 1976	Bicentennial without Colonies Protests
(Sunday)	Fifty thousand protesters gathered in Philadelphia and San Francisco to challenge U.S. colonial history. Add'l Info: The independence movement used the U.S. Bicentennial to highlight that Puerto Rico and other territories remained 'internal colonies.' The mass demonstrations demanded an end to colonial rule and celebrated the resistance of oppressed peoples within the United States. Source: Berger-hidden Entry by:
August 1, 1976	First Clamshell Occupation
(Sunday)	Eighteen New Hampshire residents are arrested at the Seabrook site. Add'l Info: The first Clamshell Alliance occupation occurred on August 1, 1976, involving eighteen people who walked down abandoned railway tracks into the Seabrook site and were arrested. Source: Epstein-cult-rev Entry by:
August 22, 1976	Second Clamshell Occupation
(Sunday)	180 people are arrested at the Seabrook nuclear site. Add'l Info: Following the first small action, a second occupation took place on August 22, 1976, where 180 protesters were arrested in the rain. Source: Epstein-cult-rev Entry by:
August 28, 1976	Personal Computing '76 Convention
(Saturday)	A major computer convention is held in Atlantic City, showcasing the growth of the industry. Add'l Info: In August 1976, thousands of enthusiasts gathered in Atlantic City for the Personal Computing '76 convention. The event featured major displays from MITS, Processor Technology, and a then-obscure Apple Computer. It was here that Wozniak realized he needed to improve the Apple I, leading to the development of the Apple II with its distinctive color graphics and sleek design. Source: Levy:hackers Entry by:
January 21, 1977	Pardon of Vietnam War Draft Resisters
(Friday)	President Jimmy Carter issued an executive order granting unconditional pardons to Vietnam-era draft evaders. Add'l Info: The pardon allowed thousands of draft resisters who had fled to Canada or Sweden to return home without fear of prosecution. However, it did not include military deserters, which remained a point of contention for many antiwar and amnesty activists. Source: Berger-hidden Entry by:
April 16, 1977	First West Coast Computer Faire
(Saturday)	The first West Coast Computer Faire is held in San Francisco, marking the transition to a mass market. Add'l Info: In April 1977, Jim Warren organized the first West Coast Computer Faire at the San Francisco Civic Auditorium. The event saw 13,000 attendees and the debut of the Apple II and the Commodore PET. This event marked the end of the hobbyist era and the birth of a multibillion-dollar consumer industry, where computers were sold as finished appliances rather than kits. Source: Levy:hackers Entry by:
April 30, 1977	Seabrook Station Occupation
(Saturday)	Two thousand protesters converged on the Seabrook nuclear site in New Hampshire. Add'l Info: The occupation led to the arrest of 1,414 people. Bookchin was a member of the Clamshell Alliance and viewed the action as a triumph of anarchist direct action and consensus-based organizing. Source: Biehl:bookchin Entry by:
April 30, 1977	Seabrook mass occupation
(Saturday)	April 30â€“May 1 1977 occupation Add'l Info: The Clamshell Alliance organized a mass occupation of the Seabrook nuclear power plant construction site in New Hampshire. Roughly 2,400 protesters entered the site and over 1,400 were arrested after refusing to leave when ordered by the governor. The action became a landmark event in the anti-nuclear movement. (Epstein, p.10) Source: Epstein-CultRev Entry by:
April 30, 1977	Seabrook Nuclear Power Plant Occupation
(Saturday)	Activists occupied the site of the proposed Seabrook nuclear power plant. Add'l Info: On April 30, 1977, approximately 1,400 people occupied the Seabrook site. This event popularized the use of affinity groups, spokescouncils, and consensus in mass actions[cite: 5092, 5093, 5099]. Source: Cornell-MNS Entry by:
April 30, 1977	Seabrook mass occupation
(Saturday)	April 30â€“May 1 1977 occupation Add'l Info: Approximately 2,400 protesters occupied the Seabrook nuclear power plant site in New Hampshire as part of a Clamshell Alliance campaign. More than 1,400 were arrested after refusing to leave when ordered by state authorities. The action became one of the defining events of the anti-nuclear movement. (Epstein p.10) Source: Epstein-CultRev Entry by:
April 30, 1977	Seabrook Mass Occupation
(Saturday)	Approximately 2,400 people occupy the Seabrook nuclear site, resulting in 1,401 arrests. Add'l Info: On April 30 and May 1, 1977, a mass occupation of the Seabrook site was held. After being ordered to leave, 1,401 protesters remained and were arrested. They were held in seven armories across New Hampshire for two weeks, an experience that generated significant publicity and a powerful spirit of community. Source: Epstein-cult-rev Entry by:
June 1, 1977	Philadelphia squatting movement
(Wednesday)	Milton Street announced a campaign to help residents occupy abandoned homes, demanding 'walk-in homesteading' rights. Add'l Info: Starting in June 1977, activists used bolt cutters to seize federally owned properties controlled by HUD. The movement aimed to force the government to address the housing crisis and Affordable shelter for the poor and people of color. Source: Gosse:world Entry by:
June 7, 1977	Anita Bryant leads anti-gay crusade
(Tuesday)	Singer and conservative Southern Baptist Anita Bryant leads a successful campaign with the "Save Our Children" Crusade to repeal a gay rights ordinance in Dade County, Florida. Add'l Info: Bryant faces severe backlash from gay rights supporters across the U.S. The gay rights ordinance will not be reinstated in Dade County until December 1, 1998, more than 20 years later. Source: PBS timeline Entry by:
July 30, 1977	Green Mountain Alliance
(Saturday)	Bookchin and friends at the Institute for Social Ecology form the Spruce Mountain Affinity Group and help found the Green Mountain Alliance. Add'l Info: In order to participate in the Clamshell Alliance's actions against the Seabrook nuclear plant, Bookchin and his colleagues at the ISE formed the Spruce Mountain Affinity Group. This was an example of the "autonomous" style of affinity group Bookchin advocated. [cite_start]On July 30, 1977, several such groups from across Vermont met at Goddard College to form the Green Mountain Alliance, further institutionalizing the use of affinity groups within the New England anti-nuclear movement. [cite: 15] Source: Biehl:bookchin Entry by:
August 6, 1977	First Diablo Blockade
(Saturday)	Alliance holds first Diablo Canyon blockade; 47 arrested while 1,500 people rally. Add'l Info: August 6, 1977 The Abalone Alliance holds its first blockade at Diablo Canyon; 47 people arrested while 1,500 people show support at a nearby rally. Source: Abalone:Aatimeline Entry by:
August 7, 1977	Diablo Canyon protest
(Sunday)	August 7 1977 demonstration Add'l Info: Around 1,500 protesters gathered at Diablo Canyon in California to oppose the nuclear power plant under construction. Several dozen activists were arrested after occupying the site during a demonstration organized by the Abalone Alliance. (Epstein p.11) Source: Epstein-CultRev Entry by:
August 7, 1977	Diablo Canyon protest
(Sunday)	August 7 1977 demonstration Add'l Info: Approximately 1,500 protesters gathered at the Diablo Canyon nuclear power plant construction site in California as part of Abalone Alliance organizing. Dozens were arrested after occupying the site. The action helped establish Diablo Canyon as a central focus of anti-nuclear activism in California. (Epstein, p.11) Source: Epstein-CultRev Entry by:
August 7, 1977	First Abalone Rally
(Sunday)	Forty-seven people are arrested at a rally and occupation at Diablo Canyon. Add'l Info: The Abalone Alliance's first significant action occurred in August 1977, where forty-seven people were arrested for occupying the Diablo Canyon plant site during a rally of 1,500 people. Source: Epstein-cult-rev Entry by:
September 1, 1977	Senate Subcommittee Hearings on MK-ULTRA
(Thursday)	Senator Ted Kennedy chairs hearings on the CIA's Operation MK-ULTRA and its testing of drugs on unwitting citizens. [cite: 10] Add'l Info: Less than a month before the Santa Cruz convention, the Senate Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research held hearings on Capitol Hill to investigate Operation MK-ULTRA. Former CIA employees, including Dr. Sidney Gottlieb, testified about the Agency's testing of LSD and other agents on unwitting American citizens during the Cold War. The hearings revealed details of safehouse experiments and the use of prostitutes to spike drinks. [cite: 10, 11] Source: Lee:acid-dreams Entry by:
October 1, 1977	LSD: A Generation Later Conference
(Saturday)	A weekend conference convened at the University of California, Santa Cruz, featuring prominent psychedelic pioneers. [cite: 7] Add'l Info: In October 1977, thousands of people gathered at the University of California in Santa Cruz for the opening of a weekend conference entitled "LSD: A Generation Later." The event featured an all-star lineup of poets, scientists, journalists, and media celebrities, including Dr. Albert Hofmann, the "Father of the Psychedelic Age." The conference provided a forum for counterculture veterans to reflect on the psychedelic movement and assess its long-term impact. [cite: 7, 10] Source: Lee:acid-dreams Entry by:
Oct 14-15, 1977	Colloquium held on LSD
	LSD--A Generation Later: Colloquium I Add'l Info: Santa Cruz, CA. Sponsored by the Psychology Board of the University of California, Santa Cruz. Included Richard Alpert (Ram Dass), Bruce Eisner, Stephen Gaskin, Allen Ginsberg, Willis Harman, Albert Hofmann, Oscar Janiger, Stanley Krippner, Timothy Leary, Ralph Metzner, William McGlothlin, Claudio Naranjo, and Myron Stolaroff. Approximately 600 attendees filled the lecture hall when Dr. Hofmann spoke, with many more listening from outside. Source: Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
October 25, 1977	Occupation of the Statue of Liberty
(Tuesday)	Puerto Rican activists occupied the monument to demand the release of the five Nationalist political prisoners. Add'l Info: The protesters draped the Puerto Rican flag over the statueâ€™s crown. The action successfully brought international attention to the cases of Lolita LebrÃ³n and her comrades, who had been imprisoned since the 1950s. They were eventually released by President Carter in 1979. Source: Berger-hidden Entry by:
November 8, 1977	Harvey Milk wins election as first openly-gay San Francisco official
(Tuesday)	Harvey Milk wins a seat on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors and is responsible for introducing a gay rights ordinance protecting gays and lesbians from being fired from their jobs. Add'l Info: Milk also leads a successful campaign against Proposition 6, an initiative forbidding homosexual teachers. A year later, on November 27, 1978, former city supervisor Dan White assassinates Milk (and Mayor George Moscone). White's actions are motivated by jealousy and depression, rather than homophobia. Source: PBS timeline Entry by:
January 1, 1978	Ken Williams discovers Adventure
(Sunday)	Year. Ken Williams plays the mainframe game Adventure, inspiring him to enter the software business. Add'l Info: While working as a consultant for a firm using a giant IBM mainframe, Ken Williams discovered the game Adventure. He was captivated by the experience of exploring a simulated world through a computer. This obsession led him to realize that there was a massive potential market for such games on the new breed of personal computers. Source: Levy:hackers Entry by:
April 1, 1978	Death of Emmett Grogan
(Saturday)	Emmett Grogan [born Eugene Leo Michael Grogan on 28 November 1942] found dead on the subway at Coney Island. Autopsy attributes the cause to an overdose of heroin. Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: Doyle
August 6, 1978	Second Abalone Rally
(Sunday)	487 people are arrested during a large rally at the Diablo Canyon gate. Add'l Info: A year after their first action, the Abalone Alliance held a larger rally in August 1978 attended by 5,000 people, resulting in 487 arrests. Source: Epstein-cult-rev Entry by:
August 6, 1978	Second Diablo Blockade
(Sunday)	487 people arrested at Diablo Canyon gates; 5,000 attend support rally. Add'l Info: August 6, 1978 487 people arrested at the gates of Diablo Canyon, while 5,000 people attend a support rally. Source: Abalone:Aatimeline Entry by:
August 8, 1978	MOVE headquarters destruction
(Tuesday)	The Philadelphia police stormed and destroyed the headquarters of MOVE, a radical environmentalist and black commune. Add'l Info: The unannounced assault in August 1978 resulted in the death of a police officer and the brutal beating of MOVE members. For many Philadelphians, the incident served as final evidence of the Rizzo administration's violent racism and authoritarianism. Source: Gosse:world Entry by:
September 20, 1978	Founding of Women of All Red Nations (WARN)
(Wednesday)	Indigenous women founded WARN to address issues like forced sterilization and environmental racism on reservations. Add'l Info: WARN emerged from the American Indian Movement (AIM) to focus on the specific struggles of Native women. Key priorities included protecting water rights, fighting the high rates of illegal sterilization by the Indian Health Service, and advocating for the rights of indigenous families and children. Source: Berger-hidden Entry by:
January 1, 1979	Publication of "Poor People's Movements"
(Monday)	Frances Piven and Richard Cloward published their influential study on movements. Add'l Info: This work argued that social movements are often more powerful when they refuse to institutionalize into formal frameworks. Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
1979	Hoffmann's history of LSD published
	Albert Hofmann publishes "LSD: My Problem Child." Add'l Info: Source: Hofmann A. LSD: My Problem Child. J.P. Tarcher, 1979. Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
January 1, 1979	Three Mile Island partial meltdown
(Monday)	A nuclear reactor at Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania experienced a partial meltdown . Add'l Info: The partial meltdown of a nuclear reactor at Pennsylvania's Three Mile Island in 1979 caused a wave of protest to swell even further, contributing significantly to the curtailment of nuclear power in the United States. Source: Kauffman:Daexcerpt Entry by:
January 1, 1979	Sierra On-Line founded
(Monday)	Year. Ken and Roberta Williams found On-Line Systems (later Sierra On-Line) in their California home. Add'l Info: After Roberta Williams designed the concept for 'Mystery House,' the couple founded On-Line Systems. They initially ran the business out of their house in Simi Valley, California, with Ken handling the programming and Roberta handling the design. This marked the beginning of one of the most successful early home software companies. Source: Levy:hackers Entry by:
February 1, 1979	Philadelphia City Council melee
(Thursday)	Protesters contesting downtown redevelopment funds stopped council proceedings in a chaotic confrontation involving police force. Add'l Info: The February 1979 fracas occurred as housing activists like Milton and John Street disrupted hearings. The spectacle stopped the business of government for weeks and signaled the transition toward new black political leadership in the city. Source: Gosse:world Entry by:
March 28, 1979	Three Mile Island Nuclear Disaster Protests
(Wednesday)	MNS launched coordinated protests immediately after the Three Mile Island accident. Add'l Info: Within twenty-four hours of the news of the Three Mile Island nuclear disaster in 1979, MNS launched nationwide protests[cite: 4986]. Source: Cornell-MNS Entry by:
March 28, 1979	Three Mile Island nuclear accident
(Wednesday)	March 28 1979 accident Add'l Info: A partial nuclear meltdown occurred at the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant in Pennsylvania. The accident dramatically increased public concern about nuclear safety and strengthened the anti-nuclear power movement across the United States. (Epstein p.11) Source: Epstein-CultRev Entry by:
March 28, 1979	Three Mile Island Accident
(Wednesday)	A major accident occurs at the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant. Add'l Info: The accident at Three Mile Island on March 28, 1979, significantly increased public awareness of the dangers of nuclear power and served as a catalyst for the growth of the antinuclear movement in the United States. Source: Epstein-cult-rev Entry by:
March 28, 1979	TMI Accident
(Wednesday)	Three Mile Island accident triggers nationwide safety concerns regarding nuclear power. Add'l Info: March 28, 1979 The Three Mile Island (TMI) accident spurs nationwide concern over nuclear power's safety. Source: Abalone:Aatimeline Entry by:
March 28, 1979	Three Mile Island nuclear accident
(Wednesday)	March 28 1979 accident Add'l Info: A partial nuclear meltdown occurred at the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant in Pennsylvania. The accident dramatically increased public awareness of nuclear safety risks and energized the anti-nuclear power movement across the United States. (Epstein, p.11) Source: Epstein-CultRev Entry by:
April 7, 1979	San Francisco Rally
(Saturday)	Local Alliance group sponsors a San Francisco rally attracting 25,000 participants. Add'l Info: April 7, 1979 A San Francisco rally sponsored by the Alliance's local group draws 25,000 people. Source: Abalone:Aatimeline Entry by:
May 21, 1979	White Night Riots
(Monday)	Protests erupted in San Francisco after a jury found Dan White guilty of manslaughter rather than murder in the deaths of Harvey Milk and George Moscone. Add'l Info: Several thousand people marched to City Hall, where they barricaded members of the Board of Supervisors and fought with the police. Scores of protesters and officers were injured in the ensuing unrest. Source: Stein:ency-of-lgbtq Entry by:
May 21, 1979	White Night Riots
(Monday)	Protests erupted in San Francisco after a jury found Dan White guilty of manslaughter rather than murder in the deaths of Harvey Milk and George Moscone. Add'l Info: Several thousand people marched to City Hall, where they barricaded members of the Board of Supervisors and fought with the police. Scores of protesters and officers were injured in the ensuing unrest. Source: Stein:ency-of-lgbtq Entry by:
May 21, 1979	Gay riots in San Francisco upon sentencing of Harvey Milk's assassin
(Monday)	Dan White is convicted of voluntary manslaughter and is sentenced to seven years in prison. Add'l Info: Outraged by what they believed to be a lenient sentence, more than 5,000 protesters ransack San Francisco's City Hall, doing hundreds of thousands of dollars worth of property damage in the surrounding area. The following night, approximately 10,000 people gather on San Francisco's Castro and Market streets for a peaceful demonstration to commemorate what would have been Milk's 49th birthday. Source: PBS timeline Entry by:
June 1, 1979	Neighborhood Outreach
(Friday)	Alliance conducts outreach and preparing for potential Diablo Canyon licensing blockade. Add'l Info: June 1979 to September 1981 The Alliance organizes neighborhood outreach campaigns and educational workshops across California, while also preparing for a major blockade at Diablo Canyon in case the NRC approves the reactor's operating license. Source: Abalone:Aatimeline Entry by:
June 28, 1979	San Luis Obispo Rally
(Thursday)	40,000 rally in SLO; Governor Jerry Brown publicly opposes Diablo Canyon. Add'l Info: June 28, 1979 A statewide rally draws 40,000 people to San Luis Obispo. Governor Jerry Brown publicly comes out against Diablo Canyon at that rally. Source: Abalone:Aatimeline Entry by:
October 14, 1979	First National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights
(Sunday)	Marking the tenth anniversary of the Stonewall Riots, this event attracted more than 100,000 people from the United States and ten other countries. Add'l Info: The event featured the first National Third World Gay and Lesbian Conference, which was attended by hundreds of people of color, who staged their own march that joined up with the main march. Source: Stein:ency-of-lgbtq Entry by:
October 14, 1979	First national march on Washington for gay rights
(Sunday)	An estimated 75,000 people participate in the National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights. Add'l Info: LGBT people and straight allies demand equal civil rights and urge for the passage of protective civil rights legislature. Source: PBS timeline Entry by:
October 14, 1979	First National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights
(Sunday)	Marking the tenth anniversary of the Stonewall Riots, this event attracted more than 100,000 people from the United States and ten other countries. Add'l Info: The event featured the first National Third World Gay and Lesbian Conference, which was attended by hundreds of people of color, who staged their own march that joined up with the main march. Source: Stein:ency-of-lgbtq Entry by:
October 29, 1979	Wall Street Direct Action
(Monday)	Anti-nuclear activists organized a direct action on Wall Street to mark the fiftieth anniversary of the stock market crash . Add'l Info: Organized in part by Clamshell veterans, this action highlighted corporate power in the nuclear industry. It marked a halting step toward addressing race, as mobilizing materials cited the exploitation of Native Americans and black South Africans. Source: Kauffman:Daexcerpt Entry by:
November 22, 1979	Rancho Seco Sit-in
(Thursday)	38-day sit-in at Governor Brownâ€™s office protests the Rancho Seco reactor. Add'l Info: Thanksgiving 1979 Alliance members hold a 38-day sit-in at Governor Brown's office to protest continued operation of the Rancho Seco reactor, a TMI twin. Source: Abalone:Aatimeline Entry by:
January 1, 1980	Women's Pentagon Action
(Tuesday)	Thousands of women encircle the Pentagon to protest war through theater and ritual. Add'l Info: The Women's Pentagon Actions in 1980 and 1981 brought thousands of women to Washington. They used puppets, ritual, and theater to express rage and mourning, culminating in encircling the building and performing civil disobedience by weaving doors shut or sitting in doorways. Source: Epstein-cult-rev Entry by:
January 1, 1980	Whole Earth Catalog Phase Three begins
(Tuesday)	Year. In the early 1980s, Brand turned back toward the computer industry, arguing engineers were the true heirs of New Communalism. Add'l Info: Confronted by the collapse of the commune movement and the rise of desktop computers, Brand re-engaged with the computer industry. He became a key spokesman for a new, ostensibly countercultural group of technologists. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1980	West German Speaking Tour
(Tuesday)	Bookchin conducted a speaking tour of West Germany, encountering the emerging Green movement. Add'l Info: He visited cities like Frankfurt and West Berlin, finding a youth movement that linked ecology, feminism, and peace in a way that aligned with social ecology. Source: Biehl:bookchin Entry by:
May 1, 1980	Release of Mystery House
(Thursday)	The first-ever adventure game with graphics is released for the Apple II. Add'l Info: In May 1980, On-Line Systems released 'Mystery House'. It was a revolutionary title because it added static vector graphics to the traditional text-adventure format. The game was an immediate success, selling thousands of copies and establishing the 'Hi-Res Adventure' line. Source: Levy:hackers Entry by:
July 8, 1980	Democratic Party endorses gay rights
(Tuesday)	The Democratic Rules Committee states that it will not discriminate against homosexuals. Add'l Info: At their National Convention on August 11-14, the Democrats become the first major political party to endorse a homosexual rights platform. Source: PBS timeline Entry by:
September 1, 1980	First Ploughshares Action
(Monday)	Ten activists damage missiles at a General Electric plant in Pennsylvania. Add'l Info: In September 1980, activists from Jonah House and the Brandywine Peace Community entered a nuclear weapons plant in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania. They physically damaged two missiles in an 'Isaiah action' intended to literally beat swords into ploughshares. Source: Epstein-cult-rev Entry by:
December 8, 1980	Assassination of John Lennon
(Monday)	John Lennon was assassinated outside his home at the Dakota apartment building across from Central Park by a deranged admirer. Add'l Info: Source: Entry by: Doyle
January 1, 1981	IBM PC Announcement
(Thursday)	Year. IBM introduces the IBM Personal Computer, signaling the entry of big business into the hacker's domain. Add'l Info: IBM's entry into the personal computer market in 1981 was a turning point for the hacker culture. While it brought legitimacy to the industry, it also introduced a more corporate, buttoned-down approach to computing that clashed with the original Homebrew spirit. The IBM PC eventually became the standard for business, leading to a shift in how software was developed and sold. Source: Levy:hackers Entry by:
January 1, 1981	Diablo Canyon nuclear plant protests
(Thursday)	Direct actions were held at the Diablo Canyon nuclear power plant. Add'l Info: Protests involving civil disobedience and affinity group structures were held at the Diablo Canyon nuclear power plant in 1981. Participants used these structures to demand collective arraignment and housing while in jail. Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
January 1, 1981	Publication of "In Struggle"
(Thursday)	Clayborne Carson published his history of SNCC and the Black Awakening . Add'l Info: Clayborne Carson's 1981 book, "In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s," examined how the organization moved from nonviolent politics to a more sectarian base. Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
January 1, 1981	Publication of Wealth and Poverty
(Thursday)	Year. George Gilder published his defense of supply-side economics, often called the 'bible of the Reagan revolution'. Add'l Info: In 1981, just a few years before Kelly came to work for Stewart Brand, Gilder published a defense of supply-side economics entitled Wealth and Poverty. Critics and supporters alike called the book "the bible of the Reagan revolution". Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
July 3, 1981	First report of a previously unknown disease among a cohort of gay men
(Friday)	The New York Times prints the first story of a rare pneumonia and skin cancer found in 41 gay men in New York and California. Add'l Info: The CDC initially refers to the disease as GRID, Gay Related Immune Deficiency Disorder. When the symptoms are found outside the gay community, Bruce Voeller, biologist and founder of the National Gay Task Force, successfully lobbies to change the name of the disease to AIDS. Source: PBS timeline Entry by:
August 12, 1981	Introduction of the IBM Personal Computer
(Wednesday)	Expected to sell 250,000 units, IBM eventually sold nearly 3,000,000 of this model. Add'l Info: Source: CNN broadcast, 8/11/01. Entry by: e.p.n.
September 1, 1981	Diablo Canyon Occupation
(Tuesday)	Protesters occupy the Diablo Canyon nuclear plant site under the aegis of the Abalone Alliance. Add'l Info: In September 1981, a mass occupation of the Diablo Canyon nuclear plant took place. This event was organized by the Abalone Alliance and served as a precursor to the tactics and community-building efforts later adopted by the Livermore Action Group (LAG). Source: Epstein-cult-rev Entry by:
September 1, 1981	Diablo Canyon mass occupation
(Tuesday)	September 1981 occupation Add'l Info: After the Diablo Canyon plant received its operating license, the Abalone Alliance organized a massive occupation of the site. Over a two-week period waves of protesters entered the plant area and more than 1,900 people were arrested. The campaign trained thousands of activists in nonviolent direct action. (Epstein, p.11) Source: Epstein-CultRev Entry by:
September 1, 1981	Diablo Canyon occupation campaign
(Tuesday)	September 1981 mass occupation Add'l Info: After the Diablo Canyon plant received its operating license, the Abalone Alliance organized a massive occupation campaign. Over two weeks protesters repeatedly entered the site and more than 1,900 people were arrested, making it one of the largest acts of anti-nuclear civil disobedience in the United States. (Epstein p.11) Source: Epstein-CultRev Entry by:
September 10, 1981	Major Diablo Blockade
(Thursday)	Two-week blockade results in 1,960 arrests; NRC revokes license due to errors. Add'l Info: September 10, 1981 The Alliance begins a two week blockade of Diablo Canyon during which 1,960 people are arrested. The last day of the action, it is reported that part of the reactor had been installed backwards. The NRC revokes PG +E's operating license in embarrassment. Source: Abalone:Aatimeline Entry by:
September 15, 1981	Diablo Canyon blueprint error revealed
(Tuesday)	September 1981 announcement Add'l Info: During the Diablo Canyon protests a PG&E engineer revealed a major error in the plantâ€™s construction blueprints. The discovery forced extensive repairs and temporarily halted operations, strengthening the credibility of anti-nuclear activists. (Epstein p.11) Source: Epstein-CultRev Entry by:
September 28, 1981	PG & E announces design flaw in Diablo Canyon nuclear power plant
(Monday)	On the same day that another wave of protesters attempted to blockade Diablo Canyon nuclear power plant, PG & E announced that fuel loading would stop pending review of design flaws. Add'l Info: See articles. Source: UPI, 9/28/91. Entry by: e.p.n.
October 1, 1981	PLF Lawsuit
(Thursday)	Pacific Legal Foundation files $1 million lawsuit against the Alliance to stop actions. Add'l Info: October 1981 The Pacific Legal Foundation, part of a nationwide network of right wing legal organizations challenging the First Amendment, brings a $1 million lawsuit against the Alliance, hoping to prevent further Alliance actions. The suit takes 5 years to complete (see October, 1986). Source: Abalone:Aatimeline Entry by:
January 1, 1982	The Rise of Electronic Arts
(Friday)	Year. Trip Hawkins founds Electronic Arts, treating software developers like 'rock stars.' Add'l Info: Trip Hawkins founded Electronic Arts (EA) with a vision to elevate software to a form of art. He hired top-tier designers and marketed them as 'software artists,' featuring their faces on lavishly designed album-cover-style packaging. This represented the ultimate 'commercialization' of the hacker spirit, turning solitary coders into public celebrities. Source: Levy:hackers Entry by:
January 1, 1982	Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence safe-sex work
(Friday)	The Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence began working with activists to develop safe-sex guidelines. Add'l Info: In 1982, the Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence, a San Francisco-based group of gay activists, began collaborating with others to classify sexual practices by risk levels. This effort represented an important synthesis of vernacular knowledge and epidemiological data prior to the discovery of HIV. Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
January 1, 1982	Sierra On-Lineâ€™s Growth
(Friday)	Year. Sierra On-Line moves to Oakhurst, California, and experiences a massive expansion in personnel and revenue. Add'l Info: By 1982, Ken and Roberta Williams had moved their company, Sierra On-Line, from their house in Simi Valley to Oakhurst, near Yosemite. The company grew from a handful of people to over a hundred employees, with revenues jumping from five million dollars in 1981 to a projected twenty million in 1982. This growth signaled the transformation of the 'hacker' software industry into a high-stakes, corporate business. Source: Levy:hackers Entry by:
January 1, 1982	MNS Empowerment Model Discussions
(Friday)	MNS discussed shifting from a spontaneous to an "empowerment" organizational model. Add'l Info: In 1982, MNS engaged in lengthy discussions about its future, ultimately agreeing to reshape itself into a movement-building organization based on an empowerment model[cite: 5240, 5256]. Source: Cornell-MNS Entry by:
January 1, 1982	Livermore Action Group organized
(Friday)	Early 1980s founding Add'l Info: Activists inspired by the Abalone Alliance formed the Livermore Action Group (LAG) to oppose nuclear weapons research at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The group became a central organization in the direct-action wing of the nuclear disarmament movement. (Epstein p.12) Source: Epstein-CultRev Entry by:
January 1, 1982	Founding of GMHC
(Friday)	Year. A group of men including Larry Kramer met in New York City to form the Gay Men's Health Crisis. Add'l Info: GMHC was established to address the devastating impact of the AIDS epidemic on the gay community, providing services that the government had largely failed to offer. Source: Stein:ency-of-lgbtq Entry by:
January 1, 1982	Strategic Shift
(Friday)	Concern shifts to nuclear weapons; Alliance focuses on Diablo Canyon cost hearings. Add'l Info: 1982-1984 While public concern shifts toward nuclear weapons, Alliance activities shift toward hearings being held concerning who will pay for Diablo Canyon. Source: Abalone:Aatimeline Entry by:
March 1, 1982	The Frogger Deal
(Monday)	Sierra On-Line secures the home computer rights for the hit arcade game Frogger. Add'l Info: In the spring of 1982, Ken Williams negotiated a deal with Sega to bring the arcade hit Frogger to home computers. This was a significant moment as it showed the industry shifting from original 'hacker' creations to the licensing of established intellectual property. The deal required a massive up-front payment, marking the end of the era where a software company could be started with virtually no capital. Source: Levy:hackers Entry by:
March 2, 1982	First state to ban discrimination against gays and lesbians
(Tuesday)	Wisconsin becomes the first U.S. state to outlaw discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. Add'l Info: Source: PBS timeline Entry by:
June 1, 1982	Livermore blockade
(Tuesday)	1982 blockade of Livermore Laboratory Add'l Info: The Livermore Action Group organized a major blockade of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California, protesting nuclear weapons research and the arms race. The action marked the emergence of Livermore as a key site of anti-nuclear weapons protest. (Epstein, p.7) Source: Epstein-CultRev Entry by:
June 1, 1982	Livermore blockade
(Tuesday)	1982 blockade Add'l Info: The Livermore Action Group organized a major blockade of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California to protest nuclear weapons development and the arms race. The action drew hundreds of protesters and marked the emergence of Livermore as a focal point of disarmament activism. (Epstein p.7) Source: Epstein-CultRev Entry by:
June 1, 1982	Summer Consumer Electronics Show (CES)
(Tuesday)	Sierra On-Line and other software companies debut major titles at the industry's premier trade show. Add'l Info: At the June 1982 CES in Chicago, the software industry's shift toward glitz and marketing became undeniable. Sierra On-Line spent tens of thousands of dollars on a lavish booth to promote games like Frogger. The event highlighted the increasing competition and the professionalization of game publishing, moving further away from the informal 'ziploc bag' days. Source: Levy:hackers Entry by:
June 1, 1982	Previous LAG Action
(Tuesday)	Approximately 1,300 people are arrested at a Livermore Action Group (LAG) protest. Add'l Info: A year prior to the 1983 blockade, 1,300 people were arrested at a LAG action. During this event, demonstrators were given the choice between signing police citations with a fine or spending a couple of nights in jail without further prosecution. Source: Epstein-cult-rev Entry by:
August 1, 1982	US Festival '82
(Sunday)	A massive music and technology festival features Apple and other computer companies. Add'l Info: Sponsored by Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak, the US Festival in 1982 was a grand celebration of the 'New Age' of technology and music. It featured a massive 'Technology Fair' where the public could interact with the latest personal computers. For the hackers, it was a surreal moment where their once-obscure hobby was celebrated by hundreds of thousands of people. Source: Levy:hackers Entry by:
January 1, 1983	The Video Game Crash Begins
(Saturday)	Year. The home computer and video game market experiences a severe downturn due to oversupply and price wars. Add'l Info: In 1983, the booming software market hit a wall. A combination of a price war in home hardware (led by Commodore) and a glut of low-quality titles led to a massive industry shakeout. Sierra On-Line, like many others, faced a financial crisis, leading to layoffs and the realization that the 'easy money' era of the early eighties was over. Source: Levy:hackers Entry by:
January 1, 1983	IBM Jr. Project (Peanut)
(Saturday)	Year. Sierra On-Line is selected by IBM to develop launch titles for its secret home computer project. Add'l Info: Throughout 1983, Ken Williams and a secret team worked under high security to develop games for IBM's new home machine, codenamed 'Peanut' (the IBM PCjr). The project represented a 'deal with the devil' for some, as it required Sierra to adhere to IBM's rigid corporate standards, a far cry from the freewheeling hacker style. Source: Levy:hackers Entry by:
January 1, 1983	Vandenberg Air Force Base Blockade
(Saturday)	A blockade is held at the Vandenberg Air Force Base earlier in the year. Add'l Info: Prior to the June 1983 Livermore action, a blockade was conducted at the Vandenberg Air Force Base. This experience contributed to the shared understanding among activists on how to manage mass jail experiences and organize protest camps. Source: Epstein-cult-rev Entry by:
January 1, 1983	How To Have Sex in an Epidemic published
(Saturday)	Michael Callen and Richard Berkowitz published a safe-sex manual. Add'l Info: This pamphlet used vernacular knowledge of gay male sexuality to propose new forms of safer sex during the early years of the AIDS crisis. Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
January 1, 1983	Witness for Peace founded
(Saturday)	1983 founding Add'l Info: Religious activists created Witness for Peace to protest U.S. support for Contra forces in Nicaragua. The organization relied on nonviolent direct action and international solidarity missions. (Epstein p.13) Source: Epstein-CultRev Entry by:
January 1, 1983	Collapse of the Farm's communal structure
(Saturday)	Year. Members of the Farm voted to stop pooling resources and reorganized as a cooperative. Add'l Info: Burdened by debts and discomfort with Stephen Gaskin's authority, the commune changed its structure. Less than two years later, its ethos of disembodied community found a new home on the digital platform of the WELL. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1983	Vandenberg Air Force Base actions
(Saturday)	Protest actions occurred at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California. Add'l Info: Nonviolent direct actions involving civil disobedience were carried out at Vandenberg Air Force Base in 1983. The movement used affinity groups to create resistant loci of politicized identity against the legal system. Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
January 1, 1983	Time magazine "Machine of the Year"
(Saturday)	Year. Time named the computer its "Machine of the Year" due to its ubiquity and impact on daily life. Add'l Info: This marked the climax of the second wave of personal computing, where machines had moved from hobbyist labs into homes and offices nationwide. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1983	Livermore Laboratories protests
(Saturday)	Protests took place at the Livermore Laboratories nuclear weapons design facility. Add'l Info: Between 1983 and 1984, the nonviolent direct action movement targeted the Livermore Laboratories nuclear weapons design facility in California. These actions utilized decentralized affinity groups and consensus processes. Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
January 1, 1983	Discovery of HIV
(Saturday)	The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was discovered. Add'l Info: The discovery of HIV in 1983 confirmed the reliability of many of the early safe-sex classifications developed by community activists. Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
June 1, 1983	Vandenberg Air Force Base protest
(Wednesday)	Earlier 1983 blockade Add'l Info: Anti-nuclear weapons activists organized a blockade at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California to protest missile testing and the nuclear arms race. The action continued the strategy of nonviolent direct action against military nuclear infrastructure. (Epstein, p.7) Source: Epstein-CultRev Entry by:
June 1, 1983	Livermore Laboratory Blockade
(Wednesday)	Barbara Epstein and roughly a thousand others are arrested for blocking the road at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. Add'l Info: In June 1983, Barbara Epstein participated in a blockade of the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, a nuclear weapons research facility. Approximately one thousand people were arrested for blocking the road. Unlike a previous action where protesters could 'cite out,' the judge held most participants for eleven days in an attempt to break the movement. Protesters stayed in circus tents at the overflowing Santa Rita Prison, developing a strong sense of community and solidarity during their incarceration. Source: Epstein-cult-rev Entry by:
June 1, 1983	Livermore mass blockade
(Wednesday)	June 1983 blockade Add'l Info: About one thousand protesters blocked the road to the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, organized by the Livermore Action Group. Activists were arrested and held in mass jail conditions at Santa Rita prison, where they organized collectively using affinity groups and consensus decision-making. (Epstein, pp.1â€“3) Source: Epstein-CultRev Entry by:
June 1, 1983	Livermore mass blockade
(Wednesday)	June 1983 blockade Add'l Info: Approximately one thousand protesters blocked access roads to Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. Mass arrests followed and many demonstrators were held at Santa Rita prison, where activists organized collectively through affinity groups and consensus decision-making. (Epstein pp.1â€“3) Source: Epstein-CultRev Entry by:
June 1, 1983	Vandenberg Air Force Base protest
(Wednesday)	1983 blockade Add'l Info: Direct-action activists protested nuclear weapons and missile testing at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California. The demonstration reflected the growing shift from anti-nuclear power activism toward anti-nuclear weapons organizing. (Epstein p.7) Source: Epstein-CultRev Entry by:
July 1, 1983	Seneca Women's Peace Camp
(Friday)	A massive women's encampment is established adjacent to the Seneca Army Depot. Add'l Info: During the summer of 1983, a women's peace camp was set up in upstate New York near a Department of Defense nuclear weapons storage facility. It was modeled after the British Greenham Common encampment. Source: Epstein-cult-rev Entry by:
October 1, 1983	The Last True Hacker leaves MIT
(Saturday)	Richard Stallman resigns from MIT to start the GNU Project and the Free Software movement. Add'l Info: Feeling that the communal hacker culture at MIT had been destroyed by commercial interests and proprietary software, Richard Stallman resigned his position. He vowed to create a completely free operating system called GNU. This event marked the end of the original 'Golden Age' of MIT hacking and the beginning of the formal Free Software movement. Source: Levy:hackers Entry by:
November 1, 1983	IBM PCjr Announcement
(Tuesday)	IBM officially unveils the PCjr, but the machine fails to meet market expectations. Add'l Info: In late 1983, the IBM PCjr was finally announced. Despite the hype and the participation of companies like Sierra, the machine was criticized for its 'Chiclet' keyboard and high price. Its failure to dominate the home market as the IBM PC had dominated the business market was a blow to the publishers who had banked their futures on it. Source: Levy:hackers Entry by:
January 1, 1984	Publication of the Whole Earth Software Catalog
(Sunday)	Year. A project intended to identify and recommend the best computing tools, modeled after the original catalog. Add'l Info: Despite a $1.3 million advance from Doubleday, the project was a business failure because it could not keep up with the rapid pace of software releases. However, it successfully integrated the Whole Earth community with technology journalists and developers. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1984	The Sierra On-Line Restructuring
(Sunday)	Year. Faced with potential bankruptcy, Sierra On-Line is forced to lay off most of its staff and refocus. Add'l Info: By early 1984, the collapse of the PCjr market and the general industry slump forced Ken Williams to cut his staff from over 120 people down to a core group of about 30. The company narrowly avoided total collapse by securing new investment and pivoting back to its roots in deep, high-quality adventure games like Kingâ€™s Quest. Source: Levy:hackers Entry by:
January 1, 1984	Stallman and the GNU Manifesto
(Sunday)	Year. Richard Stallman begins drafting the GNU Manifesto to formalize the Free Software movement. Add'l Info: As the commercial software world struggled through its first recession, Richard Stallman at MIT began his crusade in earnest. He started writing the GNU Manifesto, which outlined his plan to create a free operating system and argued that the current system of proprietary software was socially destructive and hindered human progress. Source: Levy:hackers Entry by:
January 1, 1984	TED Conference
(Sunday)	Year. Stewart Brand attended the first Technology, Entertainment, Design (TED) conference organized by Richard Saul Wurman. Add'l Info: At this inaugural conference, Brand heard Nicholas Negroponte describe his plans for the new MIT Media Lab. Brand was "dazzled" by the presentation, comparing Negroponte's style to that of his former mentor Buckminster Fuller. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1984	Kelly becomes Editor
(Sunday)	Year. Kevin Kelly signed on as the editor of CoEvolution Quarterly. Add'l Info: Kelly arrived just as the Whole Earth publications were shifting from their "back-to-the-land" roots toward digital technologies. Under his editorship, the publication eventually merged with the Whole Earth Software Review to become the Whole Earth Review. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1984	Launch of the Apple Macintosh
(Sunday)	Year. The Macintosh was explicitly marketed as a device to tear down bureaucracies and achieve individual intellectual freedom. Add'l Info: Marketing for the Macintosh positioned the computer as a tool for individual empowerment and intellectual freedom, aligning the machine with the goal of dismantling bureaucratic structures. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1984	First Hackers' Conference
(Sunday)	Year. A gathering convened by Stewart Brand that brought together programmers and former New Communalists. Add'l Info: The conference created a forum where hackers could imagine their work as a shared cultural mission. It was at this event that the famous phrase 'information wants to be free' was voiced, representing a fusion of research culture and countercultural legitimacy. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1984	Publication of Neuromancer
(Sunday)	Year. William Gibson published the novel that coined the term "cyberspace." Add'l Info: Gibson's vision of cyberspace was dystopian, describing a dark, hyperindustrialized landscape where disembodiment could be lethal. This contrast with the later 'electronic frontier' metaphor used by John Perry Barlow. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1984	Publication of "Postmodernism, or the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism"
(Sunday)	Fredric Jameson published this influential article in New Left Review . Add'l Info: In 1984, Fredric Jameson published his analysis of postmodernism in the New Left Review. The article argued that we must understand this culture to go beyond it. Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
January 1, 1984	Pledge of Resistance launched
(Sunday)	1984 launch Add'l Info: Activists formed the Pledge of Resistance network to organize mass civil disobedience against U.S. intervention in Central America. The campaign became a major expression of the nonviolent direct-action movement in the mid-1980s. (Epstein p.13) Source: Epstein-CultRev Entry by:
January 13, 1984	Emergency Response Plan
(Friday)	People's Emergency Response Plan launched after licensing news, leading to 500+ arrests. Add'l Info: January 13, 1984 After the NRC announces that it will license Diablo Canyon, the Alliance mobilizes the People's Emergency Response Plan, which lasts through April and results in over 500 arrests involving actions at the main gate, in the back country and at PG+E headquarters in San Luis Obispo. Source: Abalone:Aatimeline Entry by:
January 24, 1984	Macintosh Launch
(Tuesday)	Apple introduces the Macintosh, a 'closed' computer designed for the masses. Add'l Info: The launch of the Macintosh in 1984 represented a final break from the hardware-hacking traditions of the Homebrew Club. While innovative and user-friendly, the Mac was a closed box that discouraged users from peering inside or modifying the hardware. It turned the computer into an appliance, fulfilling the vision of 'computers for the rest of us' but ending the era of the 'Hands-On Imperative' for the average user. Source: Levy:hackers Entry by:
June 1, 1984	Livermore Labs Protests (1984)
(Friday)	Anti-nuclear protests continued at Livermore Laboratories into 1984 . Add'l Info: Following the 1983 actions, the nonviolent direct action movement returned to the Livermore Laboratories nuclear weapons design facility in 1984. Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
June 1, 1984	DNC Platform Writing
(Friday)	AA drafts energy plank for People's Congress at the National Democratic Convention. Add'l Info: June 1984 AA participates in writing the energy plank of the People's Congress platform presented to the 1984 National Democratic Convention in SF by Jesse Jackson. Source: Abalone:Aatimeline Entry by:
June 15, 1984	Ratestrike Launch
(Friday)	Ratestrike campaign launched by the Abalone Alliance timed with reactor startup. Add'l Info: June 1984 A ratestrike campaign is launched by the Abalone Alliance that is timed to start upon start up of Diablo Canyon. Source: Abalone:Aatimeline Entry by:
July 1, 1984	Bohemian Grove Action
(Sunday)	Alliance plans teach-in and civil disobedience at Bohemian Grove; 50 arrested. Add'l Info: July 1984 AA helps plan large teach-in and civil disobedience of the patriarchy at Bohemian Grove. 50 are arrested. Source: Abalone:Aatimeline Entry by:
August 12, 1984	Diablo Full-Power Protest
(Sunday)	Protest at Diablo Canyon; Mothers for Peace wins temporary injunction against operations. Add'l Info: August 12, 1984 One week after the NRC grants a full-power operating license for unit 1, a protest is held at Diablo Canyon. At the same time, Mothers for Peace gains an injunction against the reactor's operation until November. Source: Abalone:Aatimeline Entry by:
September 1, 1984	Organization Pivot
(Saturday)	Alliance transitions to volunteer-run clearinghouse as nuclear power concern subsides. Add'l Info: September 1984 to April 1986 The Alliance shifts gears as the federal government breaks its own laws to license Diablo Canyon. With Diablo operating and PG+E's announcement that no more reactors will be built nuclear power subsides as a critical issue in California. It's About Times, the Alliance's newspaper is closed and elimination of salaries for staff at the two state-wide offices end. Volunteer staff continue operating the Alliance statewide office as a clearinghouse for nuclear power and alternatives. Source: Abalone:Aatimeline Entry by:
November 1, 1984	The first Hackers' Conference
(Thursday)	A three-day weekend event at Fort Cronkhite that brought together three generations of computer hackers. Add'l Info: Organized by the Whole Earth crew, the conference allowed hackers to articulate a "hacker ethic" and discuss the economics of information. It rehabilitated the public image of hackers and linked them to the countercultural legacy of the sixties. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1985	Foundation of the WELL
(Tuesday)	Year. The Whole Earth 'Lec-tronic Link (WELL) was founded by Stewart Brand and Larry Brilliant as a teleconferencing system. Add'l Info: The WELL was a computer network modeled after the Whole Earth Catalog. It allowed subscribers to dial into a central computer and participate in asynchronous or real-time conversations. It brought together former counterculturalists, hackers, and journalists within a network forum shaped by New Communalist and cybernetic ideals. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1985	Foundation of the Whole Earth Review
(Tuesday)	Year. The Software Review merged with CoEvolution Quarterly to form this new publication. Add'l Info: This merger represented the final integration of Brand's countercultural network with the flourishing technical world of personal computing. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1985	Publication of "Hegemony and Socialist Strategy"
(Tuesday)	Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe published their book on radical democratic politics . Add'l Info: Published in 1985, this work is considered a major attempt to develop a poststructuralist theoretical approach for radical politics. Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
January 1, 1985	Founding of the WELL
(Tuesday)	Year. The co-founding of the Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link, a seminal online community. Add'l Info: The WELL was a socio-technical network where computer-mediated communication was reimagined as 'virtual community' and cyberspace as an 'electronic frontier'. It provided economic and interpersonal support for its members, many of whom were technology professionals or journalists. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
April 19, 1985	Bicycle Day first celebrated
(Friday)	Bicycle Day is first celebrated as a counter-culture holiday. Add'l Info: llinois college professor Thomas B. Roberts invents the meme of celebrating the anniversary of Albert Hofmann’s first intentional personal bioassay of LSD, calling his celebration "Bicycle Day" in honor of Dr. Hofmann's under-the-influence bike ride from Sandoz to his home. Source: Roberts, T. "Why is Bicycle Day is April 19th, not the 16th?" Available at http://www.academia.edu/536054/Why_Bicycle_Day_is_April_19th Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
October 27, 1985	Neu-Isenburg Green Assembly
(Sunday)	The Hessian Greens voted to enter a governing coalition with the SPD. Add'l Info: Bookchin witnessed the vote, which he and Jutta Ditfurth opposed. The decision marked the Greens' transition from a movement-oriented group to a conventional political party. Source: Biehl:bookchin Entry by:
November 1, 1985	AIDS Memorial Quilt conceived
(Friday)	Activist Cleve Jones asked protesters to post names of people who died of AIDS, leading to the creation of the memorial quilt. Add'l Info: The quilt was born at a San Francisco protest march in 1985. It used 'traditional American' symbolism to challenge the cultural power of conservatives and bears witness to the memories of hundreds of thousands who have died of AIDS. Source: Gosse:world Entry by:
November 1, 1985	Conception of AIDS Quilt
(Friday)	Month. During an AIDS candlelight vigil in San Francisco, Cleve Jones conceived of the AIDS Memorial Quilt. Add'l Info: The Quilt became the world's largest community arts project and a powerful memorial to those who died of the disease, achieving massive visibility on the National Mall. Source: Stein:ency-of-lgbtq Entry by:
November 1, 1985	Diablo Rate Case
(Friday)	Alliance joins massive Rate Case to determine reactor construction cost responsibility. Add'l Info: November 1985 The Alliance and dozens of other groups get involved in the massive Diablo Canyon Rate Case to decide who will pay for the reactor's construction costs. Source: Abalone:Aatimeline Entry by:
January 1, 1986	Language Technology magazine
(Wednesday)	Year. Rossetto's earlier magazine venture was renamed Language Technology before becoming Electric Word. Add'l Info: In 1986 the magazine became Language Technology, and in 1988, Electric Word. Jane Metcalfe, whom Rossetto had met during a stint in Paris, joined him and became marketing director for the magazine. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1986	Brand's visit to London
(Wednesday)	Stewart Brand visited his old friend Peter Schwartz in London while returning from a trip to Africa. Add'l Info: During this visit in the fall of 1986, Schwartz, who was working for Royal Dutch/Shell's Planning Group, introduced Brand to Arie de Geus. This meeting resulted in Brand being hired to organize the Learning Conferences, which eventually led to the creation of the Global Business Network (GBN). Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1986	Brand's MIT Appointment
(Wednesday)	Stewart Brand began a three-month appointment at MIT's Media Lab to work on various projects and teach. Add'l Info: Starting in January 1986, Brand took up residence in Cambridge to work at the Lab. He collaborated on projects with Alan Kay and met with various scientists. This experience led him to draft the book "The Media Lab: Inventing the Future at MIT," where he framed the Lab as a techno-tribal future and an emblem of the New Economy. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1986	David Gans joins the WELL
(Wednesday)	Year. Disc jockey and Grateful Dead maven David Gans joined the network. Add'l Info: Gans brought a large group of 'Dead Heads' to the WELL. Their constant conversations about the band became a primary source of income for the system for several years. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
March 1, 1986	Manufacture of the first NASA-VPL glove
(Saturday)	The first sensor-equipped glove for virtual reality was manufactured. Add'l Info: NASA contracted Jaron Lanier's VPL Research to develop the glove, which provided computer data on hand movements. This development was part of the growing virtual reality and cyberspace research community in Silicon Valley. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
April 25, 1986	Seismic Hearing Failure
(Friday)	Judge Robert Bork denies final legal attempts to force seismic hearings. Add'l Info: April 25, 1986 The last legal attempts to force seismic hearings on Diablo Canyon fail due to the decision of Federal District Court Judge, Robert Bork. Source: Abalone:Aatimeline Entry by:
April 26, 1986	Chernobyl Disaster
(Saturday)	Chernobyl disaster occurs in Soviet Union; concerns rise regarding Rancho Seco safety. Add'l Info: April 26, 1986 Chernobyl reactor in the Soviet Union blows its containment vessel, bringing about the most serious accident in industrial history. Information begins to spread about a serious accident potential at Rancho Seco. Source: Abalone:Aatimeline Entry by:
August 10, 1986	Sacramento Reopening Protest
(Sunday)	Rally and civil disobedience protest Rancho Seco reopening; 21 arrested. Add'l Info: August 10-11 1986 Alliance groups hold a rally, teach-in and civil disobedience in Sacramento to protest the reopening of the Rancho Seco reactor. Twenty-one people are arrested. Source: Abalone:Aatimeline Entry by:
September 1, 1986	Statewide Petition Drive
(Monday)	Nuclear Free California begins petition drive for nuclear power phase-out. Add'l Info: September 1986 to December 1986 Nuclear Free California, an Abalone group, starts a statewide petition drive to pressure lawmakers into phasing out nuclear power in California. Another affiliate, the Redwood Alliance and the state-wide office actively participate in Diablo Canyon's decommissioning/rate hearings before the PUC. Source: Abalone:Aatimeline Entry by:
October 21, 1986	PLF Lawsuit Settlement
(Tuesday)	Supreme Court settles long-running PLF lawsuit in favor of the Alliance. Add'l Info: October 21, 1986 The 5-year lawsuit by the Pacific Legal Foundation goes all the way to the U.S. Supreme court before being settled in favor of the Alliance. Source: Abalone:Aatimeline Entry by:
December 1, 1986	John Perry Barlow joins the WELL
(Monday)	Barlow joined the system after hearing about the Dead Head conversations happening there. Add'l Info: Barlow became a 'stellar' contributor and used the platform to debate intellectual property and share personal stories. His experience on the WELL eventually led him to redefine cyberspace as an 'electronic frontier'. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1987	First use of "virtual community" in print
(Thursday)	Year. Howard Rheingold used the term in a brief article for the Whole Earth Review. Add'l Info: This was almost certainly the first time the term appeared in print. Rheingold later expanded on this concept in his 1993 book, describing computer-mediated communication as a way to recapture cooperative spirit and merge knowledge capital with social capital. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1987	CIA Headquarters protest
(Thursday)	Approximately 1,500 protesters used the Clamshell model to attempt to shut down CIA headquarters . Add'l Info: In the spring of 1987, protesters demonstrated against US policy in both Central America and South Africa by attempting to shut down the headquarters of the Central Intelligence Agency. Source: Kauffman:Daexcerpt Entry by:
January 1, 1987	Publication of "The Media Lab"
(Thursday)	Year. Stewart Brand published his best-selling profile of the MIT Media Lab, titled "The Media Lab: Inventing the Future at MIT." Add'l Info: The book depicted the Media Lab as a bridge between the cybernetic past (descended from the WWII Rad Lab) and the digital future. It framed the Lab as a new form of technocentric performance art and a prototype for a nonhierarchical, networked society. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1987	Bowers v. Hardwick protest
(Thursday)	Hundreds of protesters engaged in civil disobedience to protest the Supreme Court's anti-gay sodomy decision . Add'l Info: In the fall of 1987, the Clamshell model was employed in a civil disobedience action specifically to protest the Supreme Court's Bowers v. Hardwick decision. Source: Kauffman:Daexcerpt Entry by:
January 1, 1987	Publication of "The Last Intellectuals"
(Thursday)	Russell Jacoby published a comprehensive statement on the gap between activists and academics . Add'l Info: Russell Jacoby's 1987 book, "The Last Intellectuals," provided a comprehensive statement regarding the increasing distance between movements and those who study them. Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
January 1, 1987	Artificial Life Conference
(Thursday)	Year. The first workshop on artificial life was held at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Add'l Info: Hosted by Christopher Langton and sponsored by SFI, Apple Computer, and Los Alamos, the conference brought together 160 scientists from various disciplines. For Kevin Kelly, this event was an epiphany that validated the Whole Earth embrace of systems theory and suggested that the natural and social worlds were one system of information exchange. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1987	Foundation of GBN
(Thursday)	Year. The Global Business Network (GBN) was formally founded as a consulting firm based on the networks of the Learning Conferences. Add'l Info: GBN was founded by Peter Schwartz, Jay Ogilvy, Stewart Brand, Napier Collyns, and Lawrence Wilkinson. The firm was designed to plug corporate clients into a network of "remarkable people" and use scenario planning to reorganize perceptions of the future. It blended cold war-era research culture with countercultural social networking. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
March 1, 1987	Founding of ACT UP
(Sunday)	Month. The AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power was formed in New York City to use confrontational activism to fight the AIDS crisis. Add'l Info: ACT UP's raucous demonstrations successfully pressured the FDA and other institutions to speed up drug approval and improve the lives of people living with AIDS. Source: Stein:ency-of-lgbtq Entry by:
March 10, 1987	Founding of ACT UP
(Tuesday)	AIDS advocacy group ACT UP (The AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power) is formed in response to the devastating affects the disease has had on the gay and lesbian community in New York. Add'l Info: The group holds demonstrations against pharmaceutical companies profiteering from AIDS-related drugs as well as the lack of AIDS policies protecting patients from outrageous prescription prices. Source: PBS timeline Entry by:
April 26, 1987	Chernobyl Anniversary March
(Sunday)	400 march at Diablo Canyon for Chernobyl anniversary; 15 arrested. Add'l Info: April 26-27, 1987 400 people march to the gates of Diablo Canyon in conjunction with 40 other groups across the U.S. to commemorate the 1st anniversary of Chernobyl. 15 people are arrested for stepping across a blue line into PG+E property. Source: Abalone:Aatimeline Entry by:
May 1, 1987	Nevada Test Site Action
(Friday)	Thousands of women protest at the Nevada Nuclear Test Site on Mother's Day. Add'l Info: In May 1987, thousands of women gathered at the Department of Energy's Nevada Nuclear Test Site to protest nuclear testing, representing a broad expansion of the direct action movement's reach. Source: Epstein-cult-rev Entry by:
October 1, 1987	Second national gay pride march
(Thursday)	Gay union members marched as a bloc in Washington, D.C., marking the emergence of queers as an effective coalition in labor. Add'l Info: In October 1987, gay activists held union banners aloft alongside gay pride insignia. The event symbolized the shift where sexual identity became a fundamental trade-union principle, leading to formal commitments by the AFL-CIO leadership. Source: Gosse:world Entry by:
October 11, 1987	Second National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights
(Sunday)	More than half a million people participated in this second national march, which led to the formation of several key advocacy networks. Add'l Info: Meetings at the march led to the formation of National Latina/o Lesbian and Gay Activists and the Asian Pacific Lesbian Network. The march also saw the first national gathering of bisexual activists. Source: Stein:ency-of-lgbtq Entry by:
October 11, 1987	National March for gay rights at the height of the AIDS epidemic
(Sunday)	Hundreds of thousands of activists take part in the National March on Washington to demand that President Ronald Reagan address the AIDS crisis. Add'l Info: Although AIDS had been reported first in 1981, it is not until the end of his presidency that Reagan speaks publicly about the epidemic. Source: PBS timeline Entry by:
October 11, 1987	Second National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights
(Sunday)	More than half a million people participated in this second national march, which led to the formation of several key advocacy networks. Add'l Info: Meetings at the march led to the formation of National Latina/o Lesbian and Gay Activists and the Asian Pacific Lesbian Network. The march also saw the first national gathering of bisexual activists. Source: Stein:ency-of-lgbtq Entry by:
October 13, 1987	Necessity Defense Ruling
(Tuesday)	Judge allows "Defense of Necessity"; state drops all 1981 blockade charges. Add'l Info: October 13, 1987 The judge in charge of the case prosecuting the people involved in the 1981 blockade of Diablo Canyon finally issues his decision granting defendants the right to use the rarely allowed "Defense of Necessity". The state immediately drops charges against all arrested rather than allow our expert witnesses the the chance to legally present the technical flaws at Diablo Canyon and the specific dangers of operating a nuclear facility on an active fault line as the primary reason for being arrested. Source: Abalone:Aatimeline Entry by:
January 1, 1988	FDA takeover
(Friday)	The AIDS activist group ACT UP organized a takeover of the Food and Drug Administration headquarters . Add'l Info: ACT UP utilized a version of the prefigurative direct-action model in 1988 to pressure the FDA to take swifter action toward approving experimental AIDS medications. Source: Kauffman:Daexcerpt Entry by:
January 1, 1988	Publication of "Making History"
(Friday)	Richard Flacks published his book on the American Left. Add'l Info: Flacks' work explored the tradition of the left and the project of teaching people how to struggle and work collectively. Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
January 1, 1988	Publication of "Signal"
(Friday)	Year. Kevin Kelly edited "Signal," a product and book review volume published by the Point Foundation. Add'l Info: Signal was intended to be the "Whole Earth Catalog" for the information revolution. It featured the Macintosh computer as a descendant of countercultural tools like wood stoves and sought to embed digital technologies within Whole Earth design frameworks. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1988	Kelly reviews Electric Word
(Friday)	Year. Kevin Kelly gave Electric Word a positive review in Signal, introducing Rossetto's work to Bay Area journalists . Add'l Info: In 1988 Kevin Kelly gave Electric Word an enthusiastic review in Signal, thus alerting a number of San Francisco Bay area technology journalists to its existence. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1988	Autodesk's Cyberspace Initiative
(Friday)	Year. Autodesk launched a project nicknamed "Cyberia" to build a doorway into cyberspace. Add'l Info: The company attempted to create a VR interface for users with a 386 computer. They hired Timothy Leary for promotional videos, further linking digital technology with countercultural transformation. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1988	Publication of "Handbook of Sociology" chapter
(Friday)	Doug McAdam, John McCarthy, and Mayer N. Zald published a review of social movement theory. Add'l Info: This chapter provided a review of the development of resource mobilization perspectives within the field of sociology. Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
January 1, 1988	MNS Disbanding
(Friday)	MNS members reached a consensus to "lay the group down." Add'l Info: At a network meeting in 1988, forty members decided to dissolve MNS, believing the organization had outlasted its usefulness[cite: 5282, 5283]. Source: Cornell-MNS Entry by:
January 1, 1988	Ronald Reagan speech
(Friday)	Year. President Ronald Reagan delivered a speech at Moscow State University where he discussed the emergence of a "new economy." Add'l Info: In this 1988 speech, Reagan argued that in the new economy, human invention makes physical resources obsolete. He claimed that society was breaking through material conditions to a world where individuals create their own destiny, a vision that resonated with the Whole Earth network's ideals. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1988	Water Safety Campaign
(Friday)	Alliance identifies drinking water risks near Rancho Seco and notifies cities. Add'l Info: January 1988 The State-wide office discovers that 90% of the East-Bay's drinking water is in the evacuation zone of Rancho Seco. A two step campaign is set in motion to notify East-Bay cities of this, forcing local emergency planners to notify the public of this danger as required by law. Source: Abalone:Aatimeline Entry by:
March 22, 1988	Civil Rights legislation
(Tuesday)	Overriding President Reagan's veto, Congress passes the Civil Rights Restoration Act, which expands the reach of non-discrimination laws within private institutions receiving federal funds. Add'l Info: Source: infoplease.com Entry by:
May - June, 1988	AIDS informational mailing
	The CDC mails a brochure, Understanding AIDS, to every household in the U.S. Approximately 107 million brochures are mailed. Add'l Info: Source: PBS timeline Entry by:
June 7, 1988	Rancho Seco Referendum
(Tuesday)	Sacramento referendum to close Rancho Seco narrowly fails by less than 2%. Add'l Info: June 7, 1988 Sacramento citizens fail to close Rancho Seco by popular referendum. The measure loses by less than 2% of the vote. Source: Abalone:Aatimeline Entry by:
June 27, 1988	Rate Case Settlement
(Monday)	PUC proposes settlement regarding Diablo Canyon construction cost disallowances. Add'l Info: June 27, 1988 In a dramatic reversal in the Diablo Rate Case, the PUC proposes a settlement scuttling an 80% disallowance proposed by their own staff for PG+E's disasterous construction of Diablo Canyon. Source: Abalone:Aatimeline Entry by:
December 1, 1988	First observance of World AIDS Day
(Thursday)	The World Health Organization organizes the first World AIDS Day to raise awareness of the spreading pandemic. Add'l Info: Source: PBS timeline Entry by:
December 19, 1988	Free Market Decision
(Monday)	PUC grants PG&E first free market contract for Diablo Canyon despite opposition. Add'l Info: December 19, 1988 The PUC decides in favor of giving PG+E California's first ever free market contract to a utility for Diablo Canyon. This is done over opposition by the Alliance and other concerned groups. If the reactors can be made to operate for 30 years, they will drive utility rates sky high, while giving PG+E $47 to $53 billion in ratepayers' money. Source: Abalone:Aatimeline Entry by:
January 1, 1989	Publication of "Nomads of the Present"
(Sunday)	Alberto Melucci published his theory on social movements and individual needs. Add'l Info: Melucci's work analyzed how contemporary movements produce new cultural codes within submerged networks. Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
January 1, 1989	Publication of "Daring to Be Bad"
(Sunday)	Alice Echols published an account of radical feminism in America . Add'l Info: In 1989, Alice Echols published "Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967-1975," which detailed the ideological rigidities and personal attacks within the movement. Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
January 1, 1989	Soviet Union collapse
(Sunday)	The collapse of the Soviet Union began, signifying the end of the Cold War and a claimed victory for Reagan-era foreign policy. Add'l Info: Occurring between 1989 and 1991, the collapse was celebrated by the Right as a result of the 1980s arms race. However, critics noted that the U.S. foreign policy of 'rolling back' revolutions had also produced calamities like the Iran-Contra scandal. Source: Gosse:world Entry by:
January 28, 1989	Green Policy Platform
(Saturday)	AA collaborates with national Greens to develop a green energy policy platform. Add'l Info: January 28, 1989 AA begins working with the national Greens on creating a green energy policy platform and creation of a computerized Green energy network. Source: Abalone:Aatimeline Entry by:
June 8, 1989	Rancho Seco Closure
(Thursday)	Rancho Seco closed by popular vote; first U.S. nuclear plant shut down this way. Add'l Info: June 8, 1989 Rancho Seco is finally closed by popular vote. The first nuclear power facility in U.S. history to be shut down due to a popular vote. Source: Abalone:Aatimeline Entry by:
December 1, 1989	Harper's Magazine Hacking Forum
(Friday)	Editors Paul Tough and Jack Hitt hosted an invitation-only conference on hacking on the WELL. Add'l Info: The forum brought together hackers like Acid Phreak and Phiber Optik with WELL regulars like Stewart Brand and John Perry Barlow. A culture clash ensued, highlighting different visions of the internet as either a community village or a system of institutional surveillance. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
December 10, 1989	Stop the Church Demonstration
(Sunday)	ACT UP organized a massive protest at St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York City to oppose the Catholic Church's stance on safe-sex education and abortion. Add'l Info: This was one of hundreds of protest actions engaged in by ACT UP, an organization committed to using confrontational street activism to fight the AIDS crisis and the homophobia linked to it. Source: Stein:ency-of-lgbtq Entry by:
December 10, 1989	Stop the Church Demonstration
(Sunday)	ACT UP organized a massive protest at St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York City to oppose the Catholic Church's stance on safe-sex education and abortion. Add'l Info: This was one of hundreds of protest actions engaged in by ACT UP, an organization committed to using confrontational street activism to fight the AIDS crisis and the homophobia linked to it. Source: Stein:ency-of-lgbtq Entry by:
January 1, 1990	FBI Visit to John Perry Barlow
(Monday)	Year. FBI Agent Richard Baxter visited Barlow in Pinedale, Wyoming, regarding the NuPrometheus League. Add'l Info: Baxter believed the Hackers' Conference was a criminal organization. The agent's lack of technical knowledge and the perceived overreach of the investigation led Barlow to write 'Crime and Puzzlement'. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1990	Redwood Summer
(Monday)	The radical environmental group Earth First! organized a mobilization in Northern California . Add'l Info: Redwood Summer was a 1990 mobilization used to protect old-growth forests from logging in Northern California, following the direct-action model consolidated by the Clamshell Alliance. Source: Kauffman:Daexcerpt Entry by:
January 1, 1990	Founding of the Journal of the History of Sexuality
(Monday)	A new academic publication began publishing research on homosexuality . Add'l Info: The Journal of the History of Sexuality was established as a mainstream academic publication that includes research on homosexuality. Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
January 1, 1990	Founding of the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF)
(Monday)	Year. Barlow, Kapor, and others officially formed the EFF. Add'l Info: The name was decided during a dinner in San Francisco with attendees including Stewart Brand and Jaron Lanier. The organization was created to lobby for digital free speech and educate the public using the 'electronic frontier' metaphor. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1990	Creation of the World Wide Web
(Monday)	Year. Tim Berners-Lee and colleagues at CERN created the World Wide Web information exchange system . Add'l Info: Created in 1990 by Tim Berners-Lee and his colleagues at the Centre EuropÃ©enne pour la Recherche NuclÃ©aire (CERN), the Web took advantage of the Internet's information transfer protocols to create a new system of information exchange. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1990	NIH protest
(Monday)	ACT UP organized a takeover of the National Institutes of Health headquarters . Add'l Info: In 1990, ACT UP pressured the NIH to speed up the approval process for experimental AIDS medications using large-scale direct-action organizing. Source: Kauffman:Daexcerpt Entry by:
January 1, 1990	Seabrook Nuclear Plant begins operation
(Monday)	The Seabrook Nuclear Plant finally began operation after a long legal and activist battle . Add'l Info: While Seabrook activists ultimately lost the fight to prevent the plant from opening, it did not begin operation until 1990, and the campaign successfully forestalled other new nuclear reactors for decades. Source: Kauffman:Daexcerpt Entry by:
January 24, 1990	Secret Service Raid on Acid Phreak
(Wednesday)	Secret Service agents raided the apartment of Acid Phreak (a WELL participant). Add'l Info: The raid was part of an investigation into a massive AT&T computer system crash. Agents confiscated computers and disks, which WELL members viewed as part of a broader government crackdown on hacker culture. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
April 22, 1990	Roger Rosenblatt review in NYRB
(Sunday)	Roger Rosenblatt published a review of Roger Kimball's "Tenured Radicals." Add'l Info: The review, titled "The Universities: A Bitter Attack," appeared in The New York Review of Books as part of the response to neoconservative critiques of higher education. Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
April 22, 1990	Earth Day reclamation
(Sunday)	Radical environmentalists used the direct-action model in an effort to reclaim Earth Day . Add'l Info: Environmental activists employed the prefigurative direct-action blueprint during Earth Day events in 1990. Source: Kauffman:Daexcerpt Entry by:
May 8, 1990	Operation Sundevil
(Tuesday)	A large-scale Secret Service operation against illegal computer hacking activities. Add'l Info: 150 agents executed 27 search warrants in a dozen cities, seizing 42 computer systems. This served as a catalyst for the formation of the Electronic Frontier Foundation. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
June 1, 1990	Meeting of Barlow and Mitch Kapor
(Friday)	Mitch Kapor flew to Barlow's home in Wyoming to discuss government crackdowns. Add'l Info: Kapor, the founder of Lotus, had read Barlow's accounts of the FBI visit on the WELL. During a meeting in Barlow's kitchen, they decided to found an organization to defend digital civil liberties. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
June 8, 1990	Posting of "Crime and Puzzlement"
(Friday)	John Perry Barlow posted the final text of his influential essay to the WELL. Add'l Info: In this essay, Barlow first famously depicted cyberspace as an 'electronic frontier,' using the WELL as his model for a frontier village. He argued that the internet was a vast, unmapped, and legally ambiguous region. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
August 1, 1990	Ward Valley Alert
(Wednesday)	Alliance alerts California regarding plans for a nuclear waste dump at Ward Valley. Add'l Info: August 1990 The Alliance sets off statewide alert opposing plans to build a nuclear waste dump at Ward Valley near Needles Ca. Source: Abalone:Aatimeline Entry by:
August 18, 1990	Ryan White Care Act provides for AIDS patients
(Saturday)	President George Bush signs the Ryan White Care Act, a federally funded program for people living with AIDS. Add'l Info: Ryan White, an Indiana teenager, contracted AIDS in 1984 through a tainted hemophilia treatment. After being barred from attending school because of his HIV-positive status, Ryan White becomes a well-known activist for AIDS research and anti-discrimination. Source: PBS timeline Entry by:
September 1, 1990	Founding of OUT/LOOK magazine
(Saturday)	A national lesbian and gay quarterly was established. Add'l Info: This magazine served as an outlet for both community and academic intellectuals to discuss gay history and politics. Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
October 1, 1990	Western Humanities Conference forum
(Monday)	The Western Humanities Conference held a forum titled "'Political Correctness' and Cultural Studies" at UC Berkeley. Add'l Info: In October 1990, the Western Humanities Conference organized an interdisciplinary forum at the University of California-Berkeley entitled "'Political Correctness' and Cultural Studies". The event was intended to examine the impact of political agendas in scholarship but was reported by some media as a sign of left-wing orthodoxy in universities. Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
October 25, 1990	New York Times article on PC
(Thursday)	Richard Bernstein published an influential article in the New York Times regarding the "politically correct" movement. Add'l Info: Following the Berkeley forum, Richard Bernstein, a writer for The New York Times, published an article on October 25, 1990, titled "The Rising Hegemony of the Politically Correct". This report helped spark a flurry of similar pieces in the mainstream media. Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
November 17, 1990	Don't Waste California
(Saturday)	Group formed to address Ward Valley dump and waste deregulation. Add'l Info: November 17, 1990 Individuals representing California groups form Don't Waste California to work on nuclear issues such as the Needles dump and the NRC attempt to deregulate nuclear waste (BRC). Source: Abalone:Aatimeline Entry by:
December 6, 1990	The New York Review of Books article
(Thursday)	John Searle published "The Storm over the University" in The New York Review of Books. Add'l Info: The issue of "political correctness" continued to fascinate the intelligentsia, leading to articles such as John Searle's "The Storm over the University," published on December 6, 1990. Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
December 24, 1990	Newsweek article on "The New McCarthyism"
(Monday)	Newsweek published a story on "political correctness" titled "Taking Offense." Add'l Info: On December 24, 1990, Newsweek published an article titled "Taking Offense," which framed "political correctness" as "The New McCarthyism". Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
January 1, 1991	Bionomics Conferences begin
(Tuesday)	Year. Michael Rothschild began annual conferences on bionomics, attracting Silicon Valley executives and libertarians. Add'l Info: These conferences, started by Michael Rothschild in 1991, attracted executives from Silicon Valley as well as libertarians of various stripes (including John Perry Barlow, who spoke at one in 1992). Bionomics offered a natural meeting point for the New Right and Whole Earth traditions. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
1991	AIDS support ribbon adopted
	Created by the New York-based Visual AIDS, the red ribbon is adopted as a symbol of awareness and compassion for those living with HIV/AIDS. Add'l Info: Source: PBS timeline Entry by:
January 1, 1991	San Francisco Antiwar Protest
(Tuesday)	Lesbians led major antiwar protests in San Francisco during the Gulf crisis . Add'l Info: During the 1991 Gulf War, lesbians provided the backbone of antiwar activism in San Francisco. This identity politics served to socialize a new generation of politically aware activists. Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
January 21, 1991	Gulf War outbreak
(Monday)	The outbreak of the war in the Persian Gulf became a central reference point for activists . Add'l Info: The Persian Gulf War (Desert Storm) occurred while many conference participants were actively involved in antiwar organizing and protest. The war provided a concrete reference point for discussions regarding popular reaction and protest in the United States. Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
January 21, 1991	New York magazine cover story
(Monday)	New York magazine published a cover story on the theme of "political correctness." Add'l Info: In 1991, "political correctness" was the theme of several major media reports, including the cover story of the January 21 issue of New York magazine. Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
February 18, 1991	The New Republic special issue
(Monday)	The New Republic dedicated its February 18, 1991, issue to attacking multiculturalism. Add'l Info: The entire February 18, 1991, issue of The New Republic was devoted to a series of articles attacking "political correctness" and multiculturalism. The introduction to these pieces equated multiculturalism with anti-intellectualism. Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
March 1, 1991	Santa Cruz Conference
(Friday)	A conference titled "Contemporary Social Movements and Cultural Politics" was held at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Add'l Info: The essays in the book were originally prepared for the "Contemporary Social Movements and Cultural Politics" conference held at UC Santa Cruz in March 1991. The event sought to bridge gaps between activists and academics, though the start of the Gulf War became a major unexpected theme during the proceedings. Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
March 1, 1991	The Atlantic Monthly article
(Friday)	Dinesh D'Souza published an article titled "Illiberal Education" in the March 1991 issue of The Atlantic Monthly. Add'l Info: As part of a sustained media interest in "political correctness" during early 1991, Dinesh D'Souza published an article in the March issue of The Atlantic Monthly. The article was titled "Illiberal Education". Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
April 1, 1991	Ward Valley Opposition
(Monday)	Don't Waste California initiates opposition to Ward Valley; AA helps Earth Day. Add'l Info: April 1991 Don't Waste California initiates organized opposition to Ward Valley in southern California. AA staff also helped coordinate People's Earth Day in Bay View Hunter's Point; Source: Abalone:Aatimeline Entry by:
June 1, 1991	Land Transfer Block
(Saturday)	Coalition successfully blocks federal-to-state land transfer for Ward Valley. Add'l Info: June 1991 Statewide coalition succeeds at getting the State Lands Commission to block the transfer of land at Ward Valley from federal to state hands, stopping the planned construction of the nuclear waste dump. Source: Abalone:Aatimeline Entry by:
July 1, 1991	Ward Valley Hearings
(Monday)	Protesters attend three public hearings regarding the Ward Valley dump. Add'l Info: July 1991 The statewide coalition turns out hundreds of protesters at each of 3 public Ward Valley Dump hearings held around the state. Source: Abalone:Aatimeline Entry by:
July 18, 1991	C. Vann Woodward review in NYRB
(Thursday)	C. Vann Woodward reviewed "Illiberal Education" in The New York Review of Books . Add'l Info: On July 18, 1991, C. Vann Woodward contributed to the ongoing "political correctness" debate with a review of Dinesh D'Souza's book in The New York Review of Books. Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
December 4, 1991	Introduction Written
(Wednesday)	Andrei Codrescu completes the introduction for the book "Acid Dreams." [cite: 6] Add'l Info: Andrei Codrescu wrote the introduction for the book "Acid Dreams," titled "Whose Worlds Are These?" He dated his entry December 4, 1991. [cite: 6] Source: Lee:acid-dreams Entry by:
January 1, 1992	Hiring of Kevin Kelly
(Wednesday)	Year. Louis Rossetto hired Kevin Kelly, who was finishing his book Out of Control, to serve as Wired's executive editor. Add'l Info: In 1992, while Kevin Kelly was finishing up Out of Control, Rossetto hired him to serve as executive editor of the magazine. Kelly brought with him the simultaneously cybernetic and New Communalist social vision of the Whole Earth publications and their networked style of editorial work. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1992	Publication of "Frontiers in Social Movement Theory"
(Wednesday)	Aldon Morris and Carol Mueller edited a compilation of critical assessments. Add'l Info: This volume provided a comprehensive statement on recent critical assessments from within the resource mobilization perspective. Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
January 1, 1992	Legislative Vetoes
(Wednesday)	Governor Wilson vetoes three laws passed to regulate the Ward Valley Dump. Add'l Info: January-October 1992 Organizers sponsor and win passage of three laws that would have dramatic impact on the Ward Valley Dump. Governor Wilson vetoes all 3 bills. Source: Abalone:Aatimeline Entry by:
February 1, 1992	TED Conference Meeting
(Saturday)	Rossetto and Metcalfe showed a prototype of their new magazine (Wired) to Nicholas Negroponte at the TED conference. Add'l Info: In February 1992, they attended Wurman's TED conference and carried with them a prototype of their new magazine to show one of the conference's speakers, Nicholas Negroponte. Negroponte was impressed and later became the magazine's first investor. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
June 1, 1992	Formation of Wired Ventures
(Monday)	Kevin Kelly joined the board of the newly formed Wired Ventures alongside Rossetto, Metcalfe, and Lawrence Wilkinson . Add'l Info: Kelly signed on as executive editor, and in June of 1992 he joined Rossetto, Metcalfe, and Wilkinson on the board of the newly formed Wired Ventures. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
December 1, 1992	Federal Transfer Block
(Tuesday)	Bush Administration attempt to transfer Ward Valley land is blocked. Add'l Info: December 1992 A last ditch attempt to force the land transfer to state hands by the Bush Administration is blocked. Source: Abalone:Aatimeline Entry by:
January 1, 1993	Susan Herring's Paper Circulation
(Friday)	Year. Scholar Susan Herring circulated a paper on gendered online communication styles. Add'l Info: Herring argued that men and women have different styles that put women at a disadvantage. The paper sparked a two-year debate on the WELL, where many women users rejected the idea of a fixed female posting style and praised the system's community features. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1993	Publication of "Cultural Capital"
(Friday)	John Guillory published a book on literary canon formation. Add'l Info: Guilloryâ€™s work examined the problem of canon formation in the context of university institutional structures. Source: Darnovsky:cult-poli Entry by:
January 1, 1993	Babbitt Review
(Friday)	Secretary of the Interior Bruce Babbitt commits to reviewing Ward Valley issue. Add'l Info: January 1993 Presidenta Clinton's Secretary of the Interior Bruce Babbitt agrees to review the the Ward Valley issue. Source: Abalone:Aatimeline Entry by:
January 1, 1993	Launch of Wired magazine
(Friday)	Year. The debut of a magazine that championed techno-utopianism and the emerging digital economy. Add'l Info: Wired, under editors like Kevin Kelly, helped turn New Communalist ideals into ideological resources for the computer industry. It depicted a new, networked form of economic life where people moved as members of flexible 'tribes' rather than in bureaucratic towers. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1993	Development of Mosaic
(Friday)	Year. Marc Andreesen's team at NCSA developed the Mosaic browser, allowing hyperlinks in images and color displays . Add'l Info: In 1993, a team led by Marc Andreesen, a staffer at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois, developed a new Web browser called Mosaic, which allowed users to embed hyperlinks in images for the first time and also permitted users to post color images within their Web pages. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1993	Kevin Kelly's Reflection
(Friday)	Year. Kevin Kelly recalled the seven original design goals of the WELL team. Add'l Info: Kelly, an editor of CoEvolution Quarterly and later Wired, listed goals including that the system should be cheap/free, profit-making, an open-ended universe, self-governing, a self-designing experiment, a community, and initially (though incorrectly) focused on business users . Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1993	Rio Chama Rafting Trip
(Friday)	Ecologist Peter Warshall led a group of GBN members and clients on a multiday rafting trip near Taos, New Mexico. Add'l Info: The trip included figures like Mary Catherine Bateson, Stewart Brand, and Jon McIntire. Participants used the landscape and the river as metaphors for social and economic processes. For example, Jon McIntire compared whirlpools to patterns of information, and the group analyzed the survival strategies of local flowers as models for corporate tactics. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
February 1, 1993	BBS Launch
(Monday)	Electronic Bulletin Board Service launches for safe energy documents. Add'l Info: February 1993 An electronic Bulletin Board Service is opened as a public resouce for safe energy documents. Source: Abalone:Aatimeline Entry by:
March 1, 1993	Inaugural issue of Wired
(Monday)	Wired founder Louis Rossetto proclaimed a cultural transformation under way, comparing the Digital Revolution to the discovery of fire. Add'l Info: In Wired's March 1993 inaugural issue, founder and editor-in-chief Louis Rossetto proclaimed that a cultural transformation was under way. He announced that the Digital Revolution was bringing social changes so profound their only parallel was the discovery of fire. The magazine was designed with a cacophony of typefaces and Day-Glo colors to represent digital convergence. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
March 20, 1993	Appointment Blockade
(Saturday)	Organizers block state appointments until Governor Wilson agrees to hearings. Add'l Info: Spring 1993 Organizers suceed at blocking key appointment to the California Department of Health Services until Governor Wilson agrees to hold hearings. One of the largest producers of Tritium wastes leaves the state while the other one agrees to start re-using the tritium rather than throwing it out. Source: Abalone:Aatimeline Entry by:
April 1, 1993	Legal Dump Battle
(Thursday)	Extended legal battles continue to block Ward Valley dump; appeals filed. Add'l Info: Spring 1993 - Spring 1995 Legal battles on several fronts are waged to block the proposed nuclear waste dump. Spring 1995 - Governor Wilson goes ahead and grants U.S. Ecology a license to operate Ward Valley. Appeals are filed. Source: Abalone:Aatimeline Entry by:
April 16, 1993	Bicycle Day Commemorates 50th Anniversary of LSD
(Friday)	Bicycle Day: Celebrating 50 Years of LSD Add'l Info: Held at the University of California, Santa Cruz, this event was partially sponsored by the Island Group. Source: Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
April 25, 1993	March on Washington for Lesbian, Gay, and Bi Equal Rights and Liberation
(Sunday)	Nearly one million people attended what was the largest demonstration in U.S. history to that time. Add'l Info: In addition to the march, participants took part in more than 250 related events, including conferences, protests, congressional lobbying, parties, readings, and a mass wedding ceremony. Source: Stein:ency-of-lgbtq Entry by:
April 25, 1993	March on Washington for Lesbian, Gay, and Bi Equal Rights and Liberation
(Sunday)	Nearly one million people attended what was the largest demonstration in U.S. history to that time. Add'l Info: In addition to the march, participants took part in more than 250 related events, including conferences, protests, congressional lobbying, parties, readings, and a mass wedding ceremony. Source: Stein:ency-of-lgbtq Entry by:
Oct 21-22, 1993	50th Anniversary of LSD
	50 Years of LSD: Current Status and Perspectives of Hallucinogens Add'l Info: Held in Lugano-Agno, Switzerland and produced by the Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences, proceedings from this event were published as 50 Years of LSD: Current Status and Perspectives of Hallucinogens, edited by A. Pletscher and D. Ladewig. Source: Proceedings published as 50 Years of LSD: Current Status and Perspectives of Hallucinogens, edited by A. Pletscher and D. Ladewig. Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
November 1, 1993	Public release of Mosaic
(Monday)	The NCSA released the Mosaic browser to the public, coinciding with Wired's fifth issue . Add'l Info: The NCSA made Mosaic available to the public in November 1993, just as Wired magazine's fifth issue was arriving on newsstands. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
December 21, 1993	US military issues policy of "Don't Ask, Don't Tell"
(Tuesday)	The Department of Defense issues a directive prohibiting the U.S. Military from barring applicants from service based on their sexual orientation. Add'l Info: "Applicants... shall not be asked or required to reveal whether they are homosexual, " states the new policy, which still forbids applicants from engaging in homosexual acts or making a statement that he or she is homosexual. This policy is known as "Don't Ask, Don't Tell." Source: PBS timeline Entry by:
January 1, 1994	Republican Congressional Majority
(Saturday)	Year. The 1994 elections resulted in the first Republican majority in both houses of Congress in forty years. Add'l Info: The elections of 1994 ushered in the first Republican majority in both houses of Congress for forty years. Led by Newt Gingrich, the House of Representatives in the mid-1990s pushed for the downsizing of government and widespread deregulation. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1994	Publication of "Out of Control"
(Saturday)	Year. Kevin Kelly published his compendious volume, "Out of Control: The Rise of Neo-Biological Civilization." Add'l Info: The book translated Kelly's experiences at the Artificial Life Conference into a framework for understanding the post-Fordist economy. It introduced concepts like the "hive mind" and the "Net" as icons for the future, arguing that the economy and technology were becoming "vivisystems"â€”systems that are both made and alive. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1994	Publication of "How Buildings Learn"
(Saturday)	Year. Stewart Brand published a book exploring the ways buildings change over time. Add'l Info: Brand continued his intellectual explorations beyond GBN and the Electronic Frontier Foundation with this publication. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
June 1, 1994	'Merry Pranksters Go to Washington'
(Wednesday)	Wired published a profile of the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), linking '60s ideology to 1990s networking . Add'l Info: In June 1994, for instance, Wired ran Joshua Quittner's profile of the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), entitled "The Merry Pranksters Go to Washington." The story presented the EFF as an extension of the 1960s consciousness revolution. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
August 1, 1994	PFF Aspen Conference
(Monday)	George Gilder invited Esther Dyson to the 'Cyberspace and the American Dream' conference sponsored by the Progress and Freedom Foundation . Add'l Info: In August 1994 Gilder invited Dyson to Aspen, Colorado, for a conference sponsored by the Progress and Freedom Foundation, a think tank closely linked to Newt Gingrich. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1995	Windows Global Standard
(Sunday)	Year. Microsoft's Windows operating system became a global standard for computing . Add'l Info: By 1995 Microsoft's Windows operating system had become a global standard. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1995	Foundation of Long Now
(Sunday)	Year. Stewart Brand helped found the Long Now Foundation. Add'l Info: The foundation is a society devoted to building a clock that will keep time for ten thousand years, intended to encourage humans to consider the long-term consequences of their actions. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1995	Time magazine special issue: "Welcome to Cyberspace"
(Sunday)	Year. Stewart Brand wrote an article for this issue arguing that the personal computer revolution and the Internet grew directly out of the counterculture. Add'l Info: In this special issue, Stewart Brand's article "We Owe It All to the Hippies" claimed that the real legacy of the sixties generation was the computer revolution rather than antiwar protests or Woodstock. He argued that Bay Area programmers built countercultural ideals like decentralization and personalization into new machines. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
April 1, 1995	Privatization of Internet Backbone
(Saturday)	The National Science Foundation (NSF) relinquished control of the Internet backbone to commercial interests . Add'l Info: Finally, in April 1995, the NSF relinquished control of the Internet backbone, facilitating the interlinking of commercial, alternative, and government-sponsored networks and the mixing of for-profit and not-for-profit uses across the system. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
May 1, 1995	Republican Legislation
(Monday)	Republicans introduce legislation to force land transfer and bypass blocks. Add'l Info: May 1995 Republicans push for legislation to force the land transfer and bypass our blocks on Ward Valley. Source: Abalone:Aatimeline Entry by:
August 1, 1995	Gingrich Wired Cover Story
(Tuesday)	Wired featured Newt Gingrich on its cover, with an interview conducted by Esther Dyson. Add'l Info: A year later, while Gingrich's portrait graced the cover of Wired, Dyson and Gilder returned to the Aspen conference. In the August 1995 issue, Wired convened an interview between Esther Dyson and Newt Gingrich. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
August 1, 1995	Netscape IPO
(Tuesday)	The commercial browser company Netscape went public, with shares doubling in value on the first day. Add'l Info: In August of 1995, Netscape went public. Its shares doubled in value on the first day of trading. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
October 1, 1995	Ward Valley Rally
(Sunday)	Coalition rallies at Ward Valley against continued construction push. Add'l Info: October 1995 Statewide coalition holds rally at Ward Valley to protest the continue push to construct and open the nuclear waste dump. Source: Abalone:Aatimeline Entry by:
October 1, 1995	John Sweeney elected AFL-CIO president
(Sunday)	A 'coup' within the labor federation resulted in the election of John Sweeney, signifying a repudiation of forty years of conservative leadership. Add'l Info: Sweeney's victory in October 1995 was regarded as the culmination of a long effort by reform forces. It led to a spirit of rapprochement between labor and intellectuals, reminiscent of the 1930s 'Age of the CIO' and social unionism. Source: Gosse:world Entry by:
January 1, 1996	Telecommunications Act of 1996
(Monday)	Year. Congress passed major legislation deregulating the telecommunications industry, influenced by 'Magna Carta' logic. Add'l Info: With the Telecommunications Act of 1996, they succeeded in deregulating the industry. The act enshrined in law the notions that communication technologies were models of open markets. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
February 8, 1996	Drafting of the Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace
(Thursday)	John Perry Barlow wrote a declaration in Davos, Switzerland, asserting the independence of the internet from government control. Add'l Info: While attending the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, John Perry Barlow watched the American Congress pass the Telecommunications Act and the Communications Decency Act. Incensed by the threat to free speech, he drafted the 'Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace' and posted it to the Internet. He argued that governments of the industrial world had no sovereignty over the digital world. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
March 1, 1996	George Gilder Wired Cover
(Friday)	Wired featured George Gilder on its cover, depicting him as a 'cyber-age Peter Pan'. Add'l Info: In March 1996 Rossetto and Kelly put Gilder on the magazine's cover. For the newsstand, the editors framed Gilder's face in a cool neon dance-floor green; inside the magazine, they depicted him as a cyber-age Peter Pan. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
May 1, 1996	First Wired IPO Attempt
(Wednesday)	Wired hired Goldman Sachs to take the company public with a valuation of $447 million, but the offering was withdrawn. Add'l Info: In May of 1996, they did what so many Internet start-ups were doing: they hired Goldman Sachs to take them public. Goldman Sachs floated an initial public offering that valued Wired Ventures at $447 million, but they could not find enough takers and withdrew the IPO. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
May 20, 1996	Romer v. Evans
(Monday)	The Supreme Court ruled that Colorado's Amendment 2, which prevented municipalities from banning discrimination based on sexual orientation, was unconstitutional. Add'l Info: The Court held that the law violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. This victory was especially important because it weakened the Court's earlier decision in Bowers v. Hardwick. Source: Stein:ency-of-lgbtq Entry by:
May 20, 1996	Romer v. Evans decision overturns anti-gay legislation
(Monday)	In the case of Romer v. Evans, the United States Supreme Court decides that Colorado's 2nd amendment, denying gays and lesbians protections against discrimination, is unconstitutional, calling them "special rights." Add'l Info: Source: PBS timeline Entry by:
May 20, 1996	Romer v. Evans
(Monday)	The Supreme Court ruled that Colorado's Amendment 2, which prevented municipalities from banning discrimination based on sexual orientation, was unconstitutional. Add'l Info: The Court held that the law violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. This victory was especially important because it weakened the Court's earlier decision in Bowers v. Hardwick. Source: Stein:ency-of-lgbtq Entry by:
September 1, 1996	Second Wired IPO Attempt
(Sunday)	A second attempt to take Wired public at a $293 million valuation was also cancelled due to lack of interest. Add'l Info: In September of 1996, they tried again. This time they valued the firm at $293 million. Goldman Sachs found itself forced to cancel the second IPO as well, for lack of interest. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
September 21, 1996	Defense of Marriage Act enacted
(Saturday)	President Clinton signs the Defense of Marriage Act into law. The law defines marriage as a legal union between one man and one woman and that no state is required to recognize a same-sex marriage from out of state. Add'l Info: Source: PBS timeline Entry by:
January 1, 1997	Founding of Virginia Organizing
(Wednesday)	The grassroots organization Virginia Organizing began its work in the state of Virginia . Add'l Info: As of 2017, Virginia Organizing had been working for 20 years to build power and create long-term sustainable change in the state, starting in regions far from traditional power structures. Source: Kauffman:Daexcerpt Entry by:
January 1, 1997	Publication of Release 2.0
(Wednesday)	Year. Esther Dyson published her guide to the social impact of computer networks. Add'l Info: Esther Dyson, a Silicon Valley journalist and venture capitalist, argued in her 1997 book 'Release 2.0: A Design for Living in the Digital Age' that the Internet would dissolve market bureaucracies. She claimed digital technologies would allow individuals and corporations to negotiate from positions of equality by reducing them to packages of information. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1997	Publication of Close to the Machine
(Wednesday)	Year. Ellen Ullman's memoir that provided a cautionary depiction of the New Communalist legacy in the tech industry. Add'l Info: Ullman's memoir described the reality of life as a freelance software engineer in a project-based, high-pressure network economy. She argued that coupling one's life to technologies of consciousness can lead to loneliness and a denial of biological rhythms and civic participation. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
April 5, 1997	Death of Allen Ginsberg
(Saturday)	The most famous poet of the Beat Generation died of liver cancer in New York City. Add'l Info: Ginsberg died surrounded by friends and fellow poets. As a lifelong activist and the most visible public face of the Beat movement, his death was widely mourned. He had successfully transitioned from an underground rebel to a respected elder statesman of American literature, winning numerous awards and continuing to influence new generations of artists and activists until his final days. Source: EncyBeat Entry by:
July 1, 1997	Rossetto steps down as CEO
(Tuesday)	Wired's investors forced Louis Rossetto to resign as CEO following financial losses and failed IPOs . Add'l Info: In July 1997, just as Wired's cover heralded the arrival of the Long Boom, Wired's investors forced Louis Rossetto to step down as chief executive officer of Wired Ventures. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
July 1, 1997	'The Long Boom' article
(Tuesday)	Wired published a 'positive scenario' of the future by Peter Schwartz and Peter Leyden, predicting 25 years of prosperity . Add'l Info: The first of these articles appeared in July 1997. Written by Global Business Network president Peter Schwartz and GBN staffer Peter Leyden and entitled "The Long Boom: A History of the Future, 1980â€“2020," the article argued that computers and a new 'ethos of openness' would create a global civilization. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
August 2, 1997	Death of William S. Burroughs
(Saturday)	The legendary avant-garde author and "shadowy dark genius" of the Beats died in Lawrence, Kansas. Add'l Info: Burroughs died just three months after his lifelong friend Allen Ginsberg. His death marked the end of the original "Holy Trinity" of Beat writers (Kerouac, Ginsberg, and Burroughs). Burroughs had spent his later years in Kansas, collaborating with young musicians and artists, and his influence remained a vital force in literature and the burgeoning punk and postmodern movements. Source: EncyBeat Entry by:
September 1, 1997	'New Rules for the New Economy'
(Monday)	Kevin Kelly published an influential article (later a book) arguing that digital networks were transforming human life and commerce. Add'l Info: Two months after "The Long Boom" appeared in Wired, Kevin Kelly amplified its conclusions. In an article entitled "New Rules for the New Economy," Kelly argued that digital networks and networked forms of economic activity would open a new era in human life. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1998	Andrew Cornell's Labadie Collection Job
(Thursday)	Andrew Cornell began working at the Labadie Collection, a large radical literature archive. Add'l Info: In 1998, Andrew Cornell held a job at the Labadie Collection in Ann Arbor, Michigan, one of the largest archives of radical literature in the United States. It was here that he first learned about the property owned by anarchists in West Philadelphia[cite: 3412, 3413]. Source: Cornell-MNS Entry by:
January 1, 1998	Lee County jury pool campaign
(Thursday)	Virginia Organizing led a local campaign to diversify an all-white jury pool . Add'l Info: A local campaign was initiated in 1998 in Lee County to empower directly affected people by diversifying a jury pool that was previously all-white. Source: Kauffman:Daexcerpt Entry by:
January 1, 1998	Naming of the Californian Ideology
(Thursday)	Year. Richard Barbrook and Andy Cameron labeled the blend of libertarian politics and techno-utopianism found in Wired as the 'Californian Ideology'. Add'l Info: In 1998 Richard Barbrook and Andy Cameron named Wired's particular blend of libertarian politics, countercultural aesthetics, and techno-utopian visions the 'Californian Ideology.' They pointed out that by the end of the decade, its tenets had become the day-to-day orthodoxy of technologists in Silicon Valley and beyond. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
January 1, 1998	Kelly's Explanation of the Computational Metaphor
(Thursday)	Year. Kevin Kelly explained the rising belief that the universe is a computer. Add'l Info: In 1998, Kevin Kelly, executive editor of Wired, explained that human beings were moving toward a belief that 'the universe is a computer'. This 'computational metaphor' provided a new universal syntax able to describe phenomena that previously escaped a common language, potentially eclipsing mathematics as a form of notation. Source: Turner:cc-to-cc Entry by:
April 1, 1998	Coretta Scott King supports gay rights
(Wednesday)	Coretta Scott King, widow of civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr., calls on the civil rights community to join the struggle against homophobia. She receives criticism from members of the black civil rights movement for comparing civil rights to gay rights. Add'l Info: Source: PBS timeline Entry by:
October 12, 1998	Matthew Shepard's Death
(Monday)	The brutal murder of student Matthew Shepard in Wyoming received unprecedented media coverage and sparked worldwide protests. Add'l Info: His death led to a significant push for hate crimes legislation across the United States and became a powerful symbol of the violence faced by LGBT people. Source: Stein:ency-of-lgbtq Entry by:
January 1, 1999	First Transgender Day of Remembrance
(Friday)	The first Transgender Day of Remembrance was held in San Francisco to memorialize those killed by anti-transgender hatred. Add'l Info: The event has since grown into an annual global observance, drawing attention to the high rates of violence and murder experienced by the transgender community. Source: Stein:ency-of-lgbtq Entry by:
November 1, 1999	Battle of Seattle Protests
(Monday)	Mass actions against the WTO occurred in Seattle, heavily influenced by MNS tactics. Add'l Info: The 1999 actions against the World Trade Organization in Seattle were organized using nonviolent direct action traditions and training methods promoted by MNS[cite: 5307, 5308]. Source: Cornell-MNS Entry by:
November 30, 1999	WTO protests in Seattle
(Tuesday)	Massive protests against corporate neoliberalism disrupted the World Trade Organization meeting in Seattle. Add'l Info: The 1999 demonstrations saw a convergence of radicals, students, and the institutional Left. It convinced many that a resurgent movement for change was afoot, rooted in the political currents and alternative cultures that blossomed during the Sixties. Source: Gosse:world Entry by:
November 30, 1999	WTO blockades in Seattle
(Tuesday)	The global justice movement blockaded meetings of the World Trade Organization . Add'l Info: Protesters carried the Clamshell model forward to Seattle in 1999, using it to blockade WTO meetings and sparking a series of subsequent trade summit protests. Source: Kauffman:Daexcerpt Entry by:
January 1, 2000	Vermont Civil Unions
(Saturday)	Vermont enacted the first statewide civil union law, giving same-sex couples access to many state-level marriage benefits. Add'l Info: While not full marriage, this was a historic legal first in the United States, paving the way for future legislative and judicial battles over marriage equality. Source: Stein:ency-of-lgbtq Entry by:
April 26, 2000	First state to recognize same-sex civil unions
(Wednesday)	Vermont becomes the first state in the U.S. to legalize civil unions and registered partnerships between same-sex couples. Add'l Info: Source: PBS timeline Entry by:
January 17, 2001	Death of Gregory Corso
(Wednesday)	The youngest and most irreverent of the core Beat poets died of prostate cancer in Minnesota. Add'l Info: Corso, a self-described "jester" and "maverick," was one of the major voices of the movement. Per his final wishes, his ashes were buried in the Non-Catholic Cemetery in Rome, near the grave of his beloved Percy Bysshe Shelley. His epitaph, taken from his poem "Spirit," reads: "Spirit is life / It flows thru the death of me / endlessly life / a river unafraid / of becoming the sea." Source: EncyBeat Entry by:
June 1, 2001	Cornell Moves to West Philadelphia
(Friday)	Andrew Cornell moved to West Philadelphia, discovering a community of radicals. Add'l Info: In the summer of 2001, Andrew Cornell moved to West Philadelphia. He found Victorian-style houses with radicals living in each, served by a neighborhood food co-op and an anarchist community space[cite: 3418, 3419, 3420]. Source: Cornell-MNS Entry by:
June 21, 2001	Ride to Fight AIDS
(Thursday)	Bicyclists raising money for HIV and AIDS service organizations departed from Raleigh, North Carolina, for a 330-mile ride to Washington, D.C. Add'l Info: The ride supported organizations such as Food & Friends and the Whitman-Walker Clinic. Such events were critical for raising funds for AIDS service organizations (ASOs) which were born in the 1980s to deal with the effects of the epidemic. Source: Stein:ency-of-lgbtq Entry by:
June 21, 2001	Ride to Fight AIDS
(Thursday)	Bicyclists raising money for HIV and AIDS service organizations departed from Raleigh, North Carolina, for a 330-mile ride to Washington, D.C. Add'l Info: The ride supported organizations such as Food & Friends and the Whitman-Walker Clinic. Such events were critical for raising funds for AIDS service organizations (ASOs) which were born in the 1980s to deal with the effects of the epidemic. Source: Stein:ency-of-lgbtq Entry by:
June 26, 2003	Lawrence v. Texas overturns sodomy laws in United States
(Thursday)	In Lawrence v. Texas the U.S. Supreme Court rules that sodomy laws in the U.S. are unconstitutional. Add'l Info: Source: PBS timeline Entry by:
June 26, 2003	Lawrence v. Texas
(Thursday)	In a landmark decision, the Supreme Court ruled that state sodomy laws violate the constitutional right to privacy. Add'l Info: This historic decision reversed the 1986 Bowers v. Hardwick ruling and voided sodomy laws that still existed in thirteen states. The ACLU's friend-of-the-court brief was instrumental in helping the Court construct its decision. Source: Stein:ency-of-lgbtq Entry by:
June 26, 2003	Lawrence v. Texas
(Thursday)	In a landmark decision, the Supreme Court ruled that state sodomy laws violate the constitutional right to privacy. Add'l Info: This historic decision reversed the 1986 Bowers v. Hardwick ruling and voided sodomy laws that still existed in thirteen states. The ACLU's friend-of-the-court brief was instrumental in helping the Court construct its decision. Source: Stein:ency-of-lgbtq Entry by:
May 18, 2004	First state to legalize same-sex marriage
(Tuesday)	Massachusetts becomes the first state to legalize gay marriage. Add'l Info: The court finds the prohibition of gay marriage unconstitutional because it denies dignity and equality of all individuals. In the following six years, New Hampshire, Vermont, Connecticut, Iowa and Washington D.C. will follow suit. Source: PBS timeline Entry by:
June 21, 2005	Murderer of civil-rights workers convicted four decades later
(Tuesday)	The ringleader of the Mississippi civil rights murders (see Aug. 4, 1964), Edgar Ray Killen, is convicted of manslaughter on the 41st anniversary of the crimes. Add'l Info: Source: infoplease.com Entry by:
October 24, 2005	Death of Rosa Parks
(Monday)	Rosa Parks dies at age 92. Add'l Info: Source: infoplease.com Entry by:
January 13, 2006	Conference Held on LSD
(Friday)	LSD: Problem Child and Wonder Drug Conference Add'l Info: Held at the Convention Center in Basel, Switzerland, this event was presented by the Gaia Media Foundation as an International Symposium on the occasion of the 100th Birthday of Albert Hofmann. Source: Link: http://www.lsd.info/ Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
May 2006	Survey results on beneficial effects of LSD
	Survey results published in Neurology show that both psilocybin-containing mushrooms and LSD may reduce severity and frequency of cluster headaches. Add'l Info: Erowid participated in this research by working with Clusterbusters.com to publish and solicit responses to a survey about the use of psilocybin to treat cluster headaches. Some of the participants in the later Sewell survey were found through Erowid's earlier online survey. Source: Sewell RA, Halpern JH, Pope HG Jr. "Response of cluster headache to psilocybin and LSD". Neurology. 2006;66(12):1920-2. (Also: https://www.erowid.org/plants/mushrooms/mushrooms_article8.pdf) Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
July 30, 2006	Death of Murray Bookchin
(Sunday)	Murray Bookchin died in Burlington, Vermont, at the age of eighty-five. Add'l Info: His final years were spent writing his historical work "The Third Revolution." He died as a "pauper," leaving a significant legacy in the fields of social ecology and anarchist theory. Source: Biehl:bookchin Entry by:
August 9, 2007	First presidential debate on gay rights issues
(Thursday)	Sponsored by the Human Rights Campaign, the Logo cable channel hosts the first American presidential forum focusing specifically on LGBT issues, inviting each presidential candidate. Six Democrats participate in the forum, including Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama, while all Republican candidates decline. Add'l Info: Source: PBS timeline Entry by:
January 1, 2008	IAS Research Grant Awarded
(Tuesday)	The Institute for Anarchist Studies (IAS) awarded Andrew Cornell a research grant. Add'l Info: In January 2008, the IAS awarded Andrew Cornell a research grant to write an article about MNS. This article eventually became the first section of his book[cite: 3441, 3442]. Source: Cornell-MNS Entry by:
May 29, 2008	Death of Albert Hoffmann
(Thursday)	Albert Hofmann dies. Add'l Info: Swiss inventor of LSD, and discoverer of the active principles of magic mushrooms and morning glory seeds, Albert Hofmann, passes away from heart failure. He was 102 years old. Source: Erowid. "In Memoriam: Albert Hofmann". Erowid Extracts, Jun 2008; 14:21. (https://www.erowid.org/culture/characters/hofmann_albert/hofmann_albert_obituary1.shtml) Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
November 4, 2008	Proposition 8 which bans same-sex marriage is approved in California
(Tuesday)	California voters approve Proposition 8, making same-sex marriage in California illegal. Add'l Info: The passing of the ballot garners national attention from gay-rights supporters across the U.S. Prop 8 inspires the NOH8 campaign, a photo project that uses celebrities to promote marriage equality. Source: PBS timeline Entry by:
June 1, 2009	MNS Article Published Online
(Monday)	Andrew Cornell's article on MNS was published on the IAS website. Add'l Info: The article, "Movement for a New Society and Contemporary Anarchism," was published on the IAS website in the summer of 2009[cite: 3442, 3443]. Source: Cornell-MNS Entry by:
June 17, 2009	President Obama extends some benefits to same-sex partners of federal workers
(Wednesday)	President Obama signs a Presidential Memorandum allowing same-sex partners of federal employees to receive certain benefits. The memorandum does not cover full health coverage. Add'l Info: Source: PBS timeline Entry by:
October 28, 2009	Matthew Shepard Act extends hate crimes to include gender or sexual orientation
(Wednesday)	The Matthew Shepard Act is passed by Congress and signed into law by President Obama on October 28th. Add'l Info: The measure expands the 1969 U.S. Federal Hate Crime Law to include crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity or disability. Matthew Shepard was tortured and murdered near Laramie, Wyoming on October 7, 1998 because of his sexual orientation. Source: PBS timeline Entry by:
January 1, 2010	MNS Article Published in Journal
(Friday)	Andrew Cornell's article appeared in the journal Perspectives on Anarchist Theory. Add'l Info: In early 2010, the article was published in the Institute for Anarchist Studies' journal, Perspectives on Anarchist Theory[cite: 3443]. Source: Cornell-MNS Entry by:
March 10, 2010	MNS Legacy Public Meeting (NYC)
(Wednesday)	A public meeting in New York City was held to discuss MNS's legacy. Add'l Info: On March 10, 2010, a public meeting was held in New York City featuring former MNS members Nancy Brigham, Bob Irwin, George Lakey, Betsy Raasch-Gilman, and Lynne Shivers[cite: 3863]. Source: Cornell-MNS Entry by:
March 11, 2010	MNS Legacy Public Meeting (Philly)
(Thursday)	A public meeting in Philadelphia was held to discuss MNS's legacy. Add'l Info: On March 11, 2010, a public meeting similar to the one in New York City was held in Philadelphia, where former MNS members discussed their experiences and answered questions[cite: 3863]. Source: Cornell-MNS Entry by:
August 4, 2010	Proposition 8 declared unconstitutional by federal district judge
(Wednesday)	A federal judge in San Francisco decides that gays and lesbians have the constitutional right to marry and that Prop 8 is unconstitutional. Lawyers will challenge the finding. Add'l Info: Source: PBS timeline Entry by:
December 18, 2010	"Don't Ask, Don't Tell" policy repealed
(Saturday)	The U.S. Senate votes 65-31 to repeal "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" policy, allowing gays and lesbians to serve openly in the U.S. Military. Add'l Info: Source: PBS timeline Entry by:
January 1, 2011	Occupy Wall Street
(Saturday)	Occupy Wall Street and associated groups adopted a version of the direct-action model . Add'l Info: The influential blueprint for action created at Seabrook was adopted by Occupy Wall Street and various Occupy groups that sprang up nationwide in 2011. Source: Kauffman:Daexcerpt Entry by:
February 23, 2011	President Obama ends support of DOMA
(Wednesday)	President Obama states his administration will no longer defend the Defense of Marriage Act, which bans the recognition of same-sex marriage. Add'l Info: Source: PBS timeline Entry by:
June 24, 2011	New York legalizes same-sex marriage
(Friday)	New York State passes the Marriage Equity Act, becoming the largest state thus far to legalize gay marriage. Add'l Info: Source: PBS timeline Entry by:
January 1, 2013	New nuclear reactor groundbreaking
(Tuesday)	Ground was broken on a new nuclear reactor in the United States for the first time since the Seabrook era . Add'l Info: Following the activism of the 1970s and 80s, ground was not broken on a new nuclear reactor in the US until 2013. Source: Kauffman:Daexcerpt Entry by:
April 29-early May, 2013	Virtual death of Albert Hoffmann
	Albert Hofmann dies again, virtually, as a wave of fresh mourners, 'friends', and those compelled to comment, twitter their thumbs while hoovering blog bytes and forwarding partially read news articles from five years ago. Add'l Info: The "news" was mostly spread via social media sites, but it also hit the "comments" sections of some blogs as the quote below attests: <<10 Responses to "LSD inventor Albert Hofmann dead at age 102" This is truly sad news! Rollingwriter said this on May 1, 2013 at 9:52 AM>> and some people even created fresh blogs for the occasion. Source: http://www.therealstevegray.com/2013/05/lsd-inventor-albert-hofmann-dies/ [Erowid's source, link is dead. 02/2016] Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)
January 1, 2014	Immigration reform arrests
(Wednesday)	Virginia Organizing leaders were arrested for immigration reform in Washington, D.C. . Add'l Info: In 2014, leaders of Virginia Organizing engaged in direct action in the nation's capital to advocate for immigration reform. Source: Kauffman:Daexcerpt Entry by:
March 2014	First U.S. approved LSD research since 1966
	First government-approved experimental study giving LSD to humans published since 1966. Study showed that giving dying patients the drug in a therapeutic context reduced anxiety. The study was conducted in Switzerland. Add'l Info: Twelve subjects with life-threatening illnesses and anxiety disorder. Some were given LSD at 200 ug, others 20 ug in a supportive, therapeutic context. Those who received 20ug could choose to participate in a full dose session. They then participated in a number of drug-free therapy sessions. The researchers found a reduction in anxiety from the LSD-therapy sessions. Source: Gasser P, Holstein D, Michel Y, Doblin R, Yazar-Klosinski B, Passie T, Brenneisen R. Safety and Efficacy of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide-Assisted Psychotherapy for Anxiety Associated with Life-threatening Diseases. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2014. Also: http://www.maps.org/news/media/4918-press-release-lsd-study-breaks-40-years-of-research-taboo Entry by: Timeline by Erowid (www.erowid.org)

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Sixties Date Machine™

Interactive database of events within the context of the 1960s social protest movements, including Civil Rights, Peace & Anti-War, Free Speech, Black/Women's/Gay Liberation, American Indian, Counterculture, &c.

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Sixties Date Machine^™

The Digger Archives is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
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Contact: curator at diggers dot org.